Theatrical Release Poster
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A film poster is a
poster A poster is a large sheet that is placed either on a public space to promote something or on a wall as decoration. Typically, posters include both typography, textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or w ...
used to promote and advertise a
film A film also called a movie, motion picture, moving picture, picture, photoplay or (slang) flick is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere ...
primarily to persuade paying customers into a theater to see it. Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and international markets. They normally contain an image with text. Today's posters often feature printed likenesses of the main actors. Prior to the 1980s, illustrations instead of photos were far more common. The text on film posters usually contains the film title in large lettering and often the names of the main actors. It may also include a tagline, the name of the director, names of characters, the release date, and other pertinent details to inform prospective viewers about the film. Film posters are often displayed inside and on the outside of
movie theater A movie theater (American English), cinema (British English), or cinema hall ( Indian English), also known as a movie house, picture house, the movies, the pictures, picture theater, the silver screen, the big screen, or simply theater is a ...
s, and elsewhere on the street or in shops. The same images appear in the film exhibitor's pressbook and may also be used on websites, DVD (and historically VHS) packaging, flyers, advertisements in newspapers and magazines, and all other press related to the promotion of the film. Film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film. They began as outside placards listing the programme of (short) films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater. By the early 1900s, they began to feature
illustration An illustration is a decoration, interpretation or visual explanation of a text, concept or process, designed for integration in print and digital published media, such as posters, flyers, magazines, books, teaching materials, animations, vid ...
s of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes. Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film, represented in a wide variety of artistic styles. Film posters have become increasingly coveted by art collectors in recent years due to their known relative rarity, condition, artist, and art historical significance.


History

The first poster for a specific film, rather than a "magic lantern show", was based on an illustration by
Marcellin Auzolle Marcellin may refer to: * Marcellin (given name) * Raymond Marcellin (1914–2004), French politician * Marcellin Champagnat (1789-1840), Catholic Saint and educator ; places * Marcellin College, Bulleen, a Marist Catholic secondary boys' school s ...
to promote the showing of the Lumiere Brothers film '' L'Arroseur arrosé'' at the Grand Café in Paris on December 26, 1895. Originally, film posters were produced for the exclusive use by the theaters exhibiting the film the poster was created for, and were required to be returned to the distributor after the film left the theater. In the United States, film posters were usually returned to a nationwide operation called the National Screen Service (NSS) which printed and distributed most of the film posters for the studios between 1940 and 1984. As an economy measure, the NSS regularly recycled posters that were returned, sending them back out to be used again at another theater. During this time, a film could stay in circulation for several years, and so many old film posters were badly worn before being retired into storage at an NSS warehouse (most often, they were thrown away when they were no longer needed or had become too worn to be used again). Those posters which were not returned were often thrown away by the theater owner or damaged by being outside. Beginning in the 1980s, American
film studio A film studio (also known as movie studio or simply studio) is a major entertainment company or motion picture company that has its own privately owned studio facility or facilities that are used to make films, which is handled by the production ...
s began taking over direct production and distribution of their posters from the National Screen Service and the process of making and distributing film posters became decentralized in that country. As Hollywood cinema was disseminated into foreign markets, distinct hand-painted film poster traditions arose in Poland, India, and Ghana, with depictions of posters often varying from their original Hollywood versions based on the artistry of local painters.


