Triazofos is a

chemical compound A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element ...

used in acaricides,

insecticide Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are claimed to b ...

s, and nematicides.

History

Triazofos has been registered in the

Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety The Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) is an agency of the German government that comes under Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL). It contributes towards food safety and grants authorization. It jointly coordin ...

since 1975 and authorized as an

in the EU until 31 December 2004 (Commission Regulation No 2076/2002). As of 25 July 2003 it was revoked under Commission Regulation No 1336/2003. The production of triazofos began in the 1980s as a Hoechst patent by the company

Bayer Bayer AG (, commonly pronounced ; ) is a German multinational corporation, multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Headquartered in Leverkusen, Bayer's areas of busi ...

. In 2011

announced termination of the sale of this product, due to its poisonous properties.

Synthesis and available forms

Synthesis

Triazofos can be synthesized through various reactions. A method of manufacturing triazofos produces the substance in the presence of

triethylamine Triethylamine is the chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CH3)3, commonly abbreviated Et3N. It is also abbreviated TEA, yet this abbreviation must be used carefully to avoid confusion with triethanolamine or tetraethylammonium, for which TEA ...

by reacting 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-1H-1,2,4-triazole suspended in

acetone Acetone (2-propanone or dimethyl ketone), is an organic compound with the formula . It is the simplest and smallest ketone (). It is a colorless, highly volatile and flammable liquid with a characteristic pungent odour. Acetone is miscib ...

with diethoxythiophosphoryl chloride.Toxnet. (Undated). HSDB: Triazophos: Methods of Manufacturing. Retrieved on March 10th 2017, from website: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+24017-47-8 Another method produces the substance by the reaction of

phenylhydrazine Phenylhydrazine is the chemical compound with the formula . It is often abbreviated as . It is also found in edible mushrooms. Properties Phenylhydrazine forms monoclinic prisms that melt to an oil around room temperature which may turn yellow ...

with Sodium cyanate,

formamide Formamide is an amide derived from formic acid. It is a colorless liquid which is miscible with water and has an ammonia-like odor. It is chemical feedstock for the manufacture of sulfa drugs and other pharmaceuticals, herbicides and pesticide ...

and O,O-diethyl phosphorochlorothioate using cyanate additions,

condensation Condensation is the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. The word most often refers to the water cycle. It can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor to ...

and dehydrochlorination. An improved process for manufacturing triazofos uses phase transfer catalyst to achieve higher yields and purity. By comprising substituted 1-phenyl 3-hydroxy-1, 2, 4-triazole with 0, -diethylthiophosphoryl chloride in the presence of acide scavengers and 0.2% to 2.0% phase transfer catalyst at a temperature between 20-45 degrees

Celsius The degree Celsius is the unit of temperature on the Celsius scale (originally known as the centigrade scale outside Sweden), one of two temperature scales used in the International System of Units (SI), the other being the Kelvin scale. The ...

in a suitable solvent like

water Water (chemical formula ) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a ...

. Followed by cooling and separating/extracting the aqueous layer from the organic layer by using a

solvent A solvent (s) (from the Latin '' solvō'', "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid. Water is a solvent for ...

such as

xylene In organic chemistry, xylene or xylol (; IUPAC name: dimethylbenzene) are any of three organic compounds with the formula . They are derived from the substitution of two hydrogen atoms with methyl groups in a benzene ring; which hydrogens are sub ...

toluene Toluene (), also known as toluol (), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, water-insoluble liquid with the smell associated with paint thinners. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, consisting of a methyl group (CH3) at ...

methylene dichloride Dichloromethane (DCM or methylene chloride, methylene bichloride) is an organochlorine compound with the formula . This colorless, volatile liquid with a chloroform-like, sweet odour is widely used as a solvent. Although it is not miscible wit ...

for complete recovery of at least 92% triazofos purity.

Available forms

Triazofos is available in several forms; as an emulsifiable concentrate (40%), wettable concentrates,

wettable powder A wettable powder (WP) is an insecticide or other pesticide formulation consisting of the active ingredient in a finely ground state combined with wetting agents and sometimes bulking agents. Wettable powders are designed to be applied as a dilut ...

s (30%), ultralow-volume liquids (25%, 40%) and granules (5%) at various concentrations.

