Tristimulus

The CIE 1931 color spaces are the first defined quantitative links between distributions of wavelengths in the electromagnetic visible spectrum, and physiologically perceived colors in human color vision. The mathematical relationships that define these color spaces are essential tools for color management, important when dealing with color inks, illuminated displays, and recording devices such as digital cameras. The system was designed in 1931 by the ''"Commission Internationale de l'éclairage"'', known in English as the International Commission on Illumination.

The CIE 1931 RGB color space and CIE 1931 XYZ color space were created by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1931. They resulted from a series of experiments done in the late 1920s by William David Wright using ten observers and John Guild using seven observers. The experimental results were combined into the specification of the CIE RGB color space, from which the CIE XYZ color space was derived.

The CIE 1931 color spaces are still widely used, as is the 1976 CIELUV color space.

Tristimulus values

The human eye with normal vision has three kinds of cone cells that sense light, having peaks of spectral sensitivity in short ("S", – ), middle ("M", – ), and long ("L", – ) wavelengths. These cone cells underlie human color perception in conditions of medium and high brightness; in very dim light color vision diminishes, and the low-brightness, monochromatic "night vision" receptors, denominated " rod cells", become effective. Thus, three parameters corresponding to levels of stimulus of the three kinds of cone cells, in principle describe any human color sensation. Weighting a total light power spectrum by the individual spectral sensitivities of the three kinds of cone cells renders three effective values of stimulus; these three values compose a tristimulus specification of the objective color of the light spectrum. The three parameters, denoted "S", "M", and "L", are indicated using a 3-dimensional space denominated the " LMS color space", which is one of many color spaces devised to quantify human color vision.

A color space maps a range of physically produced colors from mixed light, pigments, etc. to an objective description of color sensations registered in the human eye, typically in terms of tristimulus values, but not usually in the LMS color space defined by the spectral sensitivities of the cone cells. The tristimulus values associated with a color space can be conceptualized as amounts of three primary colors in a tri-chromatic, additive color model. In some color spaces, including the LMS and XYZ spaces, the primary colors used are not real colors in the sense that they cannot be generated in any light spectrum.

The CIE XYZ color space encompasses all color sensations that are visible to a person with average eyesight. That is why CIE XYZ (Tristimulus values) is a device-invariant representation of color. It serves as a standard reference against which many other color spaces are defined. A set of color-matching functions, like the spectral sensitivity curves of the LMS color space, but not restricted to non-negative sensitivities, associates physically produced light spectra with specific tristimulus values.

Consider two light sources composed of different mixtures of various wavelengths. Such light sources may appear to be the same color; this effect is called " metamerism." Such light sources have the same apparent color to an observer when they produce the same tristimulus values, regardless of the spectral power distributions of the sources.

Most wavelengths stimulate two or all three kinds of cone cell because the spectral sensitivity curves of the three kinds overlap. Certain tristimulus values are thus physically impossible: e.g. LMS tristimulus values that are non-zero for the M component and zero for both the L and S components. Furthermore pure spectral colors would, in any normal trichromatic additive color space, e.g., the RGB color spaces, imply negative values for at least one of the three primaries because the chromaticity would be outside the color triangle defined by the primary colors. To avoid these negative RGB values, and to have one component that describes the perceived brightness, "imaginary" primary colors and corresponding color-matching functions were formulated. The CIE 1931 color space defines the resulting tristimulus values, in which they are denoted by "X", "Y", and "Z". In XYZ space, all combinations of non-negative coordinates are meaningful, but many, such as the primary locations , 0, 0 , 1, 0 and , 0, 1 correspond to imaginary colors outside the space of possible LMS coordinates; imaginary colors do not correspond to any spectral distribution of wavelengths and therefore have no physical reality.