Collecting

After the National Screen Service ceased most of its printing and distribution operations in 1985, some of the posters which they had stored in warehouses around the United States ended up in the hands of private collectors and dealers. Today there is a thriving collectibles market in film posters, and some have become very valuable. The first auction by a major auction house solely of film posters occurred on December 11, 1990, when proceeds of a sale of 271 vintage posters run by
Bruce Hershenson Bruce Hershenson is an American entrepreneur who in 1999 founded the movie memorabilia auction company eMoviePoster. He is a collector of movie pressbooks and has edited 43 movie poster history books. Movie collectibles career Hershenson began ...
at
Christie's Christie's is a British auction house founded in 1766 by James Christie (auctioneer), James Christie. Its main premises are on King Street, St James's in London, at Rockefeller Center in New York City and at Alexandra House in Hong Kong. It is ...
totaled US$935,000. The record price for a single poster was set on November 15, 2005 when $690,000 was paid for a poster of Fritz Lang's 1927 film '' Metropolis'' from the Reel Poster Gallery in London. Other early horror and science fiction posters are known to bring extremely high prices as well, with an example from ''
The Mummy A mummy is an unusually well preserved corpse. Mummy or The Mummy may also refer to: Places *Mummy Range, a mountain range in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado in the United States *Mummy Cave, a rock shelter and archeological site in Par ...
'' realizing $452,000 in a 1997 Sotheby's auction, and posters from both '' Bride of Frankenstein'' and '' The Black Cat'' selling for $334,600 in
Heritage auctions Heritage Auctions is an American multi-national auction house based in Dallas, Texas. Founded in 1976, Heritage is an auctioneer of numismatic collections, comics, fine art, books, luxury accessories, real estate, and memorabilia from film, mu ...
, in 2007 and 2009, respectively. Occasionally, rare film posters have been found being used as insulation in attics and walls. In 2011, 33 film posters, including a ''
Dracula ''Dracula'' is a novel by Bram Stoker, published in 1897. As an epistolary novel, the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist, but opens with solicitor Jonathan Harker taking ...
'' Style F one-sheet (shown right), from 1930 to 1931 were discovered in an attic in Berwick, Pennsylvania and auctioned for $502,000 in March 2012 by Heritage Auctions. Over the years, old Bollywood posters, mostly from Bombay, India, especially with hand-painted art, have become collectors' items. Ghanaian hand-painted movie posters from the tradition's Golden Age in the 1980s and 1990s have sold for tens of thousands of dollars and been exhibited in galleries and museums across the world. As a result of market demand for paper posters, some of the more popular older film posters have been reproduced either under license or illegally. Although the artwork on paper reproductions is the same as originals, reproductions can often be distinguished by size, printing quality, and paper type. Several websites on the Internet offer "authentication" tests to distinguish originals from reproductions. Original film posters distributed to theaters and other poster venues (such as bus stops) by the movie studios are never sold directly to the public. However, most modern posters are produced in large quantities and often become available for purchase by collectors indirectly through various secondary markets such as eBay. Accordingly, most modern posters are not as valuable. However, some recent posters, such as the '' Pulp Fiction'' " Lucky Strike" U.S. one-sheet poster (recalled due to a dispute with the cigarette company), are quite rare.


Types


Lobby cards

Lobby cards are similar to posters but smaller, usually , also before 1930. Lobby cards are collectible and values depend on their age, quality, and popularity. Although typically issued in sets of eight, with each featuring a different scene from the film, some releases were, in unusual circumstances, promoted with larger (12 cards) or smaller sets (6 cards). The set for ''
The Running Man Running Man may refer to: Literature * ''The Running Man'', a 1963 novel by Joan Carol Holly under the pseudonym J. Hunter Holly * ''The Running Man'' (novel), a 1982 novel by Stephen King under the pseudonym Richard Bachman * ''The Running Man' ...
'' (1963), for example, had only six cards, whereas the set for '' The Italian Job'' (1969) had twelve. Films released by major production companies experiencing financial difficulties often lacked lobby sets, such as '' Manhunter'' (1986). A Jumbo Lobby Card is larger, and also issued in sets. Prior to 1940 studios promoted major releases with the larger card sets. In addition to the larger size, the paper quality was better (glossy or linen). The title card displays the movie title and top stars prominently. In the United Kingdom, sets of lobby cards are known as "Front of House" cards. These, however, also refer to black-and-white press photographs, in addition to the more typical 8-by-10-inch promotional devices resembling lobby cards. The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University holds a collection of lobby cards from silent western films that date between 1910 and 1930.