Chemical properties

Structure and reactivity

Triazofos is an

organophosphate In organic chemistry, organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters, or OPEs) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure , a central phosphate molecule with alkyl or aromatic substituents. They can be considered a ...

pesticide Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests. This includes herbicide, insecticide, nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, microbicide, fungicide, and lampri ...

used in acaricides, insecticides and nematicides.Cameo Chemicals. (Undated). Triazofos. Retrieved on March 17th 2017 from website: https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/5222 Its chemical formula is : C₁₂H₁₆N₃O₃PS containing a molar mass of 313,31 g/mol. The chemical compound is susceptible to highly toxic and flammable

phosphine gas Phosphine (IUPAC name: phosphane) is a colorless, flammable, highly toxic compound with the chemical formula , classed as a pnictogen hydride. Pure phosphine is odorless, but technical grade samples have a highly unpleasant odor like rotting f ...

formation in the presence of strong

reducing agent In chemistry, a reducing agent (also known as a reductant, reducer, or electron donor) is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an (called the , , , or ). Examples of substances that are commonly reducing agents include the Earth meta ...

s (such as

hydrides In chemistry, a hydride is formally the anion of hydrogen( H−). The term is applied loosely. At one extreme, all compounds containing covalently bound H atoms are called hydrides: water (H2O) is a hydride of oxygen, ammonia is a hydride of ...

). It belongs to the reactive groups of: amines, phosphines and pyridines. Azo,

diazo The diazo group is an organic moiety consisting of two linked nitrogen atoms ( azo) at the terminal position. Overall charge neutral organic compounds containing the diazo group bound to a carbon atom are called diazo compounds or diazoalkanes ...

azido In chemistry, azide is a linear, polyatomic anion with the formula and structure . It is the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid . Organic azides are organic compounds with the formula , containing the azide functional group. The dominant applicat ...

hydrazine Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a simple pnictogen hydride, and is a colourless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odour. Hydrazine is highly toxic unless handled in solution as, for example, hydrazine ...

and

organic azide An organic azide is an organic compound that contains an azide (–) functional group. Because of the hazards associated with their use, few azides are used commercially although they exhibit interesting reactivity for researchers. Low molecular w ...

compounds. esters, sulfate esters,

phosphate In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid . The phosphate or orthophosphate ion is derived from phospho ...

esters,

thiophosphate Thiophosphates (or phosphorothioates, PS) are chemical compounds and anions with the general chemical formula (''x'' = 0, 1, 2, or 3) and related derivatives where organic groups are attached to one or more O or S. Thiophosphates feature tetrahedr ...

esters and borate esters. Liquids with these reactive groups have been known to react with mineral-based and clay-based absorbents. Furthermore, partial

oxidation Redox (reduction–oxidation, , ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of substrate change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a d ...

of the organophosphate can result in the toxic

phosphorus Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Ear ...

oxide An oxide () is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. "Oxide" itself is the dianion of oxygen, an O2– (molecular) ion. with oxygen in the oxidation state of −2. Most of the E ...

s release.

Metabolism and mechanisms of action

Metabolism

The metabolic fate of triazofos has been studied in rats and dogs. 23 female Wistar (WISKf (SPF 71)) rats were given triazofos labelled at the 3 position ( radiochemical purity, 98%) as a single oral dose of about 5 mg/kg bw in sesame oil by gastric intubation.InChem. (Undated). Triazophos. Retrieved on March 17th from website: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v86pr18.htm Twenty of the rats were used to examine

excretion Excretion is a process in which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism. In vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys, and skin. This is in contrast with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after lea ...

and

metabolism Metabolism (, from el, μεταβολή ''metabolē'', "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cell ...

and the other three for blood assays. The maximum blood drug concentration (

Cmax CMAX is a bus rapid transit (BRT) service in Central Ohio, operated by the Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA). The line begins in Downtown Columbus, traveling northeast to Westerville. CMAX is Central Ohio's first bus rapid transit line; it ...

) was achieved after about 4 hours. The average

half-life Half-life (symbol ) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value. The term is commonly used in nuclear physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay or how long stable ato ...