Meaning of ''X'', ''Y'' and ''Z''

In the CIE 1931 model, ''Y'' is the luminance, ''Z'' is quasi-equal to blue (of CIE RGB), and ''X'' is a mix of the three CIE RGB curves chosen to be nonnegative (see ). Setting ''Y'' as luminance has the useful result that for any given ''Y'' value, the XZ plane will contain all possible chromaticities at that luminance.

The unit of the tristimulus values , , and is often arbitrarily chosen so that or is the brightest white that a color display supports. In this case, the Y value is known as the relative luminance. The corresponding whitepoint values for and can then be inferred using the standard illuminants.

Since the XYZ values are defined much earlier than the characterization of cone cells in the 1950s (by Ragnar Granit), the physiological meaning of these values are known only much later. The Hunt-Pointer-Estevez matrix from the 1980s relates XYZ with LMS. When inverted, it shows how the three cone responses add up to XYZ functions:

:
\begin
X\\Y\\Z
\end
=
\left begin
1&.910\,20 \!\!\!&\!\! -1&.112\,12 \!\!\!&\!\! 0&.201\,91 \\
0&.370\,95 \!\!\!&\!\! 0&.629\,05 \!\!\!&\!\! 0& \\
0& \!\!\!&\!\! 0& \!\!\!&\!\! 1&.000\,00
\end\right\begin
L\\M\\S
\end_

In other words, the Z value is solely made up of the S cone response, the Y value a mix of L and M responses, and X value a mix of all three. This fact makes XYZ values analogous to, but different from, the LMS cone responses of the human eye.

CIE standard observer

Due to the distribution of cones in the eye, the tristimulus values depend on the observer's field of view. To eliminate this variable, the CIE defined a color-mapping function called the standard (colorimetric) observer, to represent an average human's chromatic response within a 2° arc inside the fovea. This angle was chosen owing to the belief that the color-sensitive cones resided within a 2° arc of the fovea. Thus the ''CIE 1931 Standard Observer'' function is also known as the ''CIE 1931 2° Standard Observer''. A more modern but less-used alternative is the ''CIE 1964 10° Standard Observer'', which is derived from the work of Stiles and Burch, and Speranskaya.

For the 10° experiments, the observers were instructed to ignore the central 2° spot. The 1964 Supplementary Standard Observer function is recommended when dealing with more than about a 4° field of view. Both standard observer functions are discretized at wavelength intervals from to and distributed by the CIE. All corresponding values have been calculated from experimentally obtained data using interpolation. The standard observer is characterized by three ''color matching functions''.

There is also a -interval dataset of CIE 1931 and CIE 1964 provided by Wyszecki 1982. A CIE publication in 1986 appears also to have a 1 nm dataset, probably using the same data. Like the regular dataset, this dataset is also derived from interpolation.

The derivation of the CIE standard observer from color matching experiments is given below, after the description of the CIE RGB space.

Color matching functions

The CIE's color matching functions $\overline(\lambda)$, $\overline(\lambda)$ and $\overline(\lambda)$ are the numerical description of the chromatic response of the ''observer'' (described above). They can be thought of as the spectral sensitivity curves of three linear light detectors yielding the CIE tristimulus values ''X'', ''Y'' and ''Z''. Collectively, these three functions describe the CIE standard observer.

Analytical approximation

Table lookup can become impractical for some computational tasks. Instead of referring to the published table, the CIE XYZ color matching functions can be approximated by a sum of Gaussian functions, as follows:

Let ''g''(''x'') denote a piecewise-Gaussian function, defined by

:
g(x; \mu, \sigma_1, \sigma_2) = \begin
\exp \bigl(\bigr), &x < \mu, \\ mu\exp \bigl(\bigr), &x \geq \mu.
\end

That is, ''g''(''x'') resembles a bell curve with its peak at , a spread/standard deviation of ''σ'' to the left of the mean, and spread of ''σ'' to the right of the mean. With the wavelength ''λ'' measured in nanometers, we then approximate the 1931 color matching functions: List of colors

