Tiraspol or Tirișpolea ( ro, Tiraspol,

Moldovan Cyrillic The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet designed for the Romanian language spoken in the Soviet Union ( Moldovan) and was in official use from 1924 to 1932 and 1938 to 1989 (and still in use today in the breakaway Moldovan regio ...

: Тираспол, ; russian: Тира́споль, ; uk, Тирасполь, Tyraspol') is the capital of

Transnistria Transnistria, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is an unrecognised breakaway state that is internationally recognised as a part of Moldova. Transnistria controls most of the narrow strip of land between the Dniester riv ...

(''

de facto ''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with ''de jure'' ("by la ...

''), a

breakaway state Breakaway or Break Away may refer to: Film, television and radio * ''Breakaway'' (1955 film), a British film * ''Breakaway'' (1990 film), an Australian film featuring Deborah Kara Unger * ''Breakaway'' (1996 film), an American film featuring T ...

Moldova Moldova ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Moldova ( ro, Republica Moldova), is a Landlocked country, landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The List of states ...

, where it is the third largest city. The city is located on the eastern bank of the

Dniester The Dniester, ; rus, Дне́стр, links=1, Dnéstr, ˈdⁿʲestr; ro, Nistru; grc, Τύρᾱς, Tyrās, ; la, Tyrās, la, Danaster, label=none, ) ( ,) is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and th ...

River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of

light industry Light industry are industries that usually are less capital-intensive than heavy industry and are more consumer-oriented than business-oriented, as they typically produce smaller consumer goods. Most light industry products are produced for ...

, such as furniture and electrical goods production. The modern city of Tiraspol was founded by the Russian

generalissimo ''Generalissimo'' ( ) is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the states where they are used. Usage The word (), an Italian term, is the absolute superlative of ('general') thus me ...

Alexander Suvorov Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (russian: Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Суво́ров, Aleksándr Vasíl'yevich Suvórov; or 1730) was a Russian general in service of the Russian Empire. He was Count of Rymnik, Count of the Holy ...

in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for

thousands 1000 or one thousand is the natural number following 999 and preceding 1001. In most English-speaking countries, it can be written with or without a comma or sometimes a period separating the thousands digit: 1,000. A group of one thousand th ...

of years by varying

ethnic group An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include common sets of traditions, ancestry, language, history, ...

s. The city celebrates its anniversary every year on 14 October.

Etymology

The

toponym Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of '' toponyms'' (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types. Toponym is the general term for a proper name of ...

consists of two

ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...

words: Τύρας, ''

Tyras Tyras ( grc, Τύρας) was an ancient Greek city on the northern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by colonists from Miletus, probably about 600 BC. The city was situated some 10 km from the mouth of the Tyras River, which is no ...

'', the

Ancient Ancient history is a time period from the History of writing, beginning of writing and recorded human history to as far as late antiquity. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian language, Sumerian c ...

name for the

Dniester River The Dniester, ; rus, Дне́стр, links=1, Dnéstr, ˈdⁿʲestr; ro, Nistru; grc, Τύρᾱς, Tyrās, ; la, Tyrās, la, Danaster, label=none, ) ( ,) is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and th ...

, and ''

polis ''Polis'' (, ; grc-gre, πόλις, ), plural ''poleis'' (, , ), literally means "city" in Greek. In Ancient Greece, it originally referred to an administrative and religious city center, as distinct from the rest of the city. Later, it also ...

'', i.e., a city (state).

History

Classical history

(Τύρας), also spelled ''Tiras'', was a

colony In modern parlance, a colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule. Though dominated by the foreign colonizers, colonies remain separate from the administration of the original country of the colonizers, the ''metropole, metropolit ...

of the Greek city

Miletus Miletus (; gr, Μῑ́λητος, Mī́lētos; Hittite transcription ''Millawanda'' or ''Milawata'' (exonyms); la, Mīlētus; tr, Milet) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in a ...

, probably founded about

600 __NOTOC__ 600 (Roman numerals, DC) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 600 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar ...

BC, situated some from the mouth of the Tiras River (Dniester). Of no great importance in early times, in the 2nd century BC it fell under the dominion of

indigenous Indigenous may refer to: *Indigenous peoples *Indigenous (ecology), presence in a region as the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention *Indigenous (band), an American blues-rock band *Indigenous (horse), a Hong Kong racehorse ...

kings whose

names A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A persona ...

appear on its

coin A coin is a small, flat (usually depending on the country or value), round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order t ...

s. It was destroyed by the

Thracian The Thracians (; grc, Θρᾷκες ''Thrāikes''; la, Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied t ...

Getae The Getae ( ) or Gets ( ; grc, Γέται, singular ) were a Thracian-related tribe that once inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania. Both the singular form ''Get'' an ...

about 50 BC. In 56 AD, the

Romans Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...

restored the city and made it part of the colonial province of

Lower Moesia Moesia (; Latin: ''Moesia''; el, Μοισία, Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River, which included most of the territory of modern eastern Serbia, Kosovo, north-eastern Alban ...