(t1⁄2) of radioactivity in the blood was 3.8 hours. After 96 hours, the recovery rate was 98%, indicating that ''

'' was nearly complete. Over 90% of the administered radioactivity was

excreted Excretion is a process in which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism. In vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys, and skin. This is in contrast with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after lea ...

via the

urine Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder. Urination results in urine being excretion, excreted from the body through the urethra. Cel ...

within 48 hours. 4.5% of the excretion was accounted for by faecal elimination after 48 hours. From all the tissues that were analysed, the highest concentration of radioactivity was found in the

kidney The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood ...

and the

liver The liver is a major Organ (anatomy), organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the Protein biosynthesis, synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for ...

, at a relatively low concentration of <0.004 ppm. the urine showed three identifiable metabolites: 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-(1H)-1,2,4-triazole (43% of the administered dose) and its glucuronide (36%) and sulfate conjugates (13%). The glucuronide was converted back to the parent compound at room temperature, due to it being unstable. Unchanged triazofos was not detected in the

, and quantities of radioactivity in the faeces were too low for defining of the chemical species. The metabolic fate of triazofos was also examined in two female beagle dogs, with the same treatment and sampling regimen as for

rats Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents. Species of rats are found throughout the order Rodentia, but stereotypical rats are found in the genus ''Rattus''. Other rat genera include ''Neotoma'' (pack rats), ''Bandicota'' (bandicoot ...

. 14C triazofos at a dose of 4.4–4.8 mg/kg bodyweight was administered in sesame oil by gastric intubation. Of the administered dose, an average of 85% after 24 hours and 92% after 48 hours was

via the

. Only 0.3% after 24 hours and 7.2% after 48 hours was accounted for by faecal elimination. Maximum blood drug concentration was achieved after 2 hours. After 48 hours, there was no detectable radioactivity in the blood, and the average half-life was 3.6 hours. Altogether, the metabolic fate of triazofos in

dog The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...

s was similar to that in

rat Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents. Species of rats are found throughout the order Rodentia, but stereotypical rats are found in the genus ''Rattus''. Other rat genera include ''Neotoma'' ( pack rats), ''Bandicota'' (bandicoot ...

s . The

consisted of the same three

metabolite In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism. The term is usually used for small molecules. Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, c ...

s as in

s. However, there was one other

found only in the dog's

representing 11% of the administered dose. It was considered to be another sulfate

ester In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one hydroxyl group () is replaced by an alkoxy group (), as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides ar ...

conjugate of the 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-(1H)-1,2,4-triazole

. There was no unchanged triazofos found in the

of the

s. The faeces contained low concentrations of triazofos and the free 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-(1H)-1,2,4-triazole

as well as five unidentified

s at about 0.7, 0.3 and 7.3% of the administered dose, respectively.

Effects on animals

The signal of oral poisoning similarly happen in

mice A mouse ( : mice) is a small rodent. Characteristically, mice are known to have a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail, and a high breeding rate. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse (''Mus musculus' ...

s and

s, characterized by tremors,

abdominal The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso. ...

position,

squatting Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential, that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use. The United Nations estimated in 2003 that there ...

, jerky respiration,

lachrymation Tears are a clear liquid secreted by the lacrimal glands (tear gland) found in the eyes of all land mammals. Tears are made up of water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and mucins that form layers on the surface of eyes. The different types of ...

saliva Saliva (commonly referred to as spit) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is around 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be ...

tion, saltatory spasm, tonic

convulsion A convulsion is a medical condition where the body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in uncontrolled shaking. Because epileptic seizures typically include convulsions, the term ''convulsion'' is sometimes used as a s ...

s.Inchem. (1982). Pesticide Residues in food – 1982. Retrieved on March 17th 2017, from website: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v82pr33.htmHamernik, K.L. (Undated). Pesticide residues in food – 2002- Joint FAO/WHO meeting on pesticide residues: Triazophos. Retrieved on March 17th 2017, from website: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/2002pr14.htm * Acute Toxicity: In

s and guinea-pigs, the acute LD50 value of triazofos ranged from 26–82 mg/kg body weight, while

s have higher values up to 500 mg/kg body weight. Deaths occurred within minutes to several days after oral administration. Resulting in WHO's consideration of triazofos as a highly hazardous compound. *

Genotoxicity Genotoxicity is the property of chemical agents that damage the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer. While genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity, all mutagens are genotoxic, but some genotoxic sub ...

: In the study of

toxicity Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a subst ...

and

carcinogen A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis (the formation of cancer). This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Several radioactive substan ...

icity effects in mice and rats, triazofos induced no significant or consistent increase in any tumour types. *

Reproductive toxicity Reproductive toxicity refers to the potential risk from a given chemical, physical or biologic agent to adversely affect both male and female fertility as well as offspring development. Reproductive toxicants may adversely affect sexual function ...

