Tianjin (;
; Mandarin: ),
alternately romanized as Tientsin (), is a
municipality
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
and a coastal
metropolis
A metropolis () is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications.
A big ci ...
in
Northern China on the shore of the
Bohai Sea
The Bohai Sea () is a marginal sea approximately in area on the east coast of Mainland China. It is the northwestern and innermost extension of the Yellow Sea, to which it connects to the east via the Bohai Strait. It has a mean depth of ...
. It is one of the
nine national central cities in
Mainland China
"Mainland China" is a geopolitical term defined as the territory governed by the People's Republic of China (including islands like Hainan or Chongming), excluding dependent territories of the PRC, and other territories within Greater China. ...
, with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants during the
2020 Chinese census
The Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (), also referred to as the 2020 Chinese Census, was the seventh national census conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Census wo ...
. Its built-up (''or metro'') area, made up of 12 central districts (all but Baodi, Jizhou, Jinghai and Ninghe), was home to 11,165,706 inhabitants and is also the world's 29th-largest agglomeration (between
Chengdu
Chengdu (, ; simplified Chinese: 成都; pinyin: ''Chéngdū''; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: ), alternatively romanized as Chengtu, is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of the Chinese pro ...
and
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a ...
) and 11th-
most populous city proper.
It is governed as one of the four
municipalities
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
under the direct administration of
Chinese central government
The State Council, constitutionally synonymous with the Central People's Government since 1954 (particularly in relation to local governments), is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China. It is chaired by the p ...
and is thus under direct administration of the
State Council State Council may refer to:
Government
* State Council of the Republic of Korea, the national cabinet of South Korea, headed by the President
* State Council of the People's Republic of China, the national cabinet and chief administrative auth ...
. Tianjin borders
Hebei Province
Hebei or , (; alternately Hopeh) is a northern province of China. Hebei is China's sixth most populous province, with over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. The province is 96% Han Chinese, 3% Manchu, 0.8% Hui, and 0 ...
and
Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the
Bohai Gulf portion of the
Yellow Sea
The Yellow Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula, and can be considered the northwestern part of the East China Sea. It is one of four seas named after common colour ter ...
. Part of the
Bohai Economic Rim
The Bohai Economic Rim (BER) or Bohai Bay Economic Rim (BBER) is the economic region surrounding Tianjin (Tientsin). It also includes areas in Hebei, Liaoning and Shandong surrounding the Bohai Sea. This region has undergone major economic and in ...
, it is the largest coastal city in
Northern China and part of the
Jing-Jin-Ji
The Jingjinji Metropolitan Region or Jing-Jin-Ji (JJJ),, sometimes rendered in historical context as King–Sin–Peh, also known as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BJ-TJ-HB), Peking–Tientsin–Hopeh and the Capital Economic Zone, is the National Cap ...
megapolis.
In terms of urban population, Tianjin is the seventh largest city in China. In terms of administrative area population, Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China. The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404. As a treaty port since 1860, Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing. During the
Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the
Tianjin Provisional Government. Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China, Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region.
[ ] At that time, numerous European-style buildings and mansions were constructed in concessions, many of which are well-preserved today. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin suffered a depression due to the policy of the central government and
1976 Tangshan earthquake
The 1976 Tangshan earthquake () was a 7.6 earthquake that hit the region around Tangshan, Hebei, China, at 3:42 a.m. on 28 July 1976. The maximum intensity of the earthquake was XI (''Extreme'') on the Mercalli scale. In minutes, 85 percen ...
, but recovered from 1990s.. Tianjin is classified as the largest type of port-city, a Large-Port Megacity, due to its large urban population and port traffic volume .
Nowadays, Tianjin is a dual-core city, with its main urban area (including the old city) located along the
Hai River
The Hai River (海河, lit. "Sea River"), also known as the Peiho, ("White River"), or Hai Ho, is a Chinese river connecting Beijing to Tianjin and the Bohai Sea.
The Hai River at Tianjin is formed by the confluence of five watercourses: the ...
, which connects to the
Yellow
Yellow is the color between green and orange on the spectrum of light. It is evoked by light with a dominant wavelength of roughly 575585 nm. It is a primary color in subtractive color systems, used in painting or color printing. In the ...
and
Yangtze
The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ; ) is the longest river in Asia, the third-longest in the world, and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It rises at Jari Hill in the Tanggula Mountains (Tibetan Plateau) and flows ...
Rivers via the
Grand Canal; and
Binhai
Binhai, officially known as Binhai New Area (), is a sub-provincial district and state-level new area within the jurisdiction of Tianjin Municipality in the People's Republic of China.
Binhai is intended to replicate development seen in ...
, an adjacent New Area urban core located east of the old city, on the coast of the Bohai Gulf. As of the end of 2010, around 285 Fortune 500 companies have set up base in Binhai. Since 2010, Tianjin's
Yujiapu Financial District
Yujiapu Financial District (; also Yujiabao) is a central business district currently under construction in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin. The area is envisioned as a potential center for world trade and finance. The district is being developed ...
has become known as ''
China's Manhattan''
and the city is considered one of the world's top 100 cities, including in the
Global Financial Centres Index
The Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI) is a ranking of the competitiveness of financial centres based on over 29,000 financial centre assessments from an online questionnaire together with over 100 indices from organisations such as the World ...
.
Tianjin is ranked as a Beta (global second tier) city by the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network
The Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) is a think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization. It is based in the geography department of Loughborough University in Leicestershire ...
.
Tianjin is one of the
top 20 cities in the world by scientific research outputs as tracked by the
Nature Index The Nature Index is a database that tracks institutions and countries and their scientific output since its introduction in November, 2014. Each year, Nature Index ranks the leading institutions (which can be companies, universities, government agen ...
, and home to
multiple notable institutes of higher education in
Northern China, including
Tianjin
Tianjin (; ; Mandarin: ), alternately romanized as Tientsin (), is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total popu ...
,
Nankai,
Tianjin Normal,
Tianjin Medical,
Tiangong,
Tianjin University of Science & Technology,
Tianjin University of Technology, and
Hebei University of Technology
The Hebei University of Technology (HEBUT; ) is a provincial public university in Tianjin, China. HEBUT is sponsored by Hebei Provincial People's Government, Tianjin Municipal People's Government and the Ministry of Education of China, which s ...
.
Name
Tianjin is the
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally writte ...
romanization
Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, a ...
of the
Chinese character
Chinese characters () are logograms developed for the writing of Chinese. In addition, they have been adapted to write other East Asian languages, and remain a key component of the Japanese writing system where they are known as ''kanj ...
s , which means "
Heavenly Ford
Ford commonly refers to:
* Ford Motor Company, an automobile manufacturer founded by Henry Ford
* Ford (crossing), a shallow crossing on a river
Ford may also refer to:
Ford Motor Company
* Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company
* Ford F ...
" or "Ford of Heaven".
The origin of the name is obscure. One
folk etymology is that it was an homage to the patriotic
Chu poet
A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator ( thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems ( oral or wri ...
Qu Yuan
Qu Yuan ( – 278 BCE) was a Chinese poet and politician in the State of Chu during the Warring States period. He is known for his patriotism and contributions to classical poetry and verses, especially through the poems of the '' ...
, whose "
Li Sao
"''Li Sao''" (; translation: "Encountering Sorrow") is an ancient Chinese poem from the anthology '' Chuci'' traditionally attributed to Qu Yuan. ''Li Sao'' dates from the late 3rd century BCE, during the Chinese Warring States period.
Backgro ...
" includes the verse "... departing from the Ford of Heaven at dawn ..." (, ''zhāo fārèn yú Tiānjīn xī''). Another is that it honors a former name of the
Girl
A girl is a young female human, usually a child or an adolescent. When a girl becomes an adult, she is accurately described as a ''woman''. However, the term ''girl'' is also used for other meanings, including ''young woman'',Dictionary.c ...
, a
Chinese constellation
Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere into asterisms or constellations, known as "officials" ( Chinese ''xīng guān'').
The Chinese asterisms are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenisti ...
recorded under the name Tianjin in the Astronomical Record section of the
Book of Sui
The ''Book of Sui'' (''Suí Shū'') is the official history of the Sui dynasty. It ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. It was written by Yan Shigu, Kong Yingda, and Zhangsun Wuji, with Wei Zheng as the lead author. ...
. A third is that it derives from a place name noted in the River Record of the History of
Jin. The most common is that it was bestowed by the
Yongle Emperor
The Yongle Emperor (; pronounced ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (), was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424.
Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dyn ...
of the
Ming
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han peop ...
, who crossed Tianjin's Gu River on his way south to overthrow his nephew, the
Jianwen Emperor
The Jianwen Emperor (5 December 1377 – ?), personal name Zhu Yunwen (), was the second Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1398 to 1402. The era name of his reign, Jianwen, means "establishing civility" and represented a sharp chan ...
.
Prior to the introduction of pinyin, the city's name was historically spelled as Tientsin in the
Chinese postal romanization
Postal romanization was a system of transliterating Chinese place names developed by postal authorities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For many cities, the corresponding postal romanization was the most common English-language for ...
. The current name of Tianjin was adopted in 1958 after pinyin was introduced by the PRC government. Several countries, international organizations and media outlets adopted the pinyin name beginning in 1979. The
Government of the Republic of China
The Government of the Republic of China, is the national government of the Republic of China whose ''de facto'' territory currently consists of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other island groups in the "free area". Governed by the ...
on Taiwan continues to use the postal and Wade-Giles spelling after the adoption of pinyin by the ROC government in 2009.
History
Early history
The land where Tianjin is located today was created in between 900 and 1300 CE by
sedimentation
Sedimentation is the deposition of sediments. It takes place when particles in suspension settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the ...
of various rivers entering the sea at
Bohai Gulf, including the
Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He (Chinese: , Mandarin: ''Huáng hé'' ) is the second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth-longest river system in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Ha ...
, which entered the open sea in this area at one point. The construction of the
Grand Canal under the
Sui dynasty helped the future development of Tianjin as the canal ran from
Hangzhou
Hangzhou ( or , ; , , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), also romanized as Hangchow, is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang, China. It is located in the northwestern part of the province, sitting at the head of Hangzhou Bay, whic ...
to the
Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...
and Tianjin region by 609 CE. Grain from southern China was regularly transported to the north through the canal and was used during the subsequent dynasties. Tianjin begins to be increasingly mentioned in records during the
Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest ...
and gains importance during the
Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fift ...
. Tianjin experienced development under the Yuan and became a prime location for the storage of goods and grains. Tianjin became a garrison town and shipping station during the
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han peo ...
. It became a center of commerce and prosperity by the 17th century.
Qing dynasty
During the
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-spea ...