. A series of its coins exist that feature heads of Roman emperors from

Domitian Domitian (; la, Domitianus; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 81 to 96. The son of Vespasian and the younger brother of Titus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of the Flavi ...

Severus Alexander Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – 21/22 March 235) was a Roman emperor, who reigned from 222 until 235. He was the last emperor from the Severan dynasty. He succeeded his slain cousin Elagabalus in 222. Alexander himself was ...

. Soon after the time of the latter, the city was destroyed again, this time by the

invasion An invasion is a military offensive in which large numbers of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either: conquering; liberating or re-establishing con ...

of the

Goths The Goths ( got, 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰, translit=''Gutþiuda''; la, Gothi, grc-gre, Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe ...

. Its government was in the hands of five

archon ''Archon'' ( gr, ἄρχων, árchōn, plural: ἄρχοντες, ''árchontes'') is a Greek word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem αρχ-, mean ...

s, a

senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

, a

popular assembly A popular assembly (or people's assembly) is a gathering called to address issues of importance to participants. Assemblies tend to be freely open to participation and operate by direct democracy. Some assemblies are of people from a location ...

and a

registrar A registrar is an official keeper of records made in a register. The term may refer to: Education * Registrar (education), an official in an academic institution who handles student records * Registrar of the University of Oxford, one of the sen ...

. The images on its coins from this period suggest a trade in wheat, wine and fish. The few inscriptions extant are mostly concerned with trade. Such ancient

archeological Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscape ...

remains are scanty, as the city site was built over by the great

medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the Post-classical, post-classical period of World history (field), global history. It began with t ...

fortress of Monocastro or

Akkerman Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi ( uk, Бі́лгород-Дністро́вський, Bílhorod-Dnistróvskyy, ; ro, Cetatea Albă), historically known as Akkerman ( tr, Akkerman) or under different names, is a city, municipality and port situated on ...

. During the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...

, the area around Tiraspol was a

buffer zone A buffer zone is a neutral zonal area that lies between two or more bodies of land, usually pertaining to countries. Depending on the type of buffer zone, it may serve to separate regions or conjoin them. Common types of buffer zones are demil ...

between the

Tatars The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different

and the Moldavians, and inhabited by both ethnic groups.

Russian foundation

The

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

conquered its way to the

River, taking territory from the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

. In 1792 the

Russian army The Russian Ground Forces (russian: Сухопутные войска �В Sukhoputnyye voyska V, also known as the Russian Army (, ), are the Army, land forces of the Russian Armed Forces. The primary responsibilities of the Russian Gro ...

built fortifications to guard the western border near a Moldavian village named Sucleia. Field Marshal

is considered the founder of modern Tiraspol; his statue is the city's most distinctive landmark. The city took its name from ''

'', the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

name of the Dniester River on which it stands. In 1828, the Russian government established a customs house in Tiraspol to try to suppress

smuggling Smuggling is the illegal transportation of objects, substances, information or people, such as out of a house or buildings, into a prison, or across an international border, in violation of applicable laws or other regulations. There are various ...

. The customs house was subordinated to the chief of the

Odessa Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrativ ...

customs region. It began operations with 14 employees. They inspected shipments of bread, paper, oil, wine, sugar, fruits and other goods.

Soviet Tiraspol

After the

Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and ad ...

, the

Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic * ro, Proletari din toate țările, uniți-vă! (Moldovan Cyrillic: ) * uk, Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! * russian: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! , title_leader = First Secr ...

was created in

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

in 1924, with

Balta Balta may refer to: People * Balta (footballer) (born 1962), Spanish footballer and manager * Balta (surname) Places * Balta (crater), on Mars * Balta, Mehedinți, Romania *Bâlta, a village in Filiași, Dolj County, Romania *Bâlta, a village ...

as its capital. The republic had

Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania **Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditional ...

Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...

and Russian as its official languages. Its capital was moved in 1929 to Tiraspol, which remained the capital of the Moldavian ASSR until 1940. In 1940, following the secret provisions of the

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , long_name = Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H27337, Moskau, Stalin und Ribbentrop im Kreml.jpg , image_width = 200 , caption = Stalin and Ribbentrop shaking ...

, the USSR forced Romania to cede

Bessarabia Bessarabia (; Gagauz: ''Besarabiya''; Romanian: ''Basarabia''; Ukrainian: ''Бессара́бія'') is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Be ...

. It integrated Tiraspol, until then part of the

Ukrainian SSR The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( uk, Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, ; russian: Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респ ...

, into the newly formed

Moldavian SSR The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic ( ro, Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească, Moldovan Cyrillic: ) was one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union which existed from 1940 to 1991. The republic was formed on 2 August 1940 ...