Teaser poster

A teaser poster or advance poster is an early promotional film poster, containing a basic image or design without revealing too much information such as the plot, theme, and characters. The purpose is to incite awareness and generate
hype Hype (derived from hyperbole) is promotion, especially promotion consisting of exaggerated claims. Hype or The Hype may also refer to: Film and television * ''Hype'' (TV series), an American comedy television series * ''The Hype'' (TV seri ...
for the film. A tagline may be included. There are some instances when teaser posters are issued long in advance before the film goes into production (teasers for cancelled projects are historically informative), although they are issued during the film development. Notable styles for teaser poster include: * Bearing only a symbol associated with the film, or simply just the title. * A main character, looking away from the screen but looking at something in the distance.


Character posters

For a film with an
ensemble cast In a dramatic production, an ensemble cast is one that is composed of multiple principal actors and performers who are typically assigned roughly equal amounts of screen time.Random House: ensemble acting Linked 2013-07-17 Structure In contrast to ...
there may be a set of character posters, each featuring an individual character from the film. Usually it contains the name of the actor or the name of the character played. It may also include a tagline that reflects the quality of the character.


Sizes

Film posters come in different sizes and styles depending on the country. The most common are listed below.


United States

*
One sheet In the entertainment industry, a one sheet (or one-sheet) is a single document that summarizes a product for publicity and sales. Cinema A one sheet is a specific size (typically before 1985; after 1985) of film poster advertising. Multiple o ...
, 27 inches by 40 inches (686 × 1016 mm), portrait format *
Bus stop A bus stop is a place where buses stop for passengers to get on and off the bus. The construction of bus stops tends to reflect the level of usage, where stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating, and possibly electronic passenger ...
or subway poster, 40 inches by 60 inches (1016 mm × 1524 mm), portrait format The following sizes were in common use in the US prior to the mid-1980s, but have since been phased out of production: *
One sheet In the entertainment industry, a one sheet (or one-sheet) is a single document that summarizes a product for publicity and sales. Cinema A one sheet is a specific size (typically before 1985; after 1985) of film poster advertising. Multiple o ...
, 27 inches by 41 inches (686 × 1040 mm), portrait format (this size is one inch longer than the modern one sheet) * Display (aka half-sheet), 28 inches by 22 inches (711 × 559 mm), landscape format * Insert, size 14 inches by 36 inches (356 × 914 mm), portrait format * Window Card, 14 inches by 22 inches (356 × 559 mm), portrait format; typically has blank space at top to accommodate promotional text for local theatre * Two sheet, 41 inches by 54 inches (1040 × 1370 mm), either landscape format or portrait format * Three sheet, 41 inches by 81 inches (1040 × 2060 mm), portrait format; usually assembled from two separate pieces * 30×40, 30 inches by 40 inches (762 × 1016 mm), portrait format * 40×60, 40 inches by 60 inches (1016 × 1524 mm), portrait format * Six sheet, 81 inches by 81 inches (2060 × 2060 mm), a square format; usually assembled from four separate pieces * Twenty four sheet, 246 inches by 108 inches (6250 × 2740 mm), landscape format often called a
billboard A billboard (also called a hoarding in the UK and many other parts of the world) is a large outdoor advertising structure (a billing board), typically found in high-traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large advertise ...


United Kingdom

* Quad (a.k.a. quad crown), size 30 inches by 40 inches (762 × 1016 mm), landscape format * Double crown, size 20 inches by 30 inches (508 × 762 mm), portrait format * One-sheet, size 27 inches by 40 inches (686 × 1020 mm), portrait format * Three sheet, size 40 inches by 81 inches (1020 × 2060 mm), portrait format


Australia

* Daybill, size 13 inches by 30 inches (330 × 762 mm), portrait format (before the 1960s, Daybills were long) *
One sheet In the entertainment industry, a one sheet (or one-sheet) is a single document that summarizes a product for publicity and sales. Cinema A one sheet is a specific size (typically before 1985; after 1985) of film poster advertising. Multiple o ...
, size 27 inches by 40 inches (686 × 1016 mm) portrait format