(16441911) Tianjin
Prefecture or ''Zhou'' () was established in 1725, and Tianjin County was established within the prefecture in 1731. Later it was upgraded to an
urban prefecture or ''Fu'' () before becoming a relay station () under the command of the
Viceroy of Zhili
The Viceroy of Zhili, fully referred to in Chinese as the Governor-General of Zhili and Surrounding Areas Overseeing Military Affairs and Food Production, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys during ...
.
Opening up as a treaty port
In 1856, Chinese soldiers boarded ''The Arrow'', a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong flying the British flag and suspected of piracy, smuggling, and of being engaged in the opium trade. They captured 12 men and imprisoned them. In response, the British and French sent gunboats under the command of Admiral
Sir Michael Seymour to capture the
Taku forts
The Taku Forts or Dagu Forts, also called the Peiho Forts are forts located by the Hai River (Peiho River) estuary in the Binhai New Area, Tianjin, in northeastern China. They are located southeast of the Tianjin urban center.
History
The ...
near Tianjin in May 1858. At the end of the first part of the
Second Opium War in June of the same year, the British and French prevailed, and the
Treaty of Tientsin
The Treaty of Tientsin, also known as the Treaty of Tianjin, is a collective name for several documents signed at Tianjin (then romanized as Tientsin) in June 1858. The Qing dynasty, Russian Empire, Second French Empire, United Kingdom, and t ...
were signed, which opened Tientsin (Tianjin) to foreign trade. The treaties were ratified by the
Xianfeng Emperor
The Xianfeng Emperor (17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861), or by temple name Emperor Wenzong of Qing (), given name Yizhu (), was the eighth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1850 t ...
in 1860, and Tianjin was formally opened to Great Britain and France, and thus to the outside world. Between 1895 and 1900, Britain and France were joined by Japan, Germany and
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...
, and even by countries without Chinese
concessions such as
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
, Italy and
Belgium
Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...
, in establishing self-contained
concessions in Tianjin
The foreign concessions in Tianjin (formerly romanized as Tientsin) were concession territories ceded by Qing China to a number of European countries, the United States and Japan within the city of Tianjin. There were altogether nine foreign con ...
, each with its own prisons, schools, barracks and hospitals. These nations left many architectural reminders of their rule, notably churches and thousands of villas.
![望海楼教堂](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/%E6%9C%9B%E6%B5%B7%E6%A5%BC%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82.jpg)
The presence of foreign influence in Tianjin was not always peaceful; one of the most serious violent incidents to date was the
Tianjin Church Massacre. In June 1870, the orphanage held by the Wanghailou Church (Church Our Lady's Victories), in Tianjin, built by French
Roman Catholic missionaries
A missionary is a member of a Religious denomination, religious group which is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.Tho ...
, was accused of the kidnapping and brainwashing of Chinese children. On June 21, the
magistrate
The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a '' magistratus'' was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judic ...
of Tianjin County initiated a showdown at the church that developed into violent clashes between the church's Christian supporters and some non-Christian Tianjin residents. The furious protesters eventually burned down Wanghailou Church and the nearby French consulate and killed eighteen foreigners including ten French nuns, the French consul himself, and merchants. France and six other Western nations complained to the Qing government, which was forced to pay compensation for the incident.
In 1885 Li Hongzhang founded the Tianjin Military Academy () for Chinese army officers with German advisors, as part of his military reforms.
The move was supported by
Anhui Army commander Zhou Shengchuan.
The academy was to serve Anhui Army and
Green Standard Army
The Green Standard Army (; Manchu: ''niowanggiyan turun i kūwaran'') was the name of a category of military units under the control of Qing dynasty in China. It was made up mostly of ethnic Han soldiers and operated concurrently with the Manchu ...
officers. Various practical military, mathematic and science subjects were taught at the academy. The instructors were German officers.
Another program was started at the academy for five years in 1887 to train teenagers as new army officers.
Mathematics, practical and technical subjects including sciences, foreign languages, Chinese Classics and history were taught at the school. Exams were administered to students. The instruction for Tianjin Military Academy was copied at the Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools.
The 'maritime defense fund' supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy, which was shared with the Tianjin Naval Academy.
The Tianjin Military Academy in 1886 adopted as part of its curriculum the
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' () is a 14th-century historical novel attributed to Luo Guanzhong. It is set in the turbulent years towards the end of the Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history, starting in 184 AD ...
.
Among its alumni were
Wang Yingkai and
Duan Qirui
Duan Qirui (; ) (March 6, 1865 – November 2, 1936) was a Chinese warlord and politician, a commander of the Beiyang Army and the acting Chief Executive of the Republic of China (in Beijing) from 1924 to 1926. He was also the Premier of the R ...
. Among its staff was
Yinchang
Yin Chang or In-ch'ang (; 1859 –1928 or 1934) was a military official, ambassador to Germany, and educational reformer in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. He was appointed the nation's first Minister of War in the late Qing Dynasty ...
.
![Main Building of Peiyang University since 1903](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Main_Building_of_Peiyang_University_since_1903.jpg)
In June 1900, the
Boxers were able to seize control of much of Tianjin. On June 26, European defense forces heading towards Beijing were stopped by Boxers at nearby
Langfang
Langfang () is a prefecture-level city of Hebei Province, which was known as Tianjin Prefecture until 1973. It was renamed Langfang Prefecture after Tianjin became a municipality and finally upgraded into a prefecture-level city in 1988. Lang ...
, and were defeated and forced to turn back to Tianjin. The foreign concessions were also under siege for several weeks.
![东莱银行大楼](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/%E4%B8%9C%E8%8E%B1%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%BC.jpg)
In July 1900, the
Eight-Nation Alliance recaptured Tientsin. This alliance soon established the Tianjin Provisional Government, composed of representatives from each of the occupying forces (Russian, British, Japanese, German, French, American, Austro-Hungarian, and Italian). The city was governed by this council until August 15, 1902 when the city was returned to Qing control. Eminent Qing General
Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai (; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty and eventually ended the Qing dynasty rule of China in 1912, later becoming the Emperor of China. H ...
led efforts to transform Tianjin into a modern city, establishing the first modern Chinese police force. In 1907, Yuan supervised China's first modern democratic elections for a county council.
Western nations
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to the various nations and states in the regions of Europe, North America, and Oceania. were permitted to garrison the area to ensure open access to Beijing. The British maintained a brigade of two battalions in Tianjin, and the Italians, French, Japanese, Germans, Russians, and Austro-Hungarians maintained under strength regiments; the United States did not initially participate. During
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, the German and Austro-Hungarian garrisons were captured and held as Prisoners of War by Allied Forces while the Bolshevik government withdrew the Russian garrison in 1918. In 1920, the remaining participating nations asked the United States to join them, and the US then sent the 15th Infantry Regiment, less one battalion, to Tianjin from the Philippines.
Because of the rapid development of industry, commerce and finance, Tientsin was established as a
municipality
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
of China in 1927. From 1930 to 1935, Tientsin was the provincial capital of
Hopeh, after which it was reestablished as a municipality.
Garrison duty was highly regarded by the troops. General
George C. Marshall
George Catlett Marshall Jr. (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American army officer and statesman. He rose through the United States Army to become Chief of Staff of the US Army under Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry ...
, the "architect of victory" in World War II when he was the United States Army Chief of Staff, served at Tianjin in the 1920s as Executive Officer of the
15th Infantry. The US withdrew this unit in 1938 and a US presence was maintained only by the dispatch of a small US Marine Corps unit from the Embassy Guard at Beijing.
Second Sino-Japanese War
On July 30, 1937, Tianjin fell to Japan, as part of the
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) or War of Resistance (Chinese term) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Th ...
, but was not entirely occupied, as the Japanese for the most part respected
foreign concessions until 1941, when the
American and British concessions were occupied. In the summer of 1939, there occurred a major crisis in Anglo-Japanese relations with the
Tientsin Incident. On June 14, 1939, the
Imperial Japanese Army
The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor o ...
surrounded and blockaded the British concession over the refusal of the British authorities to hand over to the Japanese six Chinese who had assassinated a locally prominent Japanese collaborator, and had taken refuge in the British concession. For a time, the 1939 crisis appeared likely to cause an Anglo-Japanese war, especially when reports of the maltreatment by the Japanese Army of British subjects wishing to leave or enter the concession appeared in the British press. The crisis ended when the British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain was advised by the
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against ...
and the Foreign Office that the only way to force the Japanese to lift the blockade was to send the main British battle fleet to Far Eastern waters, and that given the current crisis in Europe that it would be inappropriate to send the British fleet out of European waters, thus leading the British to finally turn over the six Chinese, who were then executed by the Japanese. During the Japanese occupation, Tianjin was ruled by the
North China Executive Committee, a
puppet state
A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government, is a state that is ''de jure'' independent but ''de facto'' completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders.Compare: Puppet states have nominal sove ...
based in Beijing.
On August 9, 1940, all of the British troops in Tianjin were ordered to withdraw. On November 14, 1941 the American
Marine unit stationed in Tianjin was ordered to leave, but before this could be accomplished, the Japanese
attacked the United States. The American Marine detachment surrendered to the Japanese on December 8, 1941. Only the Italian and French concessions (the local French officials were loyal to
Vichy
Vichy (, ; ; oc, Vichèi, link=no, ) is a city in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais.
It is a spa and resort town and in World War II was the capital of ...
) were allowed by the Japanese to remain. When Italy signed an
armistice
An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, as it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the ...
with the Allies in September 1943, Japanese troops took the Italian concession following a battle with its garrison, and the
Italian Social Republic formally ceded it to
Wang Jingwei
Wang Jingwei (4 May 1883 – 10 November 1944), born as Wang Zhaoming and widely known by his pen name Jingwei, was a Chinese politician. He was initially a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang, leading a government in Wuhan in oppositi ...
's Japan-controlled
puppet state
A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government, is a state that is ''de jure'' independent but ''de facto'' completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders.Compare: Puppet states have nominal sove ...
. Japanese occupation of the city lasted until August 15, 1945, with the surrender of Japan marking the end of World War II.
Post World War II
![China 10th Anniversary Parade in Tianjin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/China_10th_Anniversary_Parade_in_Tianjin.jpg)
In the
Pingjin Campaign of the Chinese Civil War, the city was captured after 29 hours of fighting. The
Chinese Communist Party
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Civil ...
(CCP) took Tianjin on January 15, 1949.