. On 7 August 1941, following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, the city was taken over by Romanian troops. Later that month, on 19 August, the

Tiraspol Agreement The Tiraspol Agreement ( ro, Acordul de la Tiraspol; german: Tiraspoler Abkommen) was an agreement between Nazi Germany and Romania signed on 19 August 1941 in the city of Tiraspol (now in Moldova, under Transnistrian control) regarding the Roma ...

establishing the

Transnistria Governorate The Transnistria Governorate ( ro, Guvernământul Transnistriei) was a Romanian-administered territory between the Dniester and Southern Bug, conquered by the Axis Powers from the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa and occupied from 19 Aug ...

was signed. During the occupation, Tiraspol was under Romanian administration. During that period almost all of its Jewish population died: they were slain ''in situ'' or deported to German Nazi

death camp Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (german: Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (), or killing centers (), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust. The v ...

s, where they were murdered. Tiraspoljet

In 1941, before the occupation, the newspaper ''

Dnestrovskaya Pravda ''Dnestrovskaya Pravda'' is a Russian-language newspaper from Tiraspol, the capital of Transnistria. It was founded by the Tiraspol City Council of popular deputies in 1941. This is the oldest periodical publication in the region. Its name means '' ...

'' was founded by the Tiraspol City Council of popular deputies. This is the oldest periodical publication in the region. On 12 April 1944, the city was retaken by the

Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...

and became again part of Moldavian SSR.

Post-independence

On 27 January 1990, the citizens in Tiraspol passed a

referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a ...

declaring the city as an independent territory. The nearby city of

Bendery Bender (, Moldovan Cyrillic: Бендер) or Bendery (russian: Бендеры, , uk, Бендери), also known as Tighina ( ro, Tighina), is a city within the internationally recognized borders of Moldova under ''de facto'' control of the un ...

also declared its independence from

. As the Russian-speaking independence movement gained momentum, some local governments banded together to resist pressure from the Moldovan government for nationalization. Calle Tiraspol

On 2 September 1990, Tiraspol was proclaimed the capital of the new

Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic , image_map = Transnistria-map.png , capital = Tiraspol , common_languages = , leader1 = Igor Smirnov (at independence) , title_leader = Chairman , year_leader1 = 1990– ...

. The new republic was not officially recognized by Soviet authorities; however, it received support from some important Soviet leaders, such as

Anatoly Lukyanov Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov (russian: Анатолий Иванович Лукьянов, 7 May 1930 – 9 January 2019) was a Russian Communist politician who was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR between 15 March 1990 and 4 Se ...

. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the territory east of the Dniester River declared independence as the

Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic Transnistria, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is an unrecognised breakaway state that is internationally recognised as a part of Moldova. Transnistria controls most of the narrow strip of land between the Dniester riv ...

(PMR), with Tiraspol as its capital. It was not recognized by the international community. On 1 July 2005, the Lucian Blaga Lyceum, a high school with Romanian as its language of instruction, was registered as a Transnistrian non-governmental establishment. The registration of six Romanian language schools has been the subject of negotiations with the government since 2000. The tension increased in the summer of 2004, when the Transnistrian authorities forcibly closed the schools that taught using the

Latin script The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy ...

. According to the official PMR view, this is considered as

. " Moldovan", written in the

Cyrillic script The Cyrillic script ( ), Slavonic script or the Slavic script, is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic languages, Slavic, Turkic languages, Turkic, Mongolic languages, ...

, is one of the three official languages in the PMR; Romanian is not. Some economic measures and counter-measures were taken on both banks of the Dniester. Tensions have been seen in

terrorist Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror or fear, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violen ...

incidents. On 6 July 2006, an explosion, believed to be caused by a bomb, killed at least eight people in a minibus. Later on 13 August, a grenade exploded in a

trolleybus A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tramin the 1910s and 1920sJoyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986). ''British Trolleybus Systems'', pp. 9, 12. London: Ian Allan Publishing. .or troll ...

, killing two and injuring ten. The

2022 Tiraspol bombing The 2022 Transnistria attacks were a series of five incidents reported in the Eastern European breakaway state of Transnistria, legally recognized as part of Moldova, that occurred in 2022 between 25 and 27 April, on 6 May and on 5 June. No ca ...

happened on the 25 April 2022 during the

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. An ...

when several explosions were reported near the

Ministry of State Security (Transnistria) The Ministry of State Security ( ro, Ministerul Securității Statului, russian: Министерство государственной безопасности, uk, Міністерство державної безпеки) is the Transnistria ...

in Tiraspol. Firefighters were on the scene but there were no casualties.