:
\begin
\overline(\lambda) &= 1.056 g(\lambda; 599.8, 37.9, 31.0) + 0.362 g(\lambda; 442.0, 16.0, 26.7) \\ mu&\quad - 0.065 g(\lambda; 501.1, 20.4, 26.2), \\ mu\overline(\lambda) &= 0.821 g(\lambda; 568.8, 46.9, 40.5) + 0.286 g(\lambda; 530.9, 16.3, 31.1), \\ mu\overline(\lambda) &= 1.217 g(\lambda; 437.0, 11.8, 36.0) + 0.681 g(\lambda; 459.0, 26.0, 13.8).
\end

It is also possible to use fewer gaussian functions, with one gaussian for each "lobe". CIE 1964 fits well with a one-lobe function.

The CIE XYZ color matching functions are nonnegative, and lead to nonnegative XYZ coordinates for all real colors (that is, for nonnegative light spectra). Other observers, such as for the CIE RGB space or other RGB color spaces, are defined by other sets of three color-matching functions, not generally nonnegative, and lead to tristimulus values in those other spaces, which may include negative coordinates for some real colors.

Computing XYZ from spectral data

Emissive case

The tristimulus values for a color with a spectral radiance ''L''_e,Ω,λ are given in terms of the standard observer by:
:\begin
X &= \int_\lambda L_(\lambda)\,\overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda, \\ muY &= \int_\lambda L_(\lambda)\,\overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda, \\ muZ &= \int_\lambda L_(\lambda)\,\overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda.
\end
where $\lambda$ is the wavelength of the equivalent monochromatic light (measured in nanometers), and customary limits of the integral are $\lambda\in$80, 780/math>.

The values of ''X'', ''Y'', and ''Z'' are bounded if the radiance spectrum ''L''_e,Ω,λ is bounded.

Reflective and transmissive cases

The reflective and transmissive cases are very similar to the emissive case, with a few differences. The spectral radiance ''L''_e,Ω,λ is replaced by the spectral reflectance (or transmittance) ''S(λ)'' of the object being measured, multiplied by the spectral power distribution of the illuminant ''I(λ)''.

:\begin
X &= \frac\int_\lambda S(\lambda)\,I(\lambda)\,\overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda, \\ muY &= \frac\int_\lambda S(\lambda)\,I(\lambda)\,\overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda, \\ muZ &= \frac\int_\lambda S(\lambda)\,I(\lambda)\,\overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda,
\end
where
:$N = \int_\lambda I(\lambda)\,\overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda,$

''K'' is a scaling factor (usually 1 or 100), and $\lambda$ is the wavelength of the equivalent monochromatic light (measured in nanometers), and the standard limits of the integral are $\lambda\in$80, 780/math>.

CIE xy chromaticity diagram and the CIE xyY color space

Since the human eye has three types of color sensors that respond to different ranges of wavelengths, a full plot of all visible colors is a three-dimensional figure. However, the concept of color can be divided into two parts: brightness and chromaticity. For example, the color white is a bright color, while the color grey is considered to be a less bright version of that same white. In other words, the chromaticity of white and grey are the same while their brightness differs.

The CIE XYZ color space was deliberately designed so that the ''Y'' parameter is also a measure of the luminance of a color. The chromaticity is then specified by the two derived parameters ''x'' and ''y'', two of the three normalized values being functions of all three tristimulus values ''X'', ''Y'', and ''Z'':
:\begin
x &= \frac \\ muy &= \frac \\ muz &= \frac = 1 - x - y
\end

The derived color space specified by ''x'', ''y'', and ''Y'' is known as the CIE xyY color space and is widely used to specify colors in practice.

The ''X'' and ''Z'' tristimulus values can be calculated back from the chromaticity values ''x'' and ''y'' and the ''Y'' tristimulus value:

:\begin
X &= \fracx, \\ muZ &= \frac(1 - x - y).
\end

The figure on the right shows the related chromaticity diagram. The outer curved boundary is the ''spectral locus'', with wavelengths shown in nanometers. Note that the chromaticity diagram is a tool to specify how the human eye will experience light with a given spectrum. It cannot specify colors of objects (or printing inks), since the chromaticity observed while looking at an object depends on the light source as well.