From 1949 to February 1958, Tianjin was a municipality directly under the control of the central government. In October 1952,
Tanggu New Port officially opened its doors, and the first 10,000-ton ferry arrived at Newport Pier. In February 1958, due to the "Great Leap Forward" and Tianjin's good industrial foundation, Tianjin was incorporated into Hebei Province and Hebei Province was relocated to Tianjin for eight years. During the period, under the coordination of the State Council, the city of Tianjin implemented a separate policy for central planning, which was independent of Hebei Province. However, a large number of factories and colleges in Tianjin moved to Hebei, adversely affecting Tianjin's economic development. In January 1967, due to "preparation, preparation for disasters", and concerns that Tianjin would become a battlefield, Hebei Province repatriated the provincial capital to Baoding, and the
CCP Central Committee
The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, officially the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is a political body that comprises the top leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It is currently composed of 205 fu ...
decided that Tianjin should be restored to the central municipality and remain so far. In April 1970, in the event that the Central Government had applied for funding for the construction of the subway, the Tianjin Municipal Government decided to raise funds on its own to establish the project on the basis of the name of the channel, and build it on the basis of the old walled river. In July 1973, five counties including Jixian, Baodi, Wuqing, Jinghai, and Ninghe were formally placed under the jurisdiction of Tianjin.
![炫彩津门11Tianjin Eye and Haihe River](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/%E7%82%AB%E5%BD%A9%E6%B4%A5%E9%97%A811Tianjin_Eye_and_Haihe_River.jpg)
On July 28, 1976, during the 7.6 magnitude
Tangshan Earthquake
The 1976 Tangshan earthquake () was a 7.6 earthquake that hit the region around Tangshan, Hebei, China, at 3:42 a.m. on 28 July 1976. The maximum intensity of the earthquake was XI (''Extreme'') on the Mercalli scale. In minutes, 85 percen ...
, Tianjin was affected by the shock waves and suffered major loss of life. In the city, 24,345 people died and 21,497 were seriously injured. 60% of the city's buildings were destroyed and more than 30% of the enterprises and Peking Port Reservoir and Yuqiao Reservoir were seriously damaged. Nearly 700,000 people were left homeless. On October 10 of the same year, the Tianjin Underground Railway was opened to traffic. In 1981, Miyun Reservoir was built on the upper reaches of the Hai River and is used to supply water for Beijing, however the reservoir stopped the river from supplying water to Tianjin, resulting in difficulty in the use of water in Tianjin. In the same year, the
State Council of the People's Republic of China decided to initiate a project to solve the problem of water use in Tianjin and attract talented individuals to the city's academic centers.
In 1984, during the beginning of the Chinese government's economic reforms, Tianjin was listed as one of the 14 coastal open cities by the State Council and the
Tianjin Development Zone's economy began to develop rapidly, However, the overall development speed of Tianjin is still slower than that of special economic zones and that of other southeast coastal areas. In 1994, Tianjin began its strategic industrial shift towards the east and developed the
Binhai New Area
Binhai, officially known as Binhai New Area (), is a sub-provincial district and state-level new area within the jurisdiction of Tianjin Municipality in the People's Republic of China.
Binhai is intended to replicate development seen in ...
with the
Tianjin Port as the core. In October 2005, the
Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CCP Central Committee was convened. The meeting decided to incorporate the development and opening up of the
Binhai New Area
Binhai, officially known as Binhai New Area (), is a sub-provincial district and state-level new area within the jurisdiction of Tianjin Municipality in the People's Republic of China.
Binhai is intended to replicate development seen in ...
into the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" and the national development strategy. In March 2006, the State Council executive meeting positioned Tianjin as an "international port city, a northern economic center, and an "ecological city". Since then, the dispute between the Beijing-Tianjin economic center at the policy level has come to an end. In May 2006, the State Council approved the Binhai New Area as a national integrated reform pilot area. In June of the same year, the "State Council's Opinions on Promoting the Development and Opening of the Tianjin Binhai New Area" was announced and clearly stated: "In financial enterprises, financial services, financial markets, and finance Major reforms such as opening up can, in principle, be scheduled to precede the Tianjin Binhai New Area.
In August 2008, China's first
high-speed railway
High-speed rail (HSR) is a type of rail system that runs significantly faster than traditional rail, using an integrated system of specialised rolling stock and dedicated tracks. While there is no single standard that applies worldwide, line ...
, the
Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway, with a speed of 350 kilometers per hour was opened. In August 2008 Tianjin was the co-host city of the
29th Olympic Games. In September 2008, the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of
World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is an international non-governmental and lobbying organisation based in Cologny, canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded on 24 January 1971 by German engineer and economist Klaus Schwab. The foundation, ...
(also called
Summer Davos) began to be established in Tianjin and is held every two years. In October 2010, the UN Climate Change Conference convened in Tianjin. In 2012, the
Tianjin Metro
The Tianjin Metro or Tianjin Rail Transit is the rapid transit system in the city of Tianjin, which was the second city in mainland China after Beijing to operate a subway system (the Beijing Subway opened in 1971). Opened in 1984, the syste ...
Lines 2, 3, and 9 were completed and open to traffic, and Tianjin Rail Transit was formally networked.
In October 2013, Tianjin hosted the
East Asian Games
The East Asian Games was a multi-sport event organized by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years from 1993 to 2013. Among those who competed included athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the Olympic ...
, which was the first time Tianjin hosted an international comprehensive event. In 2014, the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei was officially incorporated into the national strategy. Tianjin was positioned as "National Advanced Manufacturing R&D Base, Northern International Shipping Core Area, Financial Innovation Operation Demonstration Area, and Reform and Opening-up Preceding Area". In the same year, the first phase of the
South-to-North Water Transfer Project was completed, and the water availability in Tianjin improved. On February 26, 2015, the Tianjin National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone was formally established. On April 21, the China (Tianjin) Free Trade Pilot Zone was formally established. On April 27,
Jincheng Bank, the first private bank in northern China, officially opened its doors.
2015 Tianjin explosion
On August 12, 2015, a
major fire and explosion accident occurred in a
chemical
A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Some references add that chemical substance cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical separation methods, i.e., w ...
warehouse in
Tianjin Port, causing 173 deaths, hundreds of injuries, and property losses.
The first two explosions occurred within 30 seconds of each other at the facility, which is located in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin, China. The second explosion was far larger and involved the detonation of about 800 tonnes of ammonium nitrate (approx. 256 tonnes TNT equivalent). Fires caused by the initial explosions continued to burn uncontrolled throughout the weekend, resulting in eight additional explosions on 15 August. The buildings of seven more surrounding logistics companies were destroyed. The cost to businesses caused by the explosion was estimated at $9 billion, making it the third most expensive supply chain disruption of 2015.
Geography
![炫彩津门32北安桥](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/%E7%82%AB%E5%BD%A9%E6%B4%A5%E9%97%A832%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%89%E6%A1%A5.jpg)
Tianjin is located along the west coast of the
Bohai Gulf, looking out to the provinces
Shandong and
Liaoning across those waters, bordered by
Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...
to the northwest, and is surrounded on all sides by
Hebei
Hebei or , (; alternately Hopeh) is a northern province of China. Hebei is China's sixth most populous province, with over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. The province is 96% Han Chinese, 3% Manchu, 0.8% Hui, and 0 ...
, with the exception of its eastern border, the
Bohai Sea
The Bohai Sea () is a marginal sea approximately in area on the east coast of Mainland China. It is the northwestern and innermost extension of the Yellow Sea, to which it connects to the east via the Bohai Strait. It has a mean depth of ...
. With a latitude ranging from 38° 34' to 40° 15' N, and longitude ranging from 116° 43' to 118° 04' E, the total area is . There is of coastline and of land border. It lies at the northern end of the
Grand Canal of China
The Grand Canal, known to the Chinese as the Jing–Hang Grand Canal (, or more commonly, as the「大运河」("Grand Canal")), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the longest canal or artificial river in the world. Starting in Beijing, it passes ...
, which connects with the
Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He (Chinese: , Mandarin: ''Huáng hé'' ) is the second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth-longest river system in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Ha ...
and
Yangtze River
The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ; ) is the longest list of rivers of Asia, river in Asia, the list of rivers by length, third-longest in the world, and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It rises at Jari Hill in th ...
. The municipality is generally flat, and swampy near the coast, but hilly in the far north, where the
Yan Mountains
The Yan Mountains, also known by their Chinese name Yanshan, are a major mountain range to the north of the North China Plain, principally in the province of Hebei.
The range rises between the Chaobai River on the west and the Shanhai Pass on ...
intrude into northern Tianjin. Extensive tidal flats occur on the coastal plain adjacent to the city. The highest point in the municipality is
Jiuding Peak () in
Ji County on the northern border with Hebei, at an altitude of .
The
Hai River
The Hai River (海河, lit. "Sea River"), also known as the Peiho, ("White River"), or Hai Ho, is a Chinese river connecting Beijing to Tianjin and the Bohai Sea.
The Hai River at Tianjin is formed by the confluence of five watercourses: the ...
forms within Tianjin Municipality at the confluence of the
Ziya River
The Ziya River is one of the five major tributaries of Hai River system in northern China. The total length of Ziya River is and the size of its drainage basin is . The discharge rate of Ziya River is about 1 m3/s.
The Ziya River flows from M ...
(), Daqing River (),
Yongding River
The Yongding River () is a river in northern China. It is one of the main tributaries in the Hai River system and is best known as the largest river to flow through Beijing. In recent years, the Beijing segment of the river has dried up due to ...
, North Grand Canal, and
South Grand Canal, and enters the Pacific Ocean within the municipality, as well in
Tanggu District
Tanggu District () was a district in the Tianjin municipality, now part of the Binhai New Area. It is on the Hai River where it enters the Bohai Sea, and is a port for Tianjin, which is about upriver. The Tianjin Economic-Technological Devel ...
. Major reservoirs include the
Beidagang Reservoir in the extreme south (in
Dagang District) and the
Yuqiao Reservoir in the extreme north in
Ji County.
Climate
Tianjin has a
semi-arid climate
A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of sem ...
(
Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernd Köppen (born 1951), German pianist and composer
* Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan
* Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author and ...
''BSk'' bordering on ''Dwa''). It has a four-season,
monsoon
A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal osci ...
-influenced climate, typical of East Asia, with cold, windy, very dry winters reflecting the influence of the vast
Siberian anticyclone, and hot, humid summers, due to the monsoon. Spring in the city is dry and windy, occasionally seeing
sandstorms
A dust storm, also called a sandstorm, is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions. Dust storms arise when a gust front or other strong wind blows loose sand and dirt from a dry surface. Fine particles are transporte ...
blowing in from the
Gobi Desert, capable of lasting for several days. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, with an annual mean of . With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 48% in July to 61% in October, the city receives 2,522 hours of bright sunshine annually. Having a low annual total precipitation of , and nearly three-fifths of it occurring in July and August alone, the city lies within the
semi-arid
A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi- ...
zone, with parts of the municipality being
humid continental
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freez ...
(
Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernd Köppen (born 1951), German pianist and composer
* Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan
* Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author and ...
''BSk''/''Dwa'', respectively).
Extreme temperatures have ranged from to .