Geography and climate

Tiraspol features a

humid continental climate A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freezing ...

that closely borders an

oceanic climate An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the humid temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification ''Cfb'', typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool summers and mild winters ( ...

and has transitional features of the

humid subtropical climate A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between latitudes 25° and 40° ...

due to its warm summers. Summers are mild, with average monthly temperatures at around in July and August. Winters are cold, with average temperatures in the coldest month (January) at . Precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout the year, though there is a noticeable increase in monthly precipitation in June and July. Tiraspol on average sees nearly of precipitation per year.

Demographics

Population

The population of the city was about 190,000 in 1989 and about 203,000 in 1992. 41% were

Russians , native_name_lang = ru , image = , caption = , population = , popplace = 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 ''Winkler Prins'' estimate) , region1 = , pop1 ...

, 32%

Ukrainians Ukrainians ( uk, Українці, Ukraintsi, ) are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine. They are the seventh-largest nation in Europe. The native language of the Ukrainians is Ukrainian language, Ukrainian. The majority ...

(both Eastern Slavic) and 18% were

Moldovans Moldovans, sometimes referred to as Moldavians ( ro, moldoveni , Moldovan Cyrillic: молдовень), are a Romance-speaking ethnic group and the largest ethnic group of the Republic of Moldova (75.1% of the population as of 2014) and a sign ...

(Romanians). As result of the political and economic situation that followed the proclamation of the independent (unrecognized)

, as well as large Jewish emigration in the early 1990s, the population of the city fell below its 1989 number and the

2004 Transnistrian census The 2004 Transnistrian census was organized in Transnistria at roughly the same time that Moldova held its own census, which Transnistria refused to participate in out of principle and deference to its September 2, 1990 declaration of independen ...

put its population at 158,069.

Religion

The Latin Catholic minority was served by its own

Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiraspol The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiraspol was a Latin Rite Roman Catholic diocese on Czarist/Soviet-controlled territory in and around what is now the republic of Moldova. History It was established on 3 July 1848 as Diocese of Cherson, on Czarist ...

(originally called Cherson), which at times also covered part of neighbouring Romania and Russia, until its 2002 suppression and merger into the Russian Diocese of Saint Clement at Saratov.

Culture

The statue of

was erected in the central square in 1979 in commemoration of his 250th anniversary. In front of the Transnistrian Government building there is a statue of

Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...

. On the opposite side of the central square, a monument plaza features a Soviet

T-34 The T-34 is a Soviet medium tank introduced in 1940. When introduced its 76.2 mm (3 in) tank gun was less powerful than its contemporaries while its 60-degree sloped armour provided good protection against Anti-tank warfare, anti-tan ...

tank, commemorating the Soviet victory in

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

, an eternal flame to those who fell defending the city in 1941 and liberating it in 1944, as well as several monuments dedicated to more recent conflicts, including the

Soviet–Afghan War The Soviet–Afghan War was a protracted armed conflict fought in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989. It saw extensive fighting between the Soviet Union and the Afghan mujahideen (alongside smaller groups of anti-Soviet ...

and the War of Transnistria.

Sport

The two main football clubs are

Sheriff Tiraspol Fotbal Club Sheriff (russian: ФК Шериф Тирасполь), commonly known as Sheriff Tiraspol or simply Sheriff, is a Moldovan professional football club based in Tiraspol, a city located in the unrecognised breakaway state of Transnist ...

and

FC Tiraspol FC Tiraspol was a Moldovan football (soccer), football club based in Tiraspol, Moldova. They played in the Moldovan National Division, Divizia Naţională, the top division in Moldovan football. Founded in 1992 as ''Constructorul Chișinău'', it ...

. Sheriff is the most successful Moldovan football club of recent history, winning 14 league titles since the 2000–2001 season, and 6

Moldovan Cup The Moldovan Cup ( ro, Cupa Moldovei) is a football competition, held annually in Moldova. The winner qualifies for the UEFA Europa Conference League first qualifying round. Finals The finals were: Goalscorers Soviet time winners * 1945: ...

s. Noted for their last-minute 2–1 Champions League victory against Real Madrid on 28 September 2021. A third club,

CS Tiligul-Tiras Tiraspol SC Tiligul-Tiras Tiraspol was a Moldovan football club based in Tiraspol. They played in the Divizia Naţională, the top division in Moldovan football. Their home stadium was Stadionul Municipal. Currently the club's football academy is associa ...

, withdrew from competition prior to the 2009–2010 season. Tiraspol is home to the

Sheriff Stadium Sheriff Stadium (also known as ''Glavnaya Arena of Complexul Sheriif'') is home to Sheriff Tiraspol, a football team based in Tiraspol, capital of Transnistria breakaway region of Moldova. It is owned by the local Sheriff corporation. It has a ca ...

, the largest capacity stadium in the region, with a capacity of 14,300 seats.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Bălți Bălți (; russian: Бельцы, , uk, Бєльці, , yi, בעלץ ) is a city in Moldova. It is the second largest city in terms of population, area and economic importance, after Chișinău. The city is one of the five Moldovan municipalit ...