Mathematically the colors of the chromaticity diagram occupy a region of the real projective plane.

The chromaticity diagram illustrates a number of interesting properties of the CIE XYZ color space:
* The diagram represents all of the chromaticities visible to the average person. These are shown in color and this region is called the gamut of human vision. The gamut of all visible chromaticities on the CIE plot is the tongue-shaped or horseshoe-shaped figure shown in color. The curved edge of the gamut is called the ''spectral locus'' and corresponds to monochromatic light (each point representing a pure hue of a single wavelength), with wavelengths listed in nanometers. The straight edge on the lower part of the gamut is called the line of purples. These colors, although they are on the border of the gamut, have no counterpart in monochromatic light. Less saturated colors appear in the interior of the figure with white at the center.
* It is seen that all visible chromaticities correspond to non-negative values of ''x'', ''y'', and ''z'' (and therefore to non-negative values of ''X'', ''Y'', and ''Z'').
* If one chooses any two points of color on the chromaticity diagram, then all the colors that lie in a straight line between the two points can be formed by mixing these two colors. It follows that the gamut of colors must be convex in shape. All colors that can be formed by mixing three sources are found inside the triangle formed by the source points on the chromaticity diagram (and so on for multiple sources).
* An equal mixture of two equally bright colors will not generally lie on the midpoint of that line segment. In more general terms, a distance on the CIE xy chromaticity diagram does not correspond to the degree of difference between two colors. In the early 1940s, David MacAdam studied the nature of visual sensitivity to color differences, and summarized his results in the concept of a MacAdam ellipse. Based on the work of MacAdam, the CIE 1960, CIE 1964, and CIE 1976 color spaces were developed, with the goal of achieving perceptual uniformity (have an equal distance in the color space correspond to equal differences in color). Although they were a distinct improvement over the CIE 1931 system, they were not completely free of distortion.
* It can be seen that, given three real sources, these sources cannot cover the gamut of human vision. Geometrically stated, there are no three points within the gamut that form a triangle that includes the entire gamut; or more simply, the gamut of human vision is not a triangle.
* Light with a flat power spectrum in terms of wavelength (equal power in every interval) corresponds to the point .

Mixing colors specified with the CIE xy chromaticity diagram

When two or more colors are additively mixed, the x and y chromaticity coordinates of the resulting color (x_mix,y_mix) may be calculated from the chromaticities of the mixture components (x₁,y₁; x₂,y₂; …; x_n,y_n) and their corresponding luminances (L₁, L₂, …, L_n) with the following formulas:

:$x_ = \frac \quad,\quad y_ = \frac$

These formulas can be derived from the previously presented definitions of x and y chromaticity coordinates by taking advantage of the fact that the tristimulus values X, Y, and Z of the individual mixture components are directly additive. In place of the luminance values (L₁, L₂, etc.) one can alternatively use any other photometric quantity that is directly proportional to the tristimulus value Y (naturally meaning that Y itself can also be used as well).

As already mentioned, when two colors are mixed, the resulting color x_mix, y_mix will lie on the straight line segment that connects these colors on the CIE xy chromaticity diagram. To calculate the mixing ratio of the component colors x₁,y₁ and x₂,y₂ that results in a certain x_mix,y_mix on this line segment, one can use the formula

:$\frac = \frac = \frac$

where L₁ is the luminance of color x₁,y₁ and L₂ the luminance of color x₂,y₂. Note that because y_mix is unambiguously determined by x_mix and vice versa, knowing just one or the other of them is enough for calculating the mixing ratio. Also note that, in accordance with the remarks concerning the formulas for x_mix and y_mix, the mixing ratio L₁/L₂ may well be expressed in terms of other photometric quantities than luminance.