: Signs of

such as aggressive behaviour and decreased body weight and food consumption were seen only in F1 parent. Hence, there is no significant effect observed for the

reproductive toxicity Reproductive toxicity refers to the potential risk from a given chemical, physical or biologic agent to adversely affect both male and female fertility as well as offspring development. Reproductive toxicants may adversely affect sexual function ...

Mechanism of action

Triazofos interacts with several enzymes and signalling pathways according to various bio-assay results:PubChem Compound Database. (Undated). Triazophos: Biological Test Results (Bioassay results). Retrieved on March 17th 2017, from website:https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Triazophos#section=BioAssay-Results * inhibits

vitamin D Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and many other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 (c ...

receptor (VDR). * acts as a small molecule disruptors of the mitochondrial

membrane potential Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. That is, there is a difference in the energy required for electric charges ...

. * acts as a disruptor of small molecule activators of the human pregnane X receptor ( PXR) signalling pathway. * acts as a

genotoxic Genotoxicity is the property of chemical agents that damage the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer. While genotoxicity is often confused with Mutagen, mutagenicity, all mutagens are genotoxic, but some geno ...

compound against isogenic chicken DT40 cell lines. * acts as a small molecule

antagonist An antagonist is a character in a story who is presented as the chief foe of the protagonist. Etymology The English word antagonist comes from the Greek ἀνταγωνιστής – ''antagonistēs'', "opponent, competitor, villain, enemy, riv ...

of the

oestrogen Estrogen or oestrogen is a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. There are three major endogenous estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activ ...

receptor alpha ( Er-alpha) signalling pathway. * acts as a small molecule that activates the Aryl (AHR) hydrocarbon receptor signalling pathway. * acts as a small molecule antagonist of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) signalling pathway.

Efficacy and toxicity

Efficacy

The use of triazofos as an

in many Asian countries such

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

and

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

is widely known due to many insects and

pest Pest or The Pest may refer to: Science and medicine * Pest (organism), an animal or plant deemed to be detrimental to humans or human concerns ** Weed, a plant considered undesirable * Infectious disease, an illness resulting from an infection ** ...

s playing important roles in the market production of staple plant food production.Lal, R. Jat, B.J. "Bio-efficacy of insecticides and biorationals against the incidence of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and yellow mosaic virus in mungbean. Departments of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, India. African Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol. !0 (10) pp. 1050-1056. Among various constraints,

leafhopper A leafhopper is the common name for any species from the family Cicadellidae. These minute insects, colloquially known as hoppers, are plant feeders that suck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees. Their hind legs are modified for jumping, and a ...

s (Amarasca devastans) and

whiteflies Whiteflies are Hemipterans that typically feed on the undersides of plant leaves. They comprise the family Aleyrodidae, the only family in the superfamily Aleyrodoidea. More than 1550 species have been described. Description and taxonomy The ...

(

Bemisia ''Bemisia'' is a genus of whitefly Whiteflies are Hemipterans that typically feed on the undersides of plant leaves. They comprise the family Aleyrodidae, the only family in the superfamily Aleyrodoidea. More than 1550 species have been descri ...

tabaci) are one of the major factors in cultivation problems due to their capability to suck the cell sap of plants. An experiment was conducted by

Horticultural Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...

Ecosystem in India about the efficacy of triazofos as an

for

s and

on Brinjal (Solamum melongena L), one of the prominent crops in

.Kumar, P. (2010). "Efficacy of Triazophos 40 EC against pest complex of brinjal". Kittur Rani Channamma College of Hrticulture, Karnataka, India. Pest Management in Horicultural Ecosystems. Vol. 16 (1). Pp 87-89. The investigation was arranged with various market names of triazofos with varying concentrations. The analysis was established after 20 days of transplanting and observing the pest incidence. Before spraying the

, there were no observations of significant numbers between

s and

with the respect to leaf samples. The visual observations were also constructed in assessing phytotoxic symptoms such as injury on leaf tips or surface, wilting, etc. Nonetheless, no phytotoxic symptoms were observed on the plants with the treatment. In conclusion, the triazofos of 1250 ml/ ha was most effective against

and shoot and fruit borer of brinjal.