, Moldova *

Comrat Comrat ( ro, Comrat, ; gag, Komrat, Russian and bg, Комрат, Komrat) is a city and municipality in Moldova and the capital of the autonomous region of Gagauzia. It is located in the south of the country, on the Ialpug River. In 2014, Comr ...

, Moldova *

Trondheim Trondheim ( , , ; sma, Tråante), historically Kaupangen, Nidaros and Trondhjem (), is a city and municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. As of 2020, it had a population of 205,332, was the third most populous municipality in Norway, and ...

, Norway (2000) *

Volgograd Volgograd ( rus, Волгогра́д, a=ru-Volgograd.ogg, p=vəɫɡɐˈɡrat), geographical renaming, formerly Tsaritsyn (russian: Цари́цын, Tsarítsyn, label=none; ) (1589–1925), and Stalingrad (russian: Сталингра́д, Stal ...

, Russia *

Kaluga Kaluga ( rus, Калу́га, p=kɐˈɫuɡə), a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast in Russia, stands on the Oka River southwest of Moscow. Population: Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer Konstantin Tsiol ...

, Russia *

Kursk Kursk ( rus, Курск, p=ˈkursk) is a city and the administrative center of Kursk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Kur, Tuskar, and Seym rivers. The area around Kursk was the site of a turning point in the Soviet–German stru ...

, Russia *

Obninsk Obninsk (russian: О́бнинск) is a city in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the bank of the Protva River southwest of Moscow and northeast of Kaluga. Population: History The history of Obninsk began in 1945 when the First Research In ...

, Russia *

Severodvinsk Severodvinsk ( rus, Северодвинск, p=sʲɪvʲɪrɐdˈvʲinsk) is a city in the north of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located in the delta of the Northern Dvina, west of Arkhangelsk, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2 ...

, Russia *

Novosibirsk Novosibirsk (, also ; rus, Новосиби́рск, p=nəvəsʲɪˈbʲirsk, a=ru-Новосибирск.ogg) is the largest city and administrative centre of Novosibirsk Oblast and Siberian Federal District in Russia. As of the Russian Census ...

, Russia *

Mykolaiv Mykolaiv ( uk, Миколаїв, ) is a List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Southern Ukraine, the Administrative centre, administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast. Mykolaiv city, which provides U ...

, Ukraine *

Kherson Kherson (, ) is a port city of Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers appr ...

, Ukraine *

Cherkasy Cherkasy ( uk, Черка́си, ) is a city in central Ukraine. Cherkasy is the Capital city, capital of Cherkasy Oblast (Oblast, province), as well as the administrative center of Cherkasky Raion (Raion, district) within the oblast. The c ...

, Ukraine *

Ternopil Ternópil ( uk, Тернопіль, Ternopil' ; pl, Tarnopol; yi, טאַרנאָפּל, Tarnopl, or ; he, טארנופול (טַרְנוֹפּוֹל), Tarnopol; german: Tarnopol) is a city in the west of Ukraine. Administratively, Ternopi ...

, Ukraine *

Ashdod Ashdod ( he, ''ʾašdōḏ''; ar, أسدود or إسدود ''ʾisdūd'' or '' ʾasdūd'' ; Philistine: 𐤀𐤔𐤃𐤃 *''ʾašdūd'') is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Located in the country's Southern District, it lies on the Mediterran ...

, Israel * Leninsky District, Minsk, Belarus *

Sukhumi Sukhumi (russian: Суху́м(и), ) or Sokhumi ( ka, სოხუმი, ), also known by its Abkhaz name Aqwa ( ab, Аҟәа, ''Aqwa''), is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of ...

Abkhazia Abkhazia, ka, აფხაზეთი, tr, , xmf, აბჟუა, abzhua, or ( or ), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which vi ...

, Georgia *

Tskhinvali Tskhinvali ( ka, ცხინვალი ) or Tskhinval ( os, Цхинвал, Чъреба, Tskhinval, Chreba, ; rus, Цхинва́л(и), r=Tskhinvál(i), ) is the capital of the disputed ''de facto'' independent Republic of South Ossetia, int ...

South Ossetia South Ossetia, ka, სამხრეთი ოსეთი, ( , ), officially the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus. It has an officially stated populat ...

, Georgia * Santarem, Portugal

Notable people

Sergey Stepanov - Epic Sax Guy - May 28, 2010

Nikolay Zelinsky Nikolay Dmitriyevich Zelinsky (; 6 February 1861 – 31 July 1953) was a Russian Empire, Russian and USSR, Soviet chemist. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1929). Zelinsky studied at the University of Odessa and at the ...