Definition of the CIE XYZ color space

CIE RGB color space

The CIE RGB color space is one of many RGB color spaces, distinguished by a particular set of monochromatic (single-wavelength) primary colors.

In the 1920s, two independent experiments on human color perception were conducted by W. David Wright with ten observers, and John Guild with seven observers. Their results laid the foundation for the trichromatic CIE XYZ color space specification.

The experiments were conducted by using a circular split screen (a bipartite field) 2 degrees in diameter, which is the angular size of the human fovea. On one side a ''test'' color was projected while on the other an observer-adjustable color was projected. The adjustable color was a mixture of three ''primary'' colors, each with fixed chromaticity, but with adjustable brightness.

The observer would alter the brightness of each of the three primary beams until a match to the test color was observed. Because the RGB-gamut does not cover the whole color spectrum, not all test colors could be matched using this technique. When this was the case, a variable amount of one of the primaries could be added to the test color, and a match with the remaining two primaries was carried out with the variable color spot. For these cases, the amount of the primary added to the test color was considered to be a negative value. In this way, the entire range of human color perception could be covered. When the test colors were monochromatic, a plot could be made of the amount of each primary used as a function of the wavelength of the test color. These three functions are called the ''color matching functions'' for that particular experiment.

Although Wright and Guild's experiments were carried out using various primaries at various intensities, and although they used a number of different observers, all of their results were summarized by the standardized CIE RGB color matching functions $\overline(\lambda)$, $\overline(\lambda)$, and $\overline(\lambda)$, obtained using three monochromatic primaries at standardized wavelengths of (red), (green) and (blue). The color matching functions are the amounts of primaries needed to match the monochromatic test primary. These functions are shown in the plot on the right (CIE 1931). Note that $\overline(\lambda)$ and $\overline(\lambda)$ are zero at , $\overline(\lambda)$ and $\overline(\lambda)$ are zero at and $\overline(\lambda)$ and $\overline(\lambda)$ are zero at , since in these cases the test color is one of the primaries. The primaries with wavelengths and were chosen because they are easily reproducible monochromatic lines of a mercury vapor discharge. The wavelength, which in 1931 was difficult to reproduce as a monochromatic beam, was chosen because the eye's perception of color is rather unchanging at this wavelength, and therefore small errors in wavelength of this primary would have little effect on the results.

The color matching functions and primaries were settled upon by a CIE special commission after considerable deliberation. and The cut-offs at the short- and long-wavelength side of the diagram are chosen somewhat arbitrarily; the human eye can actually see light with wavelengths up to about , but with a sensitivity that is many thousand times lower than for green light. These color matching functions define what is known as the "1931 CIE standard observer". Note that rather than specify the brightness of each primary, the curves are normalized to have constant area beneath them. This area is fixed to a particular value by specifying that
:$\int_0^\infty \overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda = \int_0^\infty \overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda = \int_0^\infty \overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda.$

The resulting normalized color matching functions are then scaled in the r:g:b ratio of 1:4.5907:0.0601 for source luminance and 72.0962:1.3791:1 for source radiance to reproduce the true color matching functions. By proposing that the primaries be standardized, the CIE established an international system of objective color notation.

Given these scaled color matching functions, the RGB tristimulus values for
a color with a spectral power distribution $S(\lambda)$ would then be given by:
:\begin
R &= \int_0^\infty S(\lambda)\,\overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda, \\ muG &= \int_0^\infty S(\lambda)\,\overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda, \\ muB &= \int_0^\infty S(\lambda)\,\overline(\lambda)\,d\lambda.
\end

These are all inner products and can be thought of as a projection of an infinite-dimensional spectrum to a three-dimensional color.

Grassmann's laws

One might ask: "Why is it possible that Wright and Guild's results can be summarized using different primaries and different intensities from those actually used?" One might also ask: "What about the case when the test colors being matched are not monochromatic?" The answer to both of these questions lies in the (near) linearity of human color perception. This linearity is expressed in Grassmann's laws of color.