[
]
Measures to improve air quality
In May 2014, the city's administration enacted new laws in an attempt to lower the city's pollution levels. These measures included several restrictions on days of severe pollution; halving the number of vehicles allowed on roads, halting construction and manufacturing activity, closing schools, and halting large-scale outdoor activities.
[
]
Flights have also been grounded and highways closed.
Foreign-born professional sportsmen have made statements regarding Tianjin's air quality, citing it as an impediment to athletic activity and being thick enough to "taste".
Administrative divisions
Tianjin is divided into 16
county-level division
The administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since ancient times, due to China's large population and geographical area. The constitution of China provides for three levels of government. However in practice, there ...
s, which are all
districts.
In addition, the
Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA) is not a formal level of administration, but nevertheless enjoys rights similar to a regular district. At the end of 2017, the total population of Tianjin is 15.57 millio
![Tianjin konggangwuliu](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Tianjin_konggangwuliu.JPG)
These districts and counties are further subdivided, , into 240
Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level, township-level divisions, including 120
towns
A town is a human settlement. Towns are generally larger than villages and smaller than cities, though the criteria to distinguish between them vary considerably in different parts of the world.
Origin and use
The word "town" shares an ori ...
, 18
townships
A township is a kind of human settlement or administrative subdivision, with its meaning varying in different countries.
Although the term is occasionally associated with an urban area, that tends to be an exception to the rule. In Australia, C ...
, 2
ethnic township
The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , ''asteriskos'', "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star.
Computer scientists and mathematicians often voc ...
s and 100
subdistricts.
Politics
The politics of Tianjin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the
mainland China
"Mainland China" is a geopolitical term defined as the territory governed by the People's Republic of China (including islands like Hainan or Chongming), excluding dependent territories of the PRC, and other territories within Greater China. ...
.
The
Mayor of Tianjin
The politics of Tianjin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
The Mayor of Tianjin is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government ...
is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Tianjin. Since Tianjin is a municipality, the CCP Municipal Committee Secretary is colloquially termed the "Tianjin
CCP Party chief".
Economy
![Wen Jiabao - Annual Meeting of the New Champions Tianjin 2010](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Wen_Jiabao_-_Annual_Meeting_of_the_New_Champions_Tianjin_2010.jpg)
Tianjin's GDP reached 1.572 trillion yuan in 2014, an increase of 10.0 percent over 2013. The city of Tianjin recorded China's highest per-capita GDP with $17,126, followed by Beijing with $16,278 and Shanghai with $15,847.
Major industries include
petrochemical
Petrochemicals (sometimes abbreviated as petchems) are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable so ...
industries, textiles, car manufacturing, mechanical industries, and
metalworking
Metalworking is the process of shaping and reshaping metals to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large scale structures. As a term it covers a wide and diverse range of processes, skills, and tools for producing objects on every scal ...
.
EADS Airbus is an important manufacturer, and has opened an assembly plant for its
Airbus A320 series
The Airbus A320 family is a series of narrow-body airliners developed and produced by Airbus.
The A320 was launched in March 1984, first flew on 22 February 1987, and was introduced in April 1988 by Air France.
The first member of the famil ...
airliners, operational since 2009. Tianjin also hit the news in 2010, as the current fastest supercomputer in the world,
Tianhe-1A
Tianhe-I, Tianhe-1, or TH-1 (, ; '' Sky River Number One'') is a supercomputer capable of an Rmax (maximum range) of 2.5 peta FLOPS. Located at the National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin, China, it was the fastest computer in the worl ...
, is located at the
National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin The National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin () is located at the National Defense Science and Technology University in Tianjin, People's Republic of China, China. One of the fastest supercomputers in the world (see "The TOP500 Project" list of sup ...
. GDP in 2009 hit ¥750.1 billion, with a per capita of RMB¥62,403.
Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area
![天津滨海新区泰达金融街2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%BB%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA%E6%B3%B0%E8%BE%BE%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E8%A1%972.jpg)
As one of the first state-level economic and technological development zones, the
Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area
Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (), commonly abbreviated as TEDA () is the main free market zone in Binhai, Tianjin, China. It was formed in late 1984.
History
The area was created in late 1984. Since 1997, the Ministry of Comm ...
(TEDA) was founded on December 6, 1984, with the approval of the State Council. It enjoys relevant state preferential policies with the major task of attracting domestic and foreign investment to develop high and new technology oriented modern industries. As an affiliated organ of the Tianjin Municipal Government, the Administrative Commission of Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area exercises unified administration of TEDA on behalf of the Tianjin Municipal Government and enjoys provincial-level administrative and economic management rights.
Tianjin Export Processing Zone
The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council on April 27, 2000. This is a special enclosed zone where the Customs conduct 24-hour administration on commodities transported into and out of the zone and relevant places. The central government granted this special economic zone special preferential policies to attract enterprises in the business of processing and trade to invest in the zone. Tianjin Export Processing Zone is located to the northeast of TEDA with a planned area of . The area developed in the first phase is 1m². A permanent wall is built to separate export processing zone and non-export processing zone.
Tianjin Airport Economic Area
The Tianjin Airport International Logistics Zone is jointly invested by Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone and Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It is located inside the airfreight area of Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It has domestic and foreign excellent airfreight logistics enterprises engaged in sorting, warehousing, distribution, processing, exhibition. It is in the process of constructing the largest airfreight base in northern China.
Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone
![At an Electric Car Factory in Tianjin, China](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/At_an_Electric_Car_Factory_in_Tianjin%2C_China.jpg)
The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone is the only free trade zone in northern China. The zone was approved to be established in 1991 by State Council. It is from Tianjin city proper, less than away from the wharf and only away from Tianjin Binhai International Airport.
Tianjin Tanggu National Marine High-Tech Development Area
The Tianjin Tanggu Marine High-Tech Development Area was established in 1992, and was upgraded to the national-level high-tech development area by the State Council in 1995, it is the only national-level high-tech development area specializing in developing the marine Hi-Tech industry. By the end of 2008, the zone had 2068 corporations and 5 industries there including new materials, oil manufacturing, modern machinery manufacturing, and electronic information.
Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone
The Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone is a heavy and chemical industry base and harbor; an important part of the "dual-city, dual-harbor"space development strategy of Tianjin, a demonstration zone of
circular economy. The total planned area of Nangang Industrial Zone is , of which the terrestrial area is .
Agriculture
Farmland takes up about 40% of Tianjin Municipality's total area. Wheat, rice, and maize are the most important crops.
Resources
Geothermal energy is another resource of Tianjin. Deposits of
manganese
Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy use ...
and
boron under Tianjin were the first to be found in China.
Utilities and Services
Tianjin Electric Power Utilityserves with construction, delivering and supporting electrical power service.
Binhai New Area
The Tianjin
Binhai New Area
Binhai, officially known as Binhai New Area (), is a sub-provincial district and state-level new area within the jurisdiction of Tianjin Municipality in the People's Republic of China.
Binhai is intended to replicate development seen in ...
(TBNA) is located in the juncture of the Beijing-Tianjin City Belt and the Circum-Bohai City Belt. It is the gateway to North China, Northeast China, and Northwest China. Lying in the center of Northeast Asia, it is the nearest point of departure of the Eurasian Continental Bridge.
Demographics
At the end of 2009, the population of Tianjin Municipality was 12.28 million, of which 9.8 million were residential holders of Tianjin ''
hukou
''Hukou'' () is a system of household registration used in mainland China. The system itself is more properly called "''huji''" (), and has origins in ancient China; ''hukou'' is the registration of an individual in the system (''kou'' li ...
'' (permanent residence). Among Tianjin permanent residents, 5.99 million were urban, and 3.81 million were rural. Tianjin has recently shifted to rapid population growth, its population had reached 14.72 million end.
The encompassing
metropolitan area was estimated by the
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate e ...
(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, , a population of 15.4 million.
[Linked from the OEC]
here
The majority of Tianjin residents are
Han Chinese
The Han Chinese () or Han people (), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctiv ...
. There are also 51 out of the 55 minor Chinese ethnic groups living in Tianjin. Major
minorities include
Hui
The Hui people ( zh, c=, p=Huízú, w=Hui2-tsu2, Xiao'erjing: , dng, Хуэйзў, ) are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Chinese-speaking adherents of Islam. They are distributed throughout China, mainly in the n ...
,
Koreans
Koreans ( South Korean: , , North Korean: , ; see names of Korea) are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula.
Koreans mainly live in the two Korean nation states: North Korea and South Korea (collectively and simply re ...
,
Manchus
The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and ...
, and
Mongols
The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal membe ...
.
![Tianjin guanyinhao](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Tianjin_guanyinhao.JPG)
This excludes members of the
People's Liberation Army in active service.
Media
Tianjin People's Broadcasting Station
Tianjin Renmin Guangbo Diantai (), translated as the Tianjin People's Broadcasting Station (TPBS) is a major radio broadcaster in Tianjin, China. They also operate the Tianjin Television station, also known as TJTV. Tianjin Television (TJTV) () ...
is the major radio station in Tianjin. Broadcasting in nine channels, it serves most of North China, part of
East
East or Orient is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth.
Etymology
As in other languages, the word is formed from the fac ...
and Northeast China, reaching an audience of over 100 million.
Tianjin Television, the local television station, broadcasts on nine channels. It also boasts a paid
digital channel, featuring
home improvement
The concept of home improvement, home renovation, or remodeling is the process of renovating or making additions to one's home. Home improvement can consist of projects that upgrade an existing home interior (such as electrical and plumbing), ...
programs. Both the radio and television stations are now branches of the Tianjin Film, Radio and Television Group, established in October 2002.
Major local newspapers include the Tianjin Daily and Jin Wan Bao (literally, tonight newspaper), which are the flagship papers of Tianjin Daily Newspaper Group and Jinwan Mass Media Group, respectively. There are also three English-language magazines: ''Jin'', ''Tianjin Plus'' and ''Business Tianjin'', mostly directed at ex-pats resident in the city.
Previous newspapers
The first German newspaper in northern China, ''Tageblatt für Nordchina'', was published in Tianjin.
[Walravens, p]
90
.
In 1912 Tianjin had 17 Chinese-language newspapers and 5 daily newspapers in other languages; none of the newspapers in the Tianjin district were trade papers. Of the foreign language newspapers, three were in English and one each was in French and German. Newspapers from Tianjin published in Tianjin included ''China Critic'', ''Peking and Tientsin Times'', ''The China Times'',
[ United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce]
p. 187
.
''Tageblatt für Nordchina'', ''L'Écho de Tientsin'', ''China Tribune'', ''
Ta Kung Pao
''Ta Kung Pao'' (; formerly ''L'Impartial'') is the oldest active Chinese language newspaper in China. Founded in Tianjin in 1902, the paper is state-owned, controlled by the Liaison Office of the Central Government after the Chinese Civil War ...
'' (L'Impartial), ''Min Hsing Pao'', and ''Jih Jih Shin Wen Pao'' (Tsientsin Daily News).