(1861 in Tiraspol – 1953 in Moscow) Russian and Soviet chemist, academician of the Academy of Sciences, invented the first filtering

activated charcoal "Activated" is a song by English singer Cher Lloyd. It was released on 22 July 2016 through Vixen Records. The song was made available to stream exclusively on ''Rolling Stone'' a day before to release (on 21 July 2016). Background In an interv ...

gas mask *

Georgi Stamatov Georgi Porfiriev Stamatov (Георги Порфириев Стаматов, 25 May 1869 – 9 November 1942) was a Bulgarian writer. He is not to be confused with the actor and director Georgi Stamatov (1893–1965). He was born in Tiraspol, Bes ...

(1869 in Tiraspol – 1942 in Sofia) a Bulgarian writer. *

Mikhail Larionov Mikhail Fyodorovich Larionov (Russian: Михаи́л Фёдорович Ларио́нов; June 3, 1881 – May 10, 1964) was a Russian avant-garde painter who worked with radical exhibitors and pioneered the first approach to abstract Rus ...

(1881 in Tiraspol – 1964) an avant-garde Russian painter. *

Abraham Rabinovitch Abraham Isaac Rabinovitch (1889–1964) was an Australian-Russian property developer and well-respected pioneer of the Sydney Modern Orthodox Jewish community; in particular as a founder and philanthropist of Sydney's full-time Jewish educ ...

(1889 in Tiraspol – 1964 in New South Wales) an Australian-Russian property developer and pioneer of the Sydney Modern Orthodox Jewish community; emigrated to Australia in 1915 *

Gheorghe Pintilie Gheorghe Pintilie (born Panteley Timofiy Bodnarenko, ua, Пантелей Тимофій Боднаренко; also rendered as Pintilie Bodnarenco, nicknamed Pantiușa; November 9, 1902 – August 21, 1985) was a Soviet and Romanian intelligence ...

(born 1902 in Tiraspol – 1985) Soviet intelligence agent, Russian citizen and naturalised Romanian communist activist of Ukrainian origin, the first Director of the

Securitate The Securitate (, Romanian for ''security'') was the popular term for the Departamentul Securității Statului (Department of State Security), the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Previously, before the communist regime ...

Izrail Shmurun Izrail L. Shmurun (russian: Израиль Львович Шмурун) (July 19, 1912 in Tiraspol - June 28, 1985 in Chișinău) was a Moldavian Soviet architect. He graduated from the Architecture Faculty of the Odessa Institute of Municipal a ...

(1912 in Tiraspol – 1985 in Chișinău) a Moldavian Soviet architect *

Larisa Eryomina Larisa Eryomina-Wain (born September 19, 1950, Moldavia) is a stage and screen actress, particularly in Soviet films of the 1970s. She left the Soviet Union in 1979, to raise her family and pursue a career in Hollywood. She has acted in dozens of fi ...

(born 1950 in Tiraspol) stage and screen actress in Soviet films of the 1970s. *

Oxana Ionova Oxana Ionova was the head of the state tax service of Transnistria and director of Transnistria's central bank from 2008 to 2011. She was born in Tiraspol on 3 June 1966. She started her work in the Ministry of Interior of Transnistria in 1994 as a ...

(born 1966 in Tiraspol) head of the state tax service of Transnistria, director of Transnistria's central bank from 2008 to 2011; subsequently charged with embezzlement of Russian humanitarian aid, illegal business practices, abuse of power and forgery. *

Vlad Stashevsky Vlad Stashevsky (russian: link=no, Влад Сташевский; born 19 January 1974), real name Vladislav Stanislavovich Tverdohlebov (russian: link=no, Владислав Станиславович Твердохлебов), is a Russian pop ...

(born 1974 in Tiraspol) a Russian pop singer. *

Berenika Glixman Berenika Glixman (born 1984 in Tiraspol, Soviet Union) is an Israeli classical pianist. She has won several awards, including First Prize at the Young Artist Competition held by Israeli Radio and the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra (2009), First Prize ...

(born 1984 in Tiraspol) Israeli classical pianist * Sergey Stepanov (born 1984 in Tiraspol) musician and composer from Transnistria, member of the

SunStroke Project SunStroke Project is a Moldovan musical duo composed of Sergei Yalovitsky (vocals, composer) and Sergey Stepanov (saxophonist). They achieved fame for representing Moldova in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 with Olia Tira, and again in the 2017 ...

Valeria Lukyanova Valeria Valeryevna Lukyanova ( uk, Вале́рія Вале́ріївна Лук'я́нова; russian: Валерия Валерьевна Лукьянова; born 1990/1991) is a Moldova-born Ukrainian model and entertainer of Russian origin ...

(born 1985 in Tiraspol) a Ukrainian model and entertainer, famous for her resemblance to a Barbie doll, lives in Moscow.

Politics

Serhiy Kivalov Serhii Vasylovych Kivalov ( uk, Сергій Васильович Ківалов; born 1 May 1954) is a Ukrainian politician and jurist who served as the head of Central Election Commission during the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election which l ...