The CIE RGB space can be used to define chromaticity in the usual way: The chromaticity coordinates are ''r'', ''g'' and ''b'' where:
:\begin
r &= \frac, \\ mug &= \frac, \\ mub &= \frac.
\end

Construction of the CIE XYZ color space from the Wright–Guild data

Having developed an RGB model of human vision using the CIE RGB matching functions, the members of the special commission wished to develop another color space that would relate to the CIE RGB color space. It was assumed that Grassmann's law held, and the new space would be related to the CIE RGB space by a linear transformation. The new space would be defined in terms of three new color matching functions
$\overline(\lambda)$, $\overline(\lambda)$, and $\overline(\lambda)$ as described above. The new color space would be chosen to have the following desirable properties:

# The new color matching functions were to be everywhere greater than or equal to zero. In 1931, computations were done by hand or slide rule, and the specification of positive values was a useful computational simplification.
# The $\overline(\lambda)$ color matching function would be exactly equal to the photopic luminous efficiency function ''V''(''λ'') for the "CIE standard photopic observer". The luminance function describes the variation of perceived brightness with wavelength. The fact that the luminance function could be constructed by a linear combination of the RGB color matching functions was not guaranteed by any means but might be expected to be nearly true due to the near-linear nature of human sight. Again, the main reason for this requirement was computational simplification.
# For the constant energy white point, it was required that .
# By virtue of the definition of chromaticity and the requirement of positive values of ''x'' and ''y'', it can be seen that the gamut of all colors will lie inside the triangle , 0 , 0 , 1 It was required that the gamut fill this space practically completely.
# It was found that the $\overline(\lambda)$ color matching function could be set to zero above while remaining within the bounds of experimental error. For computational simplicity, it was specified that this would be so.

In geometrical terms, choosing the new color space amounts to choosing a new triangle in ''rg'' chromaticity space. In the figure above-right, the ''rg'' chromaticity coordinates are shown on the two axes in black, along with the gamut of the 1931 standard observer. Shown in red are the CIE ''xy'' chromaticity axes which were determined by the above requirements. The requirement that the XYZ coordinates be non-negative means that the triangle formed by C_r, C_g, C_b must encompass the entire gamut of the standard observer. The line connecting C_r and C_b is fixed by the requirement that the $\overline(\lambda)$ function be equal to the luminance function. This line is the line of zero luminance, and is called the alychne. The requirement that the $\overline(\lambda)$ function be zero above means that the line connecting C_g and C_r must be tangent to the gamut in the region of K_r. This defines the location of point C_r. The requirement that the equal energy point be defined by puts a restriction on the line joining C_b and C_g, and finally, the requirement that the gamut fill the space puts a second restriction on this line to be very close to the gamut in the green region, which specifies the location of C_g and C_b. The above described transformation is a linear transformation from the CIE RGB space to XYZ space. The standardized transformation settled upon by the CIE special commission was as follows:

The numbers in the conversion matrix below are exact, with the number of digits specified in CIE standards.
:\begin
\begin X \\ Y \\ Z \end
&=
\begin
b_ & b_ & b_ \\
b_ & b_ & b_ \\
b_ & b_ & b_
\end
\begin R \\ G \\ B \end
\\ 0mu&=
\begin
0.490\,00 & 0.310\,00 & 0.200\,00 \\
0.176\,97 & 0.812\,40 & 0.010\,63 \\
0.000\,00 & 0.010\,00 & 0.990\,00
\end
\begin R \\ G \\ B \end
\end

The above matrix is balanced for the equi-energy stimulus: it has coordinates (1,1,1) in both RGB and XYZ coordinates.

