The Riddle of the Sphinx

A sphinx ( , grc, σφίγξ , Boeotian: , plural sphinxes or sphinges) is a mythical creature with the head of a human, the body of a lion, and the wings of a falcon.

In Greek tradition, the sphinx has the head of a woman, the haunches of a lion, and the wings of a bird. She is mythicized as treacherous and merciless, and will kill and eat those who cannot answer her riddle. This deadly version of a sphinx appears in the myth and drama of Oedipus.

Unlike the Greek sphinx, which was a woman, the Egyptian sphinx is typically shown as a man (an androsphinx ( grc, ανδρόσφιγξ)). In addition, the Egyptian sphinx was viewed as benevolent but having a ferocious strength similar to the malevolent Greek version. Both were thought of as guardians and often flank the entrances to temples.

In European decorative art, the sphinx enjoyed a major revival during the Renaissance. Later, the sphinx image, initially very similar to the original Ancient Egyptian concept, was exported into many other cultures, albeit they are often interpreted quite differently due to translations of descriptions of the originals, and through the evolution of the concept in relation to other cultural traditions.

Sphinx depictions are generally associated with architectural structures such as royal tombs or religious temples.

Etymology

The word ''sphinx'' comes from the Greek Σφίγξ, associated by folk etymology with the verb σφίγγω (''sphíngō''), meaning "to squeeze", "to tighten up". This name may be derived from the fact that lions kill their prey by strangulation, biting the throat of prey and holding them down until they die. However, the historian Susan Wise Bauer suggests that the word "sphinx" was instead a Greek corruption of the Egyptian name "shesepankh", which meant "living image", and referred rather to the ''statue'' of the sphinx, which was carved out of "living rock" (rock that was present at the construction site, not harvested and brought from another location), than to the beast itself.

Egypt

The largest and most famous sphinx is the Great Sphinx of Giza, situated on the Giza Plateau adjacent to the Great Pyramids of Giza on the west bank of the Nile River and facing east (). The sphinx is located southeast of the pyramids. While the date of its construction is not known for certain, the general consensus among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx bears the likeness of the pharaoh Khafre, dating it to between 2600 and 2500 BC. However, a fringe minority of late 20th century geologists have claimed evidence of water erosion in and around the Sphinx enclosure which would prove that the Sphinx predates Khafre, at around 10,000 to 5000 BC, a claim that is sometimes referred to as the Sphinx water erosion hypothesis but which has little support among Egyptologists and contradicts other evidence.

What names their builders gave to these statues is not known. At the Great Sphinx site, a 1400 BC inscription on a stele belonging to the 18th dynasty pharaoh Thutmose IV lists the names of three aspects of the local sun deity of that period, ''Khepera–Rê–Atum''. Many pharaohs had their heads carved atop the guardian statues for their tombs to show their close relationship with the powerful solar deity Sekhmet, a lioness. Besides the Great Sphinx, other famous Egyptian sphinxes include one bearing the head of the pharaoh Hatshepsut, with her likeness carved in granite, which is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the alabaster Sphinx of Memphis, currently located within the open-air museum at that site. The theme was expanded to form great avenues of guardian sphinxes lining the approaches to tombs and temples as well as serving as details atop the posts of flights of stairs to very grand complexes. Nine hundred sphinxes with ram heads (Criosphinxes), believed to represent Amon, were built in Thebes, where his cult was strongest. At Karnak, each Criosphinx is fronted by a full-length statue of the pharaoh. The task of these sphinxes was to hold back the forces of evil.

The Great Sphinx has become an emblem of Egypt, frequently appearing on its stamps, coins, and official documents.

Europe

The revived Mannerist sphinx of the late 15th century is sometimes thought of as the "French sphinx". Her coiffed head is erect and she has the breasts of a young woman. Often she wears ear drops and pearls as ornaments. Her body is naturalistically rendered as a recumbent lioness. Such sphinxes were revived when the ''grottesche'' or "grotesque" decorations of the unearthed ''Domus Aurea'' of Nero were brought to light in late 15th-century Rome, and she was incorporated into the classical vocabulary of arabesque designs that spread throughout Europe in engravings during the 16th and 17th centuries. Sphinxes were included in the decoration of the ''loggia'' of the Vatican Palace by the workshop of Raphael (1515–20), which updated the vocabulary of the Roman ''grottesche''.

The first appearances of sphinxes in French art are in the School of Fontainebleau in the 1520s and 1530s and she continues into the Late Baroque style of the French Régence (1715–1723). From France, she spread throughout Europe, becoming a regular feature of the outdoors decorative sculpture of 18th-century palace gardens, as in the Upper Belvedere Palace in Vienna, Sanssouci Park in Potsdam, La Granja in Spain, Branicki Palace in Białystok, or the late Rococo examples in the grounds of the Portuguese Queluz National Palace (of perhaps the 1760s), with ruffs and clothed chests ending with a little cape.

Sphinxes are a feature of the neoclassical interior decorations of Robert Adam and his followers, returning closer to the undressed style of the ''grottesche''. They had an equal appeal to artists and designers of the Romanticism and subsequent Symbolism movements in the 19th century. Most of these sphinxes alluded to the Greek sphinx and the myth of Oedipus, rather than the Egyptian, although they may not have wings.

Greece

In the Bronze Age, the Hellenes had trade and cultural contacts with Egypt. Before the time that Alexander the Great occupied Egypt, the Greek name, ''sphinx'', was already applied to these statues. The historians and geographers of Greece wrote extensively about Egyptian culture. Herodotus called the ram-headed sphinxes Criosphinxes and called the hawk-headed ones Hieracosphinxes.