[ United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce]
p. 188
. Newspapers from
Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...
published in Tianjin included ''Pei Ching Jih Pao'', ''Peking Daily News'', and ''Le Journal de Peking''.
[
In 1930, the newspaper ''Deutsch-Mandschurische Nachrichten''] moved from Harbin to Tianjin and changed its name to the ''Deutsch-Chinesische Nachrichten''.[Walravens, p]
91
.
Censorship capital
More and more, China's leading Internet information providers (usually located in Beijing), including social network Sina Weibo, Douban and the online video website Sohu
Sohu, Inc. () is a Chinese Internet company headquartered in the Sohu Internet Plaza in Haidian District, Beijing. Sohu and its subsidiaries offer advertising, a search engine (Sogou.com), on-line multiplayer gaming (ChangYou.com) and other se ...
, tend to relocate their censorship departments to Tianjin, where labor costs are cheaper than Beijing, as censorship is a kind of labor-intensive
Labor intensity is the relative proportion of labor (compared to capital) used in any given process. Its inverse is capital intensity.
Labor intensity has been declining since the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s, while its inv ...
work. In fact, Tianjin has become the censorship capital of Chinese Internet.[
]
Tourism
The city has many sights; its streetscapes incorporate historic nineteenth and early twentieth-century European architecture
The history of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates. The beginnings of all these traditions is thought to be humans satisfying the very basic need of shelt ...
, juxtaposed with the concrete and glass monoliths of contemporary China. Though wide swaths of the city are being redeveloped, much of the colonial architecture
Colonial architecture is an architectural style from a mother country that has been incorporated into the buildings of settlements or colonies in distant locations. Colonists frequently built settlements that synthesized the architecture of their ...
has been placed under protection.
In the nineteenth century, the port city caught the attention of the seafaring Western powers, who used the boarding of a British ship by Chinese troops as an excuse to declare war. With well-armed gunboats, they were assured of victory, and the Treaty of Tianjin
The Treaty of Tientsin, also known as the Treaty of Tianjin, is a collective name for several documents signed at Tianjin (then romanized as Tientsin) in June 1858. The Qing dynasty, Russian Empire, Second French Empire, United Kingdom, and t ...
, signed in 1856, gave the Europeans the right to establish nine concessionary bases on the mainland, from which they could conduct trade and sell opium. These concessions, along the banks of the Hai River
The Hai River (海河, lit. "Sea River"), also known as the Peiho, ("White River"), or Hai Ho, is a Chinese river connecting Beijing to Tianjin and the Bohai Sea.
The Hai River at Tianjin is formed by the confluence of five watercourses: the ...
, were self-contained European communities: the French built château
A château (; plural: châteaux) is a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor, or a fine country house of nobility or gentry, with or without fortifications, originally, and still most frequently, in French-speaking regions.
Now ...
x and towers, while the Germans constructed red-tiled Bavarian villas. Tensions between the indigenous population and the foreigners exploded in the Tianjin Incident of 1870, when a Chinese mob attacked a French-run orphanage, and again during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, after which the foreigners leveled the walls surrounding the old Chinese city to enable them to keep an eye on its residents.
The old city was razed entirely from 2000 to 2001 to make way for new developments. Only several old buildings remains such as the Tianjin Temple of Confucius.
The dense network of ex-concession streets south and west of the central train station, and south of the Hai River, now constitute the areas of most interest to visitors. The châteaux of the French concession now make up the downtown district just south of the river, the imposing mansions the British built are east of here. Farther east, also south of the river, the architecture of an otherwise unremarkable district has a sprinkling of austere German construction.
Landmarks and attractions
* Astor Hotel
* Binjiang Avenue shopping street
* Drum Tower
* Five Main Avenues
Five Great Avenues (五大道; Wǔdàdào; Wudadao, literally "The Five Avenues") is a tourist and up-scale residential area in Heping District, Tianjin, China.
Wudadao is located in the south of the downtown Tianjin, parallel streets from east ...
* Former Concessions in Tianjin
The foreign concessions in Tianjin (formerly romanized as Tientsin) were concession territories ceded by Qing China to a number of European countries, the United States and Japan within the city of Tianjin. There were altogether nine foreign con ...
** Tianjin Italian Style Town
* Hai River Park
* Luzutang Boxer Rebellion Museum
* Memorial Hall to Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was a Chinese statesman and military officer who served as the first premier of the People's Republic of China from 1 October 1949 until his death on 8 January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Ma ...
and Deng Yingchao
Deng Yingchao (; 4 February 1904 – 11 July 1992) was the Chairwoman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1983 to 1988, a member of the Chinese Communist Party, and the wife of the first Chinese Premier, Zhou Enlai.
...
* Nanshi Cuisine Street
Nanshi Cuisine Street is located in Nanshi, the busiest section of the city's downtown area of Tianjin, China. It is a national, classic and palatial architectural complex. Nanshi Cuisine Street looks like an ancient walled city enclosed by a circl ...
* People's Park
* St. Joseph's Cathedral of Tianjin
* Temple of Confucius Wen Miao
* Temple of Great Compassion
The Temple of Great Compassion or Dabei Yuan () is a Chan Buddhist temple in Tianjin, China.
Background
The monastery was first built during the Qing dynasty, but has been heavily rebuilt and renovated since and consists now of the West Monaste ...
* Century Clock
* Tianjin Ancient Culture Street
** Yuhuangge Taoist Temple
* Tianjin Eye
Tianjin Eye, the official name The Tientsin Eye, is a -tall giant ferris wheel built above the Yongle Bridge (formerly Chihai Bridge), over the Hai River in Tianjin, China.
Construction started in 2007, with completion of the main body on 18 ...
* Tianjin Museum
Tianjin Museum is the largest museum in Tianjin, China, exhibiting a range of cultural and historical relics significant to Tianjin. The museum lies in Yinhe Plaza in the Hexi District of Tianjin and covers an area of about 50,000 sq metres. The ...
* Tianjin Binhai Library
Tianjin Binhai New Area Library (), nicknamed The Eye, is a library in Tianjin, China. It is part of the Binhai Cultural Center, being one of its five central attractions.
Architecture and description
The five-level library has a total space o ...
* Tianjin Art Gallery
* Tianjin Natural History Museum
* Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium
The Tianjin Olympic Center (), often colloquially referred to as the Water Drop (), is a sports complex with a multi-use stadium in Tianjin, China. Construction started in August 2003 and was completed in August 2007. It is the home stadium of Tian ...
, also known as "The Water Drop"
* Tianjin Radio and Television Tower
The Tianjin Radio and Television Tower is a -tall tower in Tianjin, China used primarily for communication. It is the 8th tallest freestanding tower in the world. It was built in 1991 at a cost of $45 million. Approximately two-thirds of the w ...
* Tianjin Water Park
* Tianjin World Financial Center
The Tianjin Tower, or Jin Tower (), or Tianjin World Financial Center () is a modern supertall skyscraper located in the Heping District of Tianjin, China, on the banks of the Hai River. The mixed-use tower is tall and contains 74 floors abo ...
* Tianjin Zoo
* Yangliuqing
Yangliuqing () is a market town in Xiqing District, in the western suburbs of Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Despite its relatively small size, it has been named since 2006 in the "famous historical and cultural market towns in China".
It i ...
(including Shi Family Grand Courtyard)
* Porcelain House
* Nankai University
* Nankai Middle School
* Tianjin University
Tianjin University (TJU, ), formerly Peiyang University (), is a national public research university in Tianjin, China. The university was established in 1895 by Guangxu Emperor's royal charter to be the first university of China. It is now fu ...
Sights outside the old city urban core area, but within the municipality, including Binhai/ TEDA:
* Huangya Pass, a section of the Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China (, literally "ten thousand ''li'' wall") is a series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and Imperial China as protection against various nomadic gro ...
* Mount Panshan
* Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city
The Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city (SSTEC, ) is a planned city developed jointly between the governments of China and Singapore. Located in Binhai, the project was deliberately built on "non-arable" land with a " water shortage" to the southeas ...
* Soviet Aircraft Carrier Kiev
* Taku Forts
The Taku Forts or Dagu Forts, also called the Peiho Forts are forts located by the Hai River (Peiho River) estuary in the Binhai New Area, Tianjin, in northeastern China. They are located southeast of the Tianjin urban center.
History
The ...
* TEDA Football Stadium
TEDA Football Stadium (Simplified Chinese: 泰达足球场) is a football stadium in Tianjin, China. It is the home of Tianjin Jinmen Tiger F.C. The stadium holds 37,450 people and was built in 2004. The stadium is located in the Tianjin Economic- ...
, home stadium of Chinese Super League
The Chinese Football Association Super League, commonly known as Chinese Super League or CSL, currently known as the China Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League for sponsorship reasons, is the highest tier of professional association ...
team Tianjin Teda F.C.
Culture
People from Tianjin speak the Tianjin dialect
The Tianjin dialect () is a Mandarin dialect spoken in the city of Tianjin, China. It is comprehensible to speakers of other Mandarin dialects, though its greatest deviation from the others lies in its individual tones, and the lack of retroflex ...
of Mandarin
Mandarin or The Mandarin may refer to:
Language
* Mandarin Chinese, branch of Chinese originally spoken in northern parts of the country
** Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Mandarin, the official language of China
** Taiwanese Mandarin, Stand ...
, from which it is derived. Despite its proximity to Beijing, the Tianjin dialect sounds quite different from the Beijing dialect
The Beijing dialect (), also known as Pekingese and Beijingese, is the prestige dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing, China. It is the phonological basis of Standard Chinese, the official language in the People's Republic of ...
, which provides the basis for Putonghua
Standard Chinese ()—in linguistics Standard Northern Mandarin or Standard Beijing Mandarin, in common speech simply Mandarin, better qualified as Standard Mandarin, Modern Standard Mandarin or Standard Mandarin Chinese—is a modern standar ...
or Standard Chinese.
Tianjin is a respected home base of Beijing opera, one of the most prestigious forms of Chinese opera.
Tianjin is famous for its stand-up comedy and comedians including Guo Degang
Guo Degang () is a Chinese crosstalk (''xiangsheng'') comedian and actor. Guo's film appearances include '' The 601st Phone Call'', ''Just Another Pandora's Box'', and '' Mystery''. Guo has also directed the films ''Our Happiness'' and ''The Fa ...
and Ma Sanli. Ma Sanli (1914–2003), an ethnic Hui
The Hui people ( zh, c=, p=Huízú, w=Hui2-tsu2, Xiao'erjing: , dng, Хуэйзў, ) are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Chinese-speaking adherents of Islam. They are distributed throughout China, mainly in the n ...
and longtime resident of Tianjin, is renowned for his ''xiangsheng
Xiangsheng (), also known as crosstalk or comic dialogue, is a traditional performing art in Chinese comedy, and one of the most popular elements in Chinese culture. It is typically performed as a dialogue between two performers, or rarely as ...