While the above matrix is exactly specified in standards, the inverse is left unspecified so that it can be approximated to machine precision to reduce round-trip rounding errors. Its values can be computed precisely using rational numbers:

:$\begin R \\ G \\ B \end = \frac \begin 8041697 & -3049000 & -1591847 \\ -1752003 & 4851000 & 301853 \\ 17697 & -49000 & 3432153 \end \begin X \\ Y \\ Z \end$

Which has these approximate values:
:$\begin R \\ G \\ B \end \approx \begin 2.364\,61385 & -0.896\,54057 & -0.468\,07328 \\ -0.515\,16621 & 1.426\,4081 & 0.088\,7581 \\ 0.005\,2037 & -0.014\,40816 & 1.009\,20446 \end \begin X \\ Y \\ Z \end$

The integrals of the XYZ color matching functions must all be equal by requirement 3 above, and this is set by the integral of the photopic luminous efficiency function by requirement 2 above. The tabulated sensitivity curves have a certain amount of arbitrariness in them. The shapes of the individual ''X'', ''Y'' and ''Z'' sensitivity curves can be measured with a reasonable accuracy. However, the overall luminosity curve (which in fact is a weighted sum of these three curves) is subjective, since it involves asking a test person whether two light sources have the same brightness, even if they are in completely different colors. Along the same lines, the relative magnitudes of the ''X'', ''Y'', and ''Z'' curves are arbitrary. Furthermore, one could define a valid color space with an ''X'' sensitivity curve that has twice the amplitude. This new color space would have a different shape. The sensitivity curves in the CIE 1931 and 1964 XYZ color spaces are scaled to have equal areas under the curves.

Similar color spaces

A few other XYZ-style color-matching functions have been available. These functions imply their own XYZ-like and xyY-like color spaces.

; Judd and Vos corrections for the 2° CMF
: The CIE 1931 CMF is known to underestimate the contribution of the shorter blue wavelengths. The Judd (1951) and its following Vos (1978) corrections sought to correct for the issue without deviating from the original methology.
; CIE 1964 X₁₀Y₁₀Z₁₀
: X₁₀Y₁₀Z₁₀ (also written XYZ₁₀ and analogously for the following) is the XYZ-style color space defined using the CIE 1964 10° observer CMFs.
; CIE 170-2 X_FY_FZ_F
: X_FY_FZ_F is the XYZ-style color space defined using the Stockman & Sharpe (2000) physiological 2° observer, which is in turn a linear combination of the group's LMS fundamentals. The CMF data, along with the physiological 10° dataset, is available from the Colour & Vision Research laboratory of University College London down to 0.1 nm resolution.
; CIE 170-2 X_F,10Y_F,10Z_F,10
: This space is based on the Stockman & Sharpe (2000) physiological 10° observer.

According to Konica Minolta, the older CIE 1931 CMF exhibits metamerism failure (failure to predict when colors appear the same) for wide color gamut displays containing narrowband emitters like OLED, whereas the 2015 XYZ_F CMF is not affected. Older Sony manuals recommend using the Judd-Vos correction by applying an offset to the white point depending on the display technology used.

See also

* Trichromacy
* Impossible color
* CIELAB color space
* Standard illuminant, the definition of white point used by CIE and commonly shown in color space diagrams as E, D50 or D65

References

Further reading

*
*
* (originally published by the Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, 1981.)

External links

Introduction to Colour Science
William Andrew Steer.


an
Delphi source

CIE Color Space
Gernot Hoffmann


Andrew Stockman and Lindsay T. Sharpe.

Calculation from the original experimental data of the CIE 1931 RGB standard observer spectral chromaticity co-ordinates and color matching functions

Colorimetric data useful for calculation
in various file formats


MATLAB toolbox for color science computation and accurate color reproduction (by Jesus Malo and Maria Jose Luque, Universitat de Valencia). It includes CIE standard tristimulus colorimetry and transformations to a number of non-linear color appearance models (CIE Lab, CIE CAM, etc.).


Konica Minolta Sensing

CIE 1931 and LED Binning Explained
Edaphic Scientific Knowledge Base (Dead link)
Measuring color in a world of light
Admesy, advanced measurement systems (404 error, dead link)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cie 1931 Color Space
Color space
1931 introductions
Articles with example C code