Ghana

* One-bag (locally woven flour sack, cotton canvas), size approx. 46 inches by 34 inches, portrait format * Two-bag (locally woven flour sacks, cotton canvas, stacked horizontally and sewn together), size approx. 75 inches by 44 inches, portrait format


Japan

* 500 × 600 mm


France

* 120 × 160cm


Billing block

The "billing block" is the list of names that adorn the bottom portion of the official poster (or '
one sheet In the entertainment industry, a one sheet (or one-sheet) is a single document that summarizes a product for publicity and sales. Cinema A one sheet is a specific size (typically before 1985; after 1985) of film poster advertising. Multiple o ...
', as it is called in the movie industry) of the movie". A billing block can be seen at the bottom of Reynold Brown's poster from ''Attack of the 50 Foot Woman'' (1958), which is reproduced below. In the layout of film posters and other film advertising copy, the billing block is usually set in a highly condensed typeface (one in which the height of characters is several times the width). By convention, the point size of the billing block is 25 or 35 percent of the average height of each letter in the title logo. Inclusion in the credits and the billing block is generally a matter of detailed contracts between the artists and the producer. Using a condensed typeface allows the heights of the characters to meet contractual constraints while still allowing enough horizontal space to include all the required text.


Notable artists

Normally, the artist is not identified on the film poster and, in many cases, the artist is anonymous. However, several artists have become well known because of their outstanding illustrations on film posters. Some artists, such as Drew Struzan, often sign their poster artwork and the signature is included on distributed posters. ;
John Alvin John Henry Alvin (November 24, 1948 – February 6, 2008) was an American cinematic artist and painter who illustrated many movie posters. Alvin created posters and key art for more than 135 films, beginning with the poster for Mel Brooks' ''Bl ...
:Examples: '' Blade Runner'', '' The Lion King'', ''
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' (or simply ''E.T.'') is a 1982 American science fiction film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Melissa Mathison. It tells the story of Elliott, a boy who befriends an extraterrestrial, d ...
'' ; Richard Amsel :Examples: '' The Sting'', ''
Raiders of the Lost Ark ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' is a 1981 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Lawrence Kasdan, based on a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. It stars Harrison Ford, Karen Allen, Paul Freeman, Ronal ...
'' ; Saul Bass :Examples: '' Love in the Afternoon'', '' Vertigo'', '' The Shining'' ; Reynold Brown :Examples: '' Attack of the 50 Foot Woman'', '' Creature from the Black Lagoon'', '' The Incredible Shrinking Man'', '' The Time Machine'' ;
Renato Casaro Renato Casaro (; born 26 October 1935) is an Italian artist known for his movie posters, which include films like ''My Name Is Nobody'', ''Quadrophenia'', ''Conan the Barbarian'', ''Tenebrae'', ''Octopussy'', '' Never Say Never Again'', '' Rambo: ...
:Examples: '' ''Conan the Barbarian'''', ''
Never Say Never Again ''Never Say Never Again'' is a 1983 spy film directed by Irvin Kershner. The film is based on the 1961 James Bond novel '' Thunderball'' by Ian Fleming, which in turn was based on an original story by Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham, and Flemi ...
'', '' Opera'', ''
Ghost Chase ''Hollywood-Monster'' (working title - released as ''Ghost Chase'' in the United States) is a 1987 horror comedy film directed by Roland Emmerich, about a film crew working in a haunted mansion.Haase, Christin''When Heimat Meets Hollywood: German ...
'', '' The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter'' ; Tom Chantrell :Examples: '' Von Ryan's Express'', '' Zulu Dawn'', '' The Land That Time Forgot'' ; Jack Davis :Examples: ''