(born 1954 in Tiraspol) Ukrainian politician, jurist, parliamentarian, head of Central Election Commission *

Vladimir Mikhailovich Belyaev Vladimir Mikhailovich Belyaev (russian: Владимир Михайлович Беляев, ; born 18 March 1965) is the minister of information and telecommunications of Transnistria. He was born and raised in Tiraspol, Moldavian SSR, which becam ...

(born 18 March 1965 in Tiraspol) the minister of information and telecommunications *

Maya Parnas Maya Ivanovna Parnas (russian: Майя Ивановна Парнас, ro, Maia Parnas; born 15 May 1974 in Tiraspol, Moldavian SSR) is a Transnistrian politician and was the former acting Prime Minister of Transnistria, temporarily replacing ...

(born 1974 in Tiraspol) politician and was the former acting Prime Minister of Transnistria *

Nina Shtanski Nina Viktorovna Shtanski ( ro, Nina Ștanski; russian: Нина Викторовна Штански; born 10 April 1977, in Tiraspol, Moldavian SSR, USSR) is a Transnistrian former state politician and public figure. She has been the Deputy Prim ...

(born 1977 in Tiraspol) former Transnistrian state politician, the Minister of Foreign Affairs 2012 to 2015 *

Roman Khudyakov Roman Ivanovich Khudyakov (russian: Ромáн Ивáнович Худякóв; born 28 January 1977 in Tiraspol, Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union) is a Transnistrian-born Russian politician. On 1 August 2006 he was elected chair ...

(born 1977 in Tiraspol) a Transnistrian-born Russian politician, chairman of the

Liberal Democratic Party of Pridnestrovie The Liberal Democratic Party of Pridnestrovie (LDPP), , uk, Ліберально-демократична партія Придністров'я is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in the breakaway state of Transnistria, r ...

Vladimir Yastrebchak Vladimir Valerevich Yastrebchak (russian: Владимир Валерьевич Ястребчак) (born 9 October 1979) was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Transnistria.Olga Paterova Olga Paterova (Cyrillic: Ольга Патерова) is a politician in Transnistria. She was born in Tiraspol, today the capital of Transnistria, in 1984 in what was then part of the Moldovan SSR. She is the press secretary for the political you ...

(born in 1984 in Tiraspol) a politician, the press secretary for the political youth organization Breakthrough *

Yury Cheban Yury Mihailovich Cheban (born on 27 January 1958) is a Transnistrian politician, who was the Minister of Natural Resources and Ecological Control of Transnistria. Yury Cheban was born in Hîncești and raised in Tiraspol Tiraspol or Tirișp ...

, Transnistrian Minister of Natural Resources and Ecological Control

Sport

Constantin Nour Constantin Nour (June 13, 1906 or June 15, 1907, Tiraspol - November 17, 1986) was a Romanian champion middleweight boxer and national team trainer. In 1926, he won the Romanian national championship in the middleweight category. Nour, who was a ...

(1906 or 1907 in Tiraspol – 1986) a Romanian champion middleweight boxer and national team trainer *

Larisa Popova Larisa Mikhaylovna Popova (née Aleksandrova, born 9 April 1957 in Tiraspol, Moldavian SSR) is a Moldovan rower who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1976 Summer Olympics Events January * January 3 – The International Cov ...

(born 1957 in Tiraspol) Moldovan rower who competed for the Soviet Union in the

1976 Summer Olympics Events January * January 3 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force. * January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea. * January 11 – The 1976 Phi ...

Igor Samoilenco Igor Samoilenco (born April 17, 1977 in Tiraspol, Moldavian SSR) is a retired male boxer from Moldova. He twice represented his native Eastern European country at the Summer Olympics: 1996 and 2004. Samoilenco claimed a bronze medal at the 2002 Eu ...

(born 1977 in Tiraspol) retired male boxer from Moldova *

Andrei Mihailov Andrei Mihailov (born October 31, 1980) is a Moldovan former swimmer, who specialized in backstroke events. He is a two-time Olympian (2000 and 2004) and a member of the Moldova Swimming Team. Mihailov's Olympic debut came at the 2000 Summer Oly ...

(born 1980 in Tiraspol) former

backstroke Backstroke or back crawl is one of the four Swimming (sport), swimming styles used in competitive events regulated by FINA, and the only one of these styles swum on the back. This swimming style has the advantage of easy breathing, but the disa ...

swimmer, competed in the 2000 and the

2004 Summer Olympics The 2004 Summer Olympics ( el, Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004, ), officially the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad ( el, Αγώνες της 28ης Ολυμπιάδας, ) and also known as Athens 2004 ( el, Αθήνα 2004), ...