'', a hugely popular form of Chinese entertainment akin to comedy. Ma Sanli delivered some of his ''xiangsheng'' in the Tianjin dialect
The Tianjin dialect () is a Mandarin dialect spoken in the city of Tianjin, China. It is comprehensible to speakers of other Mandarin dialects, though its greatest deviation from the others lies in its individual tones, and the lack of retroflex ...
. Tianjin, along with Beijing, is a center for the art of ''xiangsheng''. Tianjin's style of stand-up also includes the use of rhythmic bamboo clappers, ''kuaiban''.
Yangliuqing
Yangliuqing () is a market town in Xiqing District, in the western suburbs of Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Despite its relatively small size, it has been named since 2006 in the "famous historical and cultural market towns in China".
It i ...
(Green Willows), a town about west of Tianjin's urban area and the seat of Xiqing District
Xiqing District () is a district in Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
History
The current Xiqing area came into existence in the mid and late Tang dynasty. In Northern Song (Song dynasty) period, this area was the border of Song and Liao (Liao ...
, is famous for its popular Chinese New Year-themed, traditional-style, colorful wash paintings (). Tianjin is also famous for the Zhang clay figurine, a type of intricate, colorful figurine depicting a variety of vivid characters, and Tianjin's Wei's kites, which can be folded to a fraction of their full sizes and are noted for portability.
On September 28, 2015, the Juilliard School
The Juilliard School ( ) is a private performing arts conservatory in New York City. Established in 1905, the school trains about 850 undergraduate and graduate students in dance, drama, and music. It is widely regarded as one of the most elit ...
in Manhattan
Manhattan (), known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state ...
, New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...
announced a major expansion into Tianjin during a visit by China's first lady, Peng Liyuan
Peng Liyuan (; born 20 November 1962) is a Chinese soprano and contemporary folk singer and the spouse of Xi Jinping, current General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of the People's Republic of China. Peng gained populari ...
, the institution's first such full-scale foray outside the United States, with plans to offer a master's degree
A master's degree (from Latin ) is an academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice. program.
Cuisine
Tianjin cuisine
Tianjin cuisine (Tientsin cuisine), also known as Jin cuisine, refers to the native cooking styles of Tianjin, the largest port city in North China, Northern China. Though heavily influenced by Beijing cuisine, Tianjin cuisine differs by being mo ...
places a heavy focus on seafood, due to Tianjin's proximity to the sea. It can be further classified into several varieties, including the rough (), smooth (), and high (). Prominent menus include the Eight Great Bowls (), a combination of eight mainly meat dishes, and the Four Great Stews (), actually referring to a very large number of stews, including chicken, duck, seafood, beef, and mutton
Lamb, hogget, and mutton, generically sheep meat, are the meat of domestic sheep, ''Ovis aries''. A sheep in its first year is a lamb and its meat is also lamb. The meat from sheep in their second year is hogget. Older sheep meat is mutton. Gen ...
.
The four delicacies of Tianjin include Goubuli
Goubuli, also sometimes transcribed as Go Believe (), is a brand of stuffed baozi from Tianjin, China. Founded in 1858, it is one of China's longest established brands. Each Goubuli bun has eighteen wrinkles.
Etymology
There are many explanatio ...
baozi
Baozi (), Pao-tsih or bao, is a type of yeast-leavened filled bun in various Chinese cuisines. There are many variations in fillings (meat or vegetarian) and preparations, though the buns are most often steamed. They are a variation of '' m ...
, Guifaxiang Shibajie Mahua (), Erduoyan Zhagao () and Maobuwen Jiaozi
''Jiaozi'' (; ; pinyin: jiǎozi) are Chinese dumplings commonly eaten in China and other parts of East Asia. ''Jiaozi'' are folded to resemble Chinese sycee and have great cultural significance attached to them within China. ''Jiaozi'' are ...
(). Well-known foods include Caoji donkey meat, Bazhen sheep-leg mutton of Guanshengyuan, Luji Tangmian Zhagao, Baiji Shuijiao, Gaogan of Zhilanzhai, Guobacai of Dafulai, Subao of Shitoumenkan and Xiaobao chestnut. These famous snacks are available in Nanshi Food Street, which was a famous calling-card of Tianjin in the aspect of cuisine.
Transport
Airport
Tianjin Binhai International Airport
Tianjin Binhai International Airport , originally Tianjin Zhangguizhuang Airport is an airport located in Dongli District, Tianjin. It is one of the major air cargo centers in the People's Republic of China.
It is the hub airport for Tianjin ...
is located in Dongli District
Dongli District () is a district of the municipality of Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Located in the district are Tianjin Binhai International Airport and Tianjin Airlines headquarters.
Administrative divisions
There are 9 subdistricts i ...
roughly away from downtown area. The city is also served by the new Beijing Daxing International Airport
Beijing Daxing International Airport , is one of two international airports serving Beijing, the other one being Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK). It is located on the border of Beijing and Langfang, Hebei Province. It has bee ...
in Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...
.
Tianjin Binhai International Airport now has a terminal building which covers an area of , a merchandise warehouse which covers an area of and runways measuring in total. It has a grade 4E airstrip, which all kinds of large aircraft can take off from and land safely on. Tianjin Binhai International Airport has 59 flight routes, connecting 48 cities, including 30 domestic cities and 17 foreign cities. Airline companies like Japan Airlines, All Nippon Airways, Korean Air, Asiana Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo and Martinair Holland all have flights to Tianjin Binhai International Airport.
Port of Tianjin
Tianjin port is the world's top-level and China's largest artificial deep water harbor, and the throughput capacity ranks fifth in the world. Located in Binhai Economic Zone, a national new economic zone of China, Tianjin harbor is the port of call of international cruises visiting the wider area, including Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...
.
Trams
Tianjin's harbor area of Binhai/TEDA has a modern, high speed rubber tired tram system, which is the first of its kind in China and Asia. Constructed in 2006, this marked a return of the tram to Tianjin, which once had an extensive standard steel-wheeled tramway network. The original Tianjin tram network was constructed by a Belgian company in 1904 and opened in 1906. It was the first citywide tramway system in China. It closed in 1972.
Metro
The Tianjin Metro
The Tianjin Metro or Tianjin Rail Transit is the rapid transit system in the city of Tianjin, which was the second city in mainland China after Beijing to operate a subway system (the Beijing Subway opened in 1971). Opened in 1984, the syste ...
is formerly operated by two companies, Tianjin Metro General Corporation and Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company. However, in 2017, the two companies merged as Tianjin Rail Transit Group Corporation. They are currently under heavy expansion from five to nine lines. Six lines are currently operating both in the City and the Binhai area. As of April 2019, the entire network of Tianjin Metro
The Tianjin Metro or Tianjin Rail Transit is the rapid transit system in the city of Tianjin, which was the second city in mainland China after Beijing to operate a subway system (the Beijing Subway opened in 1971). Opened in 1984, the syste ...
has 155 stations and 6 lines.
Construction work on the Tianjin Metro started on July 4, 1970. It was the second metro to be built in China and commenced service in 1984. The total length of track was . The metro service was suspended on October 9, 2001 for reconstruction. The original line is now part of Line 1 of the new metro system. It was reopened to the public in June 2006. The track was extended to and there are a total of 22 stations. Construction work on Line 2 and Line 3 was completed in 2012 and the two lines are now in operation. Several new metro lines are planned.
The two rapid transit operators in Tianjin are responsible for the service as follows:
* Tianjin Metro General Corporation, operates Lines 1, 2, 3 and 6
* Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company, operates Lines 5 and 9
Rail
There are several railway stations in the city, Tianjin railway station
The Tianjin railway station () is the principal railway station in Tianjin, China. It was established in 1888, rebuilt in 1987-1988, and restructured in 2007-2008. Its Chinese big title was written by Deng Xiaoping in 1988, for celebrating 100t ...
being the principal one. It was built in 1888. The station was initially located at Wangdaozhuang (). The station was later moved to Laolongtou () on the banks of the Hai He River in 1892, so the station was renamed Laolongtou Railway Station. The station was rebuilt from scratch in 1988. The rebuilding work began on April 15, 1987 and was finished on October 1, 1988. The Tianjin Railway Station is also locally called the 'East Station', due to its geographical position. In January 2007, the station began another long-term restructuring project to modernize the facility and as part of the larger Tianjin transport hub project involving Tianjin Metro
The Tianjin Metro or Tianjin Rail Transit is the rapid transit system in the city of Tianjin, which was the second city in mainland China after Beijing to operate a subway system (the Beijing Subway opened in 1971). Opened in 1984, the syste ...
lines 2, 3, and 9 as well as the Tianjin-Beijing High-speed rail.
Tianjin West railway station
The Tianjinxi (West) Railway Station () is a high-speed railway station in Tianjin. It is served by the Beijing–Shanghai railway and Jinbao Intercity Railway and by the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway.
Extension Project
In 2008, renovat ...
and Tianjin North railway station are also major railway stations in Tianjin. There is also Tanggu railway station is located in the important port area of Tanggu District
Tanggu District () was a district in the Tianjin municipality, now part of the Binhai New Area. It is on the Hai River where it enters the Bohai Sea, and is a port for Tianjin, which is about upriver. The Tianjin Economic-Technological Devel ...
, and Binhai railway station
Binhai railway station (), formerly Yujiapu railway station, is an underground railway station located in Binhai, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. It is the southern terminus of the Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway and serves the Yujiapu F ...
and Binhai North railway station
Binhai North railway station () is a railway station on the Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway in Binhai New Area, Tianjin
Tianjin (; ; Mandarin: ), alternately romanized as Tientsin (), is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in ...
located in TEDA, to the north of Tanggu. There are several other railway stations in the city that do not handle passenger traffic. Construction on a Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail began on July 4, 2005 and was completed by August 2008.
The following rail lines go through Tianjin:
* Jingshan Railway, from Beijing to Shanhai Pass
* Jinpu Railway, from Tianjin to Pukou District
Pukou District (), is one of 11 districts of Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province, China, lying northwest across the Yangtze River from downtown Nanjing.
The district was formerly the southern terminus of the Tianjin-Pukou Railway; railcars ...
, Nanjing
Nanjing (; , Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the second largest city in the East China region. T ...
* Jinji Railway, from Tianjin urban area to Ji County, Tianjin
* Jinba Railway, from Tianjin to Bazhou, Hebei
The inter-city trains between Beijing and Tianjin will adopt a new numbering system: Cxxxx (C stands for interCity). The train numbers range between C2001~C2298:
* C2001~C2198: From Beijing South Station to Tianjin, directly
* C2201~C2268: From Beijing South Station to Tianjin, with stops at Wuqing Station (武清站)
* C2271~C2298: From Beijing South Station to Yujiapu Railway Station of Tianjin
The new C trains take only 30 min to travel between Beijing and Tianjin, cutting the previous D train time by more than a half. The ticket price as of Aug 15, 08 is 69 RMB for the first-class seat and 58 RMB for the second-class seat.