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World ''It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World'' is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a story and screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose. The film, starring Spencer Tracy with an all-star cast of comedians, is a ...
'', '' Viva Max!'', '' Kelly's Heroes'' ; Vic Fair :Examples: '' Vampire Circus'', '' Confessions of a Driving Instructor'', '' The Man Who Fell to Earth'' ; Frank Frazetta :Examples: ''
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'' ; Bill Gold :Examples: ''
Casablanca Casablanca, also known in Arabic as Dar al-Bayda ( ar, الدَّار الْبَيْضَاء, al-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ, ; ber, ⴹⴹⴰⵕⵍⴱⵉⴹⴰ, ḍḍaṛlbiḍa, : "White House") is the largest city in Morocco and the country's econom ...
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'', '' For Your Eyes Only'' ;
Boris Grinsson Boris Grinsson (1907 in Pskov, Russia – 1999) was an artist famous for drawing the designs for over 2000 French film posters. Fleeing Russia after the Bolshevik takeover, Grinsson's family settled in Estonia, where he studied art in Tartu. Movi ...
:Examples: '' The 400 Blows'' ; Karoly Grosz :Examples: ''
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'' (1931), '' Frankenstein'' (1931), ''
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'' (1932), '' The Invisible Man'' (1933), '' Bride of Frankenstein'' (1935) ;
Al Hirschfeld Albert Hirschfeld (June 21, 1903 – January 20, 2003) was an American caricaturist best known for his black and white portraits of celebrities and Broadway stars. Personal life Al Hirschfeld was born in 1903 in a two-story duplex at 1313 Carr ...
:Examples: ''
The Wizard of Oz ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' or ''The Wizard of Oz'' most commonly refers to: *'' The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'', a 1900 American novel by L. Frank Baum often reprinted as ''The Wizard of Oz'' ** Wizard of Oz (character), from the Baum novel serie ...
'', '' The Sunshine Boys'' ; Mitchell Hooks :Examples: '' Dr. No'', '' The Sand Pebbles'', ''
El Dorado El Dorado (, ; Spanish for "the golden"), originally ''El Hombre Dorado'' ("The Golden Man") or ''El Rey Dorado'' ("The Golden King"), was the term used by the Spanish in the 16th century to describe a mythical tribal chief (''zipa'') or king o ...
'' ; The Brothers Hildebrandt :Examples: '' Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope'' ("Style B" re-release), '' Barbarella'' (1979 re-release) ; Tom Jung :Examples: ''
Star Wars ''Star Wars'' is an American epic film, epic space opera multimedia franchise created by George Lucas, which began with the Star Wars (film), eponymous 1977 film and quickly became a worldwide popular culture, pop-culture Cultural impact of S ...
'' (Style A), '' The Empire Strikes Back'' (Style B), '' Papillon'', '' The Lord of the Rings'', '' Gone with the Wind'' (re-release) ; Mort Künstler :Examples: '' The Poseidon Adventure'', '' The Taking of Pelham One Two Three'' (1974), '' The Hindenburg'' ; Frank McCarthy :Examples: '' The Ten Commandments'', '' Thunderball'', '' The Dirty Dozen'', ''
On Her Majesty's Secret Service On Her Majesty's Secret Service may refer to: * ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' (novel), a 1963 novel by Ian Fleming * ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' (film), a 1969 film adaptation of the novel ** ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' (sou ...
'' ; Robert McGinnis :Examples: '' Breakfast at Tiffany's'' (1961), '' Casino Royale'' (1967), '' Diamonds Are Forever'' (1971) ; Noriyoshi Ohrai :Examples: '' The Empire Strikes Back'', '' Godzilla'' ; Bob Peak :Examples: '' Our Man Flint'', '' Camelot'', '' Apocalypse Now'', '' The Spy Who Loved Me'', '' Star Trek: The Motion Picture'' ; Sam Peffer :Examples: ''
Flesh Gordon ''Flesh Gordon'' is a 1974 American sex comedy feature film serving as a spoof of Universal Pictures first (of three) ''Flash Gordon'' serial films from the 1930s. The film was produced by Walter R. Cichy, Bill Osco, and Howard Ziehm. It was co ...