Toxicity

Triazofos (O,O-diethyl O-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl phosphorothioate) is considered an organophosphorus

toxicologically by JMPR in 1982, 1986 and 1991. With an ADI of 0–0.001 mg/kg bodyweight. This establishment was made regarding the view of triazofos in causing delayed neurotoxicity.

Toxicological Toxicology is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating expos ...

evaluation revealed the maximum level of triazofos which causes no

toxicological Toxicology is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating expos ...

effect and the maximum level of exposure considered acceptable for

human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...

s. The estimated acceptable daily intake for

s is 0–0.001 mg/kg bodyweight.(See Table 2 and 3)

Adverse effects and health hazards in humans

Acute exposure to triazofos may produce the following signs and symptoms:

sweating Perspiration, also known as sweating, is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. Two types of sweat glands can be found in humans: eccrine glands and apocrine glands. The eccrine sweat glands are distr ...

blurred vision Blurred vision is an ocular symptom where vision becomes less precise and there is added difficulty to resolve fine details. Temporary blurred vision may involve dry eyes, eye infections, alcohol poisoning, hypoglycemia, or low blood pressure. ...

headache Headache is the symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck. It can occur as a migraine, tension-type headache, or cluster headache. There is an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches. Headaches can occur as a result ...

dizziness Dizziness is an imprecise term that can refer to a sense of disorientation in space, vertigo, or lightheadedness. It can also refer to disequilibrium or a non-specific feeling, such as giddiness or foolishness. Dizziness is a common medical c ...

, profound weakness, muscle spasms,

seizures An epileptic seizure, informally known as a seizure, is a period of symptoms due to abnormally excessive or neural oscillation, synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Outward effects vary from uncontrolled shaking movements involving much o ...

coma A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound, lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. Coma patients exhi ...

mental confusion In medicine, confusion is the quality or state of being bewildered or unclear. The term "acute mental confusion"

and

psychosis Psychosis is a condition of the mind that results in difficulties determining what is real and what is not real. Symptoms may include delusions and hallucinations, among other features. Additional symptoms are incoherent speech and behavior ...

, excessive

tion,

nausea Nausea is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge to vomit. While not painful, it can be a debilitating symptom if prolonged and has been described as placing discomfort on the chest, abdomen, or back of the ...

vomiting Vomiting (also known as emesis and throwing up) is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the Human nose, nose. Vomiting can be the result of ailments like Food-poisoning, foo ...

, anorexia, and

diarrhea Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin wi ...

. Respiratory signs include dyspnoea, pulmonary oedema,

respiratory depression Hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (''hypo'' meaning "below") to perform needed respiratory gas exchange. By definition it causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia ...

and

respiratory paralysis Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, or both cannot be kept at normal levels. A drop in the oxygen carried in the blood is known as hypoxemia; a rise ...

. Chest pains are also reported. The

contains material with cholinesterase inhibitor which corresponds to the acts on the

central nervous system The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all par ...

. Organic phosphorus

s can be absorbed by the

skin Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation. Other cuticle, animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have diffe ...

, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Antidote

The following antidotes can relieve poisoning obtained from triazofos. Pralidoxime, a treatment of choice pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM) can be used as a cholinesterase reactivator in cases of severe poisoning. Less than 48 hours after poisoning, pralidoxime relieves the

nicotinic Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor polypeptides that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nicotinic receptors also respond to drugs such as the agonist nicotine. They are found in the central and peripheral ner ...

and

muscarinic Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, or mAChRs, are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells. They play several roles, including acting as the main end-rece ...

effects. It works by reactivating the cholinesterase and also by slowing the ageing process of phosphorylated cholinesterase to its non-reactivable form. Another antidote is

Atropine Atropine is a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery. It is typically given i ...

is effective against

manifestation but not to

actions such as muscle weakness and twitching and

. The use of

atropine Atropine is a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery. It is typically given i ...

has been reported to improve

respiratory distress Shortness of breath (SOB), also medically known as dyspnea (in AmE) or dyspnoea (in BrE), is an uncomfortable feeling of not being able to breathe well enough. The American Thoracic Society defines it as "a subjective experience of breathing disc ...

, decrease bronchial secretions and increase the oxygenation.

References

{{Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Organophosphate insecticides Acaricides Nematicides Ethyl esters Triazoles