Bus
There were over 900 bus lines in the city .
Roads and expressways
Some roads and bridges have retained names that hark back to the Republic of China era (1912–1949) such as Minquan Gate and Beiyang Road. Like with most cities in China, many roads in Tianjin are named after Chinese provinces and cities. Also, Tianjin is unlike Beijing, in that very few roads run parallel to the major four cardinal directions.
Tianjin has three ring roads. The Inner and Middle Ring Roads are not closed, traffic-controlled roadways and some often have traffic light intersections. The Outer Ring Road is the closest thing to a highway-level ring road, although traffic is often chaotic.
* Inner Ring Road ''(neihuan)''
* Middle Ring Road ''(zhonghuan)''
* Outer Ring Road ''(waihuan)''
Tianjin's roads often finish in ''dao'' (), ''xian'' (). These are most often used for highways and through routes. The terms ''lu'' (). ''Jie'' () are rare. As Tianjin's roads are rarely in a cardinal compass direction, ''jing'' () roads and ''wei'' () roads often appear, which attempt to run more directly north–south and east–west, respectively.
The following seven expressways of China
The expressway network of China, with the national-level expressway system officially known as the National Trunk Highway System (; abbreviated as NTHS), is an integrated system of national and provincial-level expressways in China.Li, Si-ming ...
run in or through Tianjin:
* Jingjintang Expressway
Jingjintang Expressway (), also known as the Jingtang Expressway, links Beijing via central Tianjin to the Tanggu District in eastern Tianjin. 143 kilometres in length, it crosses the jurisdictions of Beijing and Tianjin municipalities and Hebei ...
, from Beijing, through Tianjin's urban area, to Tanggu District
Tanggu District () was a district in the Tianjin municipality, now part of the Binhai New Area. It is on the Hai River where it enters the Bohai Sea, and is a port for Tianjin, which is about upriver. The Tianjin Economic-Technological Devel ...
/ TEDA
* Jinghu Expressway, from Jinjing Gonglu Bridge to Shanghai (together with Jingjintang Expressway
Jingjintang Expressway (), also known as the Jingtang Expressway, links Beijing via central Tianjin to the Tanggu District in eastern Tianjin. 143 kilometres in length, it crosses the jurisdictions of Beijing and Tianjin municipalities and Hebei ...
, this is the expressway from Beijing to Shanghai)
* Jingshen Expressway
Jingshen Seafood Market or Chingshen Seafood Market (JSM; ) is a marketplace in the Fengtai district of Beijing.
Synopsis
As with other marketplaces in China, wholesale and retail trade are both seen here, as well as restaurants. Jingshen is the ...
, through Baodi District
Baodi District () is a district of the municipality of Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
Transport Rail Station
* Baodi
* Baodi South
* Dakoutun
* jingjinxincheng
Railway
* Tianjin–Jizhou railway
* Beijing–Tangshan intercity ra ...
on its way from Beijing to Shenyang
* Tangjin Expressway, from Tanggu District
Tanggu District () was a district in the Tianjin municipality, now part of the Binhai New Area. It is on the Hai River where it enters the Bohai Sea, and is a port for Tianjin, which is about upriver. The Tianjin Economic-Technological Devel ...
, Tianjin, to Tangshan
Tangshan () is a coastal, industrial prefecture-level city in the northeast of Hebei province. It is located in the eastern part of Hebei Province and the northeastern part of the North China Plain. It is located in the central area of the Boha ...
, Hebei''—known in Tianjin as the Jintang Expressway''
* Baojin Expressway, from Beichen District
Beichen District () is a district of the municipality of Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Before June 1992, the district was named ''Beijiao District'' (), reflectings its position in the northern suburbs of Tianjin. As the city expanded, it g ...
, Tianjin, to Baoding
Baoding (), formerly known as Baozhou and Qingyuan, is a prefecture-level city in central Hebei province, approximately southwest of Beijing. As of the 2010 census, Baoding City had 11,194,382 inhabitants out of which 2,176,857 lived in the b ...
, Hebei''—known in Tianjin as the Jinbao Expressway''
* Jinbin Expressway, from Zhangguizhuang Bridge to Hujiayuan Bridge, both within Tianjin
* Jinji Expressway, from central Tianjin to Jixian County
Jixian County () is a county of eastern Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Shuangyashan.
Administrative divisions
Jixian County is divided into 5 towns and 3 townships ...
The following six China National Highway
The China National Highways (CNH/Guodao) () is a network of trunk roads across mainland China. Apart from the expressways of China that are planned and constructed later, most of the CNH are not controlled-access highways.
History
The bu ...
s pass through Tianjin:
* China National Highway 102, through Ji County, Tianjin
Jizhou District (), formerly a county known as Ji County, is a district in the far north of the municipality of Tianjin, People's Republic of China, holding cultural and historical significance (''e.g''., the Buddhist Temple of Solitary Joy).
O ...
on its way from Beijing to Harbin
* China National Highway 103
China National Highway 103 (G103) is the main traffic corridor between Beijing and Tianjin. It goes from Tongzhou Beijing to Tianjin and then to the coastal area of Binhai on the outskirts of Tianjin, and runs to approximately 163 km.
This ...
, from Beijing, through Tianjin's urban area, to Tanggu District
Tanggu District () was a district in the Tianjin municipality, now part of the Binhai New Area. It is on the Hai River where it enters the Bohai Sea, and is a port for Tianjin, which is about upriver. The Tianjin Economic-Technological Devel ...
* China National Highway 104
China National Highway 104 (G104) runs from Beijing to Pingtan via Jinan, Xuzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Taizhou and Fuzhou.
It runs to approximately 2606 km, and, on a map, runs southeast towards Nanjing and Hangzhou before turning south-sout ...
, from Beijing, through Tianjin Municipality, to Fuzhou
* China National Highway 105
China National Highway 105 (G105) runs from Beijing to Macau SAR, via Langfang, Chuangzhou, Dezhou, Donge, Jining, Shuangyou, Fuyang, Liuan, Jiujiang, Nanchang, Ji'an, Guangzhou and Zhuhai. It runs to approximately 2,717 km, and, on a map, ...
, from Beijing, through Tianjin Municipality, to Macau
Macau or Macao (; ; ; ), officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (MSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China in the western Pearl River Delta by the South China Sea. With a p ...
* China National Highway 112, circular highway around Beijing, passes through Tianjin Municipality
* China National Highway 205
China National Highway 205 (G205) runs from Shanhaiguan, Hebei Province to Shenzhen, Guangdong. It is 3,160 kilometres in length and runs south from Shanhaiguan towards Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, and ends in Gua ...
, from Shanhaiguan
Shanhai Pass or Shanhaiguan () is one of the major passes in the Great Wall of China, being the easternmost stronghold along the Ming Great Wall, and commands the narrowest choke point in the Liaoxi Corridor. It is located in Shanhaiguan Di ...
, Hebei, through Tianjin Municipality, to Guangzhou
Guangzhou (, ; ; or ; ), also known as Canton () and alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China. Located on the Pearl River about north-northwest of Hong Kon ...
Religion
Residents of Tianjin participate in indigenous religious practices, such as the veneration of the Goddess of Sea, Mazu. In addition, Tianjin has a Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
Temple of Great Compassion
The Temple of Great Compassion or Dabei Yuan () is a Chan Buddhist temple in Tianjin, China.
Background
The monastery was first built during the Qing dynasty, but has been heavily rebuilt and renovated since and consists now of the West Monaste ...
, a Catholic St. Joseph's Cathedral (Laoxikai Church), a Catholic Our Lady of Victory Church (Wanghailou Church). A Roman Catholic Diocese of Tianjin exists. According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009, Christians constitute 1.51% of the city's population.[China General Social Survey (CGSS) 2009. Report by]
Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)
Tianjin has been described as a historically "strong center" of Islam in China
Islam has been practiced in China since the 7th century CE.. Muslims are a minority group in China, representing 1.6-2 percent of the total population (21,667,000- 28,210,795) according to various estimates. Though Hui Muslims are the most nume ...
. Northwestern Tianjin is traditionally the location of the Muslim quarter of the city, where they have lived for centuries near the city's huge Great Mosque, ''Qingzhen si'', founded in 1703. Other mosques include the Dahuoxiang Mosque.
Sports
Sports teams based in Tianjin include:
Chinese Super League
The Chinese Football Association Super League, commonly known as Chinese Super League or CSL, currently known as the China Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League for sponsorship reasons, is the highest tier of professional association ...
* Tianjin Jinmen Tiger
China Baseball League
The China Baseball League (, CBL) was a professional baseball league under the administration of Chinese Baseball Association, founded in 2002. The league suspended operations in 2012 due to financial troubles after the 2011 season, but returne ...
* Tianjin Lions
The Tianjin Lions or Tianjing Fierce Lions (天津雄狮) are a team in the China Baseball League, founded in 2002 as one of the league's four initial members. Their home field is the 2,000-capacity Tian Ti Dodger Stadium in Tianjin.
The Lions ha ...
Chinese Basketball Association
The Chinese Basketball Association (), often abbreviated as the CBA, is the first-tier professional men's basketball league in China.
The league is commonly known by fans as the CBA, and this acronym is even used in Chinese on a regular basis ...
* Tianjin Pioneers
The Tianjin Ronggang Pioneers () or Tianjin Ronggang or Tianjin Pioneers are a Chinese professional basketball team based in Tianjin, which plays in the Northern Division of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). The Ronggang Import & Export T ...
Chinese Volleyball League
* Tianjin Bohai Bank women's volleyball team
Tianjin Bohai Bank Volleyball Club is a professional women's volleyball club based in Tianjin that plays in the Chinese Volleyball League.
Founded in 1993, the team has become a symbolic image of Tianjin Sports and the most successful women’s v ...
The 1995 World Table Tennis Championships
The 1995 World Table Tennis Championships were held in Tianjin from May 1 to May 14, 1995.
Results
Team
Individual
References
External linksITTF Museum
{{World Table Tennis Championships
World Table Tennis Championships
World Table Te ...
, the 2013 East Asian Games, and the 2017 National Games of China were hosted by the city. Additionally, Tianjin will be one of the host cities for the Future FIFA Club World Cup (China), expanded FIFA Club World Cup (postponed from 2021). It was also scheduled to be one of the host cities for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup before China's withdrawal as the host.
Since 2014, a Women's Tennis Association, WTA international Tianjin Open, tennis tournament has taken place in Tianjin every year at the Tuanbo International Tennis Center.