'', ''
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Hussy ''Hussy'' is a 1980 British film starring Helen Mirren, John Shea, and Paul Angelis, and directed by Matthew Chapman. Plot Beaty (Mirren) is a prostitute working at a London cabaret where Emory (John Shea) is a sound/lighting technician. Th ...
'' ; Norman Rockwell :Examples: ''
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'', '' The Song of Bernadette'' ; William Rose :Examples: ''
Citizen Kane ''Citizen Kane'' is a 1941 American drama film produced by, directed by, and starring Orson Welles. He also co-wrote the screenplay with Herman J. Mankiewicz. The picture was Welles' first feature film. ''Citizen Kane'' is frequently cited ...
'', '' The Little Foxes'', '' Cat People'' (1942) ;
Enzo Sciotti Enzo Sciotti (24 September 1944 – 11 April 2021) was an Italian artist and illustrator. Sciotti was known for his illustrations of more than 3000 movie posters, typically for horror films, including '' The Beyond'', ''Demons'', ''The Blood of ...
:Examples: '' The Beyond'',
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Girlfriend from Hell ''Girlfriend From Hell'' is a 1989 American comedy-horror film that was written and directed by Daniel M. Peterson. The film had its world premiere on April 24, 1989 at the Houston Film Festival and was released to video in August of the followin ...
'', '' The Blood of Heroes'' ; Vladimir and Georgii Stenberg :Examples: '' Man with a Movie Camera'' ;
Drew Struzan Drew Struzan (; born March 18, 1947) is an American artist, illustrator and cover designer. He is known for his more than 150 movie posters, which include ''The Shawshank Redemption'', ''Blade Runner'', ''Mallrats'', as well as films in the ''In ...
:Examples: ''
Star Wars ''Star Wars'' is an American epic film, epic space opera multimedia franchise created by George Lucas, which began with the Star Wars (film), eponymous 1977 film and quickly became a worldwide popular culture, pop-culture Cultural impact of S ...
'', '' E.T: The Extra-Terrestrial'', ''
Indiana Jones ''Indiana Jones'' is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology, that began in 1981 with the film '' Raiders of the Lost Ark''. In 1984, a prequel, '' Th ...
'', '' Back to the Future'', '' The Thing'' (1982), ''
Jurassic Park ''Jurassic Park'', later also referred to as ''Jurassic World'', is an American science fiction media franchise created by Michael Crichton and centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs. It began in 1990 when ...
'', '' Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' ; Howard Terpning :Examples: '' The Guns of Navarone'', ''
Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator ( grc-gre, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ}, "Cleopatra the father-beloved"; 69 BC10 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler.She was also a ...
'', '' The Sound of Music'' ;
Boris Vallejo Boris Vallejo (born January 8, 1941) is a Peruvian-American painter who works in the science fiction, fantasy, and erotica genres. His hyper-representational paintings have appeared on the covers of numerous science fiction and fantasy fiction ...
:Examples: '' National Lampoon's Vacation'', '' Q'', '' Barbarella'', '' Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters'' ; Paul Wenzel :Examples: '' The Parent Trap'', ''
Mary Poppins It may refer to: * ''Mary Poppins'' (book series), the original 1934–1988 children's fantasy novels that introduced the character. * Mary Poppins (character), the nanny with magical powers. * ''Mary Poppins'' (film), a 1964 Disney film sta ...
'', ''
Pete's Dragon ''Pete's Dragon'' is the title of two Disney live-action films: * ''Pete's Dragon'' (1977 film) * ''Pete's Dragon'' (2016 film) {{Short pages monitor {{Authority control Film advertising material Posters
Poster A poster is a large sheet that is placed either on a public space to promote something or on a wall as decoration. Typically, posters include both typography, textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or w ...