Andrei Corneencov Andrei Corneencov (born 1 April 1982) is a former Moldovan international footballer. References External links

* * Living people 1982 births Moldovan men's footballers Moldovan expatriate men's footballers Moldova men's international f ...

(born 1982 in Tiraspol) former Moldovan international footballer. *

Stanislau Tsivonchyk Stanislau Uladzimiravich Tsivonchyk ( be, Станіслаў Уладзіміравіч Цівончык; born 5 March 1985 in Tiraspol, Moldavian SSR) is a Belarusian pole vaulter. He competed in the Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's ...

(born 1985 in Tiraspol) a Belarusian pole vaulter, competed in the pole vault at the

2012 Summer Olympics The 2012 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad and also known as London 2012) was an international multi-sport event held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom. The first event, the ...

Vitalie Bulat Vitalie Bulat (born 14 September 1987) is a Moldovan Association football, footballer. Career Born in Tiraspol, in the Moldovan SSR, Soviet Union, Vitalie Bulat started his senior career in the season 2003–04 by playing with FC Sheriff-2 Tiras ...

(born 1987 in Tiraspol) Moldovan footballer *

Oleksandr Kolchenko Oleksandr Kolchenko ( uk, Олександр Кольченко; born September 20, 1988) is a Ukrainian basketball player for Cherkaski Mavpy and the Ukraine national basketball team, Ukrainian national team. With Ukraine, Kolchenko played at t ...

(born 1988 in Tiraspol) a Ukrainian basketball player for Cherkaski Mavpy and the Ukrainian national team *

Dănilă Artiomov Dănilă Artiomov (born 16 October 1994 in Tiraspol) is a Moldovan swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. Artiomov established a Moldovan record of 1:01.60 to earn a gold medal in the boys' 100 m breaststroke at the 2012 European Junior ...

(born 1994 in Tiraspol) a Moldovan

breaststroke Breaststroke is a swimming style in which the swimmer is on their chest and the torso does not rotate. It is the most popular recreational style due to the swimmer's head being out of the water a large portion of the time, and that it can be s ...

swimmer *

Artur Dalaloyan Artur Grachyevich Dalaloyan (Russian: Артур Грачьевич Далалоян) born 26 April 1996 is a Russian artistic gymnast who represented ROC at the 2020 Summer Olympics. He was part of the teams who won gold at the 2020 Olympic G ...

(born 1996 in Tiraspol) a Russian

artistic gymnast Artistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics in which athletes perform short routines on different apparatuses. The sport is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), which designs the Code of Points and regulates ...

of Armenian origin

Gallery

File:Tiraspol sign.JPG, Sign at the entrance to Tiraspol File:Monument to Suvorov - panoramio.jpg, The statue of

Suvorov Square Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (russian: Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Суво́ров, Aleksándr Vasíl'yevich Suvórov; or 1730) was a Russian general in service of the Russian Empire. He was Count of Rymnik, Count of the Holy ...

File:Tiraspolstreet.jpg, A street in central Tiraspol File:TIraspol Transnistria (11359980726).jpg, The Victory Park File:13.07.2008 - panoramio (2).jpg, The Dnestr river passing through Tiraspol File:Lenin Statue on 25 Oktober Street - Tiraspol - Transnistria (36701973581).jpg, The statue of Lenin in front of the

parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...

building File:Street Scene - Tiraspol - Transnistria - 01 (36008035783).jpg, Street scene in Tiraspol File:House of Soviets - Tiraspol - Transnistria (36817336245).jpg, The House of Soviets File:Young Man on Soviet-Era Tank - Tiraspol - Transnistria (36420526970).jpg, Young man on a Soviet-era tank in Tiraspol File:Tiraspol IMG 3704 (8749893691).jpg, Tiraspol File:War Memorial-Tomb of the Unknown Soldier - Tiraspol - Transnistria (36008034023).jpg, War memorial and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier File:Architectural Detail - Tiraspol - Transnistria - 01 (35982734024).jpg, Part of the Tiraspol city centre File:View along Dniester River - Tiraspol - Transnistria (36420533690).jpg, View along the Dniester river in Tiraspol

References

;Notes

External links

Non-Transnistrian links

* *
Tyraspol
(Tiraspol) in the ''

Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland The Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and other Slavic Countries ( pl, Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich) is a monumental Polish gazetteer, published 1880–1902 in Warsaw Warsaw ( pl ...

'' (1892)

Transnistrian links

Tiraspol.info
{{Authority control Cities and towns in Transnistria Cities and towns in Moldova Municipalities of Moldova Populated places on the Dniester Populated places established in 1792 1792 establishments in Europe Tiraspolsky Uyezd Holocaust locations in Moldova

Etymology

History

Classical history

Russian foundation

Soviet Tiraspol

Post-independence

Geography and climate

Demographics

Population

Religion

Culture

Sport

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Notable people

Politics

Sport

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links

Non-Transnistrian links

Transnistrian links