Martial arts
Together with Beijing, Tianjin had been for many centuries considered a center for traditional Chinese martial arts. Many past and present masters of arts such as Bajiquan, Pigua Zhang, Xing Yi Quan, Bagua Zhang and others lived or are living in the city. The districts most famous for martial arts in the city are Hong Qiao and Nankai, and martial artists abound in public green spaces such as Xigu Park and the Tianjin Water Park.
Education
Colleges and universities
Under the national Ministry of Education:
* Tianjin University
Tianjin University (TJU, ), formerly Peiyang University (), is a national public research university in Tianjin, China. The university was established in 1895 by Guangxu Emperor's royal charter to be the first university of China. It is now fu ...
(founded 1895, the first modern university in China)
* Nankai University (founded 1919, one of the most prestigious universities in China)
Under the municipal government:
* Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts
* Tianjin Agricultural College
* Tianjin Chengjian University
* Tianjin Conservatory of Music
* Tianjin Foreign Studies University
* Tianjin Institute of Physical Education
* Tianjin Medical University
* Tianjin Normal University
* Tianjin Polytechnic University
* Tianjin University of Commerce
* Tianjin University of Finance & Economics
* Tianjin University of Science & Technology
* Tianjin University of Technology
* Tianjin University of Technology and Education
* Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Under the national Civil Aviation Authority of China:
* Civil Aviation University of China
Under the Hebei Provincial People's Government:
* Hebei University of Technology
The Hebei University of Technology (HEBUT; ) is a provincial public university in Tianjin, China. HEBUT is sponsored by Hebei Provincial People's Government, Tianjin Municipal People's Government and the Ministry of Education of China, which s ...
(founded 1903, the earliest institute of technology in China)
Foreign institutions:
* The Florida International University Tianjin Center, opened in 2006 as a cooperative venture between the municipal government and the Miami-based university.
* The Great Wall MBA Program Oklahoma City University Meinders School of Business, established in 1986 on the campus of Tianjin University of Finance & Economics.
* Raffles Design Institute Tianjin is a joint-project between Tianjin University of Commerce, Boustead College and Raffles Design Institute, Singapore.
Private:
* Boustead College
Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
High schools
* Tianjin Nankai High School ()
* Tianjin No.1 High School ()
* Yaohua High School, Tianjin Yaohua Middle School () was founded in 1927. It was previously named as Tianjin Gongxue by Mr. Lefeng Zhuang, and was renamed as Tianjin Yaohua Middle school in 1934.
* Tianjin Xinhua High School ()
* Tianjin Experimental High School ()
* Tianjin No.21 High School (): Tianjin No. 21 High School, formerly Fahan College (), was founded in 1895. The French ambassador to China and consul general in Tianjin called it the French academy, with the purpose of training Chinese in French talent; it was then renamed "" in 1902 before moving to its current address in 1916, when it was then renamed Fahan College (); the French name is still "EcoleMunicipaleFrancaise". The school is located in the center of the political and cultural education in Heping district, adjacent to the largest Catholic church in northern China, thus the main building of the school has retained its church appearance The school covers an area of 10.1 Mu (unit of area), mu (6.7 km2), while the building floor area is 10,300 square meters.
* Tianjin Tianjin High School ()
* Tianjin Fuxing High School ()
* Tianjin Ruijing High School ()
* The Foreign Languages School Affiliated to Tianjin Foreign Studies University (TFLS) ()
* Tianjin No.20 High School ()
* Tianjin No.4 High School ()
* Tianjin Yangcun No.1 High School ()
* Tianjin Ji No.1 High School ()
* Tianjin Dagang No.1 High School ()
* Tianjin Second Nankai High School ()
* Tianjin Tanggu No.1 High School ()
* Tianjin No.42 High School ()
* Tianjin Baodi No.1 High School ()
* Tianjin Dagang Oilfield Experimental High School ()
* Tianjin No.47 High School ()
* Tianjin No.7 High School ()
* Tianjin Jinghai No.1 High School ()
* Tianjin Haihe High School ()
* Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area No. 1 High School ()
* Tianjin No.55 High School ()
* Tianjin High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University ()
* Tianjin No.21 High School ()
* Tianjin Xianshuigu No.1 High School ()
* The High School Affiliated to Nankai University ()
* Tianjin No.41 High School ()
* Tianjin Lutai No.1 High School ()
* Tianjin No.2 High School ()
* Tianjin No.3 High School ()
* Tianjin Huiwen High School ()
* Tianjin Chonghua High School ()
* Tianjin No.100 High School ()
* Tianjin Hangu No.1 High School ()
* Tianjin Ziyun High School ()
* Tianjin No.102 High School ()
* Tianjin No.45 High School ()
* Tianjin No.25 High School ()
* The High School Affiliated to Tianjin University ()
* Tianjin No.5 High School ()
* Tianjin Yangliuqing No. 1 High School ()
* Tianjin No.14 High School ()
* Tianjin National High School ()
* Tianjin No.54 High School ()
* Tianjin No.43 High School ()
* Tianjin Ironworks No.2 High School ()
* Tianjin No.9 High School ()
* Tianjin No.57 High School ()
* Tianjin No.51 High School ()
* Tianjin Fulun High School ()
* Tianjin Bohai Petroleum No.1 High School ()
Middle schools
* Tianjin No. 7 Middle School
Notable people from Tianjin
*Robert Ya Fu Lee (1913 –1986), actor
*Hou Baolin (19171993), Popular xiangsheng
Xiangsheng (), also known as crosstalk or comic dialogue, is a traditional performing art in Chinese comedy, and one of the most popular elements in Chinese culture. It is typically performed as a dialogue between two performers, or rarely as ...
performer
*Xia Baolong (1952), Chinese Politician and a member of National People's Congress Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Committee..
*Wang Hao (diver), Wang Hao (1992), World champion diver
*Liu Huan (1963), Popular modern singer and songwriter, professor of western music at the University of International Business and Economics (Beijing), Beijing University of International Business and Economics
*Wen Jiabao (1942), Premier of the People's Republic of China, former premier of China 20032013
*Harry Kingman (18921982), the only major league baseball player born in China
*Eric Liddell (19021945), Olympic gold medalist
*Gao Lingwei (18701940), Former premier of the Republic of China 1923-1924
*Gao Lingwen (1862–1945), founder of Tianjin's first public school
* Adeline Yen Mah (1937), Chinese-born American author of ''Falling Leaves'' and ''Chinese Cinderella: The Secret Story of an Unwanted Daughter''
*Lemon Zhang, Zhang Meng (1988), Actress
*Zhang Pengxiang (1980), Chess Grandmaster
*Liu Ping (sprinter), Liu Ping (1984), Paralympic gold medalist sprinter
*Chang Po-ling (18761951), Founder of Nankai University
*Qin Gang (1966), Chinese Ambassador to the United States
*Wang Qiang (tennis), Wang Qiang (1992), Chinese professional female tennis player
*Zhou Ruchang (19182012), Renowned Chinese Redology, Redologist and calligrapher
*Shao Fang Sheng (1917–2009) Chinese artist
*Peng Shuai (1986), Chinese professional female tennis player
*Zhang Shuai (tennis), Zhang Shuai (1989), Chinese professional female tennis player
*Lubert Stryer (1938), American professor of biochemistry
*Zhang Boli (physician), Zhang Boli (1948), Traditional Chinese medicine practitioner
*Lam Suet (1964), actor from Hong Kong
*Wu Ma, Fung Wang-yuen (Wu Ma) (19422014), Actor, director, producer, and writer of movies
*Tan Xue (1984), Olympic and world champion fencer
*Zhao Yanming (1981), Professional football goalkeeper
*Sun Yaoting (19021992), Last surviving imperial eunuch from China
*Shang Yi (1979), Professional football midfielder; sports commentator
*Chen Yibing (1984), World champion and Olympic gold medal gymnast
*Hao Jingfang (1987), science-fiction writer
*Xu Yifan (1988), Professional tennis player
*Yu Min (physicist), Yu Min (19262019), nuclear physicist and referred to as “the father of Test No. 6, Chinese Hydrogen Bomb”
*Yu Ying-shih (1930), Master historian and Sinology, Sinologist
*Duan Yingying (1989), Chinese professional female tennis player
*Ed Young (illustrator), Ed (Tse-chun) Young (1931), Award-winning Chinese-American children's book writer and illustrator
*Huo Yuanjia (18681910), Famous Chinese martial artist; co-founder of the Chin Woo Athletic Association
*Zhang Yuxuan (1994), Professional female tennis player
Twin towns and sister cities
* Kobe, Japan
* Chiba (city), Chiba, Japan
* Incheon, South Korea
* Mobile, Alabama, United States
* Fitchburg, Massachusetts, United States
* Philadelphia, United States
* Melbourne, Australia
* Bangkok, Thailand
* Phnom Penh, Cambodia
* Pyongyang, North Korea
* Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
* Groningen, the Netherlands (since 1985)
* Rishon LeZion, Israel
* İzmir, Turkey
* Haiphong, Vietnam (since 1997)
*
* Mar del Plata, Argentina (since 2001)
* Larnaca, Republic of Cyprus (since 2007)
* Jönköping, Sweden (since 1993)
* Thessaloniki, Greece (since 2002)
* Cali, Cali, Colombia (since 2022)
See also
* Tianjin is also the name of an Asterism (astronomy), asterism in the Chinese constellation of Girl (Chinese constellation), Girl Mansion.
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
* ''Miscellaneous series, Issues 7–11''. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 1912.
* Walravens, Hartmut. "German Influence on the Press in China". – In: ''Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences''. Walter de Gruyter, January 1, 2003. , .
*
Also available at
the website of the Queens Library – This version does not include the footnotes visible in the Walter de Gruyter version
** Also available in Walravens, Hartmut and Edmund King. ''Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the newspapers section at IFLA General Conferences''. K.G. Saur, 2003. , 9783598218378.
Further reading
* (fr) Mathieu Gotteland, ''Les forces de l'ordre japonaises à Tientsin, 1914–1940 : Un point de vue français'', Éditions universitaires européennes, 2015.
*
*
* Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino, ''Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions'', New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
* Maurizio Marinelli, "The Triumph of the Uncanny: Italians and Italian Architecture in Tianjin", In ''Cultural Studies Review'', Vol. 19, 2, 2013, 70–98.
* Maurizio Marinelli, "The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik". ''Journal of Modern Italian Studies'', 15 (4), 2010: 536–556.
External links
Tianjin Government website
China (Tianjin) Pilot Free Trade Zone
at Hong Kong Trade Development Council, HKTDC
Official Tianjin Media Gateway
Historic US Army map of Tianjin, 1945
Official promotional video of Tianjin City
*
{{Authority control
Tianjin,
Municipalities of China
Metropolitan areas of China
North China Plain
Populated coastal places in China
Province-level divisions of China
Populated places with period of establishment missing