There was a single ''sphinx'' in Greek mythology, a unique demon of destruction and bad luck. Apollodorus describes the sphinx as having a woman's face, the body and tail of a lion and the wings of a bird.Apollodorus, Librar
Apollod. 3.5.8
/ref> Pliny the Elder mentions that Ethiopia produces plenty of sphinxes, with brown hair and breasts, corroborated by 20th-century archeologists. Statius describes her as a winged monster, with pallid cheeks, eyes tainted with corruption, plumes clotted with gore and talons on livid hands. Sometimes, the wings are specified to be those of an eagle, and the tail to be serpent-headed. According to Hesiod, the Sphinx was a daughter of Orthrus and an unknown she—either the Chimera, Echidna, or Ceto. According to Apollodorus and Lasus, she was a daughter of Echidna and Typhon.

The sphinx was the emblem of the ancient city-state of Chios, and appeared on seals and the obverse side of coins from the 6th century BC until the 3rd century AD.

Riddle of the Sphinx

The Sphinx is said to have guarded the entrance to the Greek city of Thebes, asking a riddle to travellers to allow them passage. The exact riddle asked by the Sphinx was not specified by early tellers of the myth, and was not standardized as the one given below until late in Greek history.

It was said in late lore that Hera or Ares sent the Sphinx from her Aethiopian homeland (the Greeks always remembered the foreign origin of the Sphinx) to Thebes in Greece where she asked all passersby the most famous riddle in history: "Which creature has one voice and yet becomes four-footed and two-footed and three-footed?" She strangled and devoured anyone who could not answer. Oedipus solved the riddle by answering: "Man—who crawls on all fours as a baby, then walks on two feet as an adult, and then uses a walking stick in old age". By some accounts (but much more rarely), there was a second riddle: "There are two sisters: one gives birth to the other and she, in turn, gives birth to the first. Who are the two sisters?" The answer is "day and night" (both words—'' ἡμέρα'' and '' νύξ'', respectively—are feminine in Ancient Greek). This second riddle is also found in a Gascon version of the myth and could be very ancient.

Bested at last, the Sphinx then threw herself from her high rock and died; or, in some versions Oedipus killed her. An alternative version tells that she devoured herself. In both cases, Oedipus can therefore be recognized as a " liminal" or threshold figure, helping effect the transition between the old religious practices, represented by the death of the Sphinx, and the rise of the new, Olympian gods.

= The riddle in popular culture

=
In Jean Cocteau's retelling of the Oedipus legend, '' The Infernal Machine'', the Sphinx tells Oedipus the answer to the riddle in order to kill herself so that she did not have to kill anymore, and also to make him love her. He leaves without ever thanking her for giving him the answer to the riddle. The scene ends when the Sphinx and Anubis ascend back to the heavens.

There are mythic, anthropological, psychoanalytic and parodic interpretations of the Riddle of the Sphinx, and of Oedipus's answer to it. Sigmund Freud describes "the question of where babies come from" as a riddle of the Sphinx.

Numerous riddle books use the Sphinx in their title or illustrations.
File:Marble stele (grave marker) of a youth and a little girl 530 BCE Greece.jpg, Funerary stele, 530 BC, Greece
File:Sphinx CdM Paris DeRidder865 n2.jpg, Sphinx. Attic red-figure pyxis, 2nd half of the 5th century BC. From Nola (Italy).
File:Limestone funerary stele (shaft) surmounted by two sphinxes Greece 530 BCE.jpg, Limestone funerary stele (shaft) surmounted by two sphinxes. Greece, 5th century BC.
File:Marble capital and finial in the form of a sphinx.jpg, Marble capital and finial in the form of a sphinx, 530 BC
File:Carved tomb in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum - panoramio.jpg, Sphinxes on the Lycian sarcophagus of Sidon (430–420 BC)

Asia

A composite mythological being with the body of a lion and the head of a human being is present in the traditions, mythology and art of South and Southeast Asia. Variously known as ''puruṣamr̥ga'' (Sanskrit, "man-beast"), ''purushamirugam'' (Tamil, "man-beast"), ''naravirala'' (Sanskrit, "man-cat") in India, or as ''nara-simha'' (Sanskrit, "man-lion") in Sri Lanka, ''manussiha'' or ''manutthiha'' (Pali, "man-lion") in Myanmar, and ''norasingh'' (from Pali, "man-lion", a variation of the Sanskrit "nara-simha") or ''thep norasingh'' ("man-lion deity"), or ''nora nair'' in Thailand. Although, just like the "nara-simha", he has a head of a lion and the body of a human.

In contrast to the sphinxes in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece, of which the traditions largely have been lost due to the discontinuity of the civilization, the traditions related to the "Asian sphinxes" are very much alive today. The earliest artistic depictions of "sphinxes" from the South Asian subcontinent are to some extent influenced by Hellenistic art and writings. These hail from the period when Buddhist art underwent a phase of Hellenistic influence. Numerous sphinxes can be seen on the gateways of Bharhut stupa, dating to the 1st century B.C."Sphinxes of all sorts occur on the Bharhut gateways"

In South India, the "sphinx" is known as ''puruṣamr̥ga'' (Sanskrit) or ''purushamirugam'' (Tamil), meaning "human-beast". It is found depicted in sculptural art in temples and palaces where it serves an apotropaic purpose, just as the "sphinxes" in other parts of the ancient world. It is said by the tradition, to take away the sins of the devotees when they enter a temple and to ward off evil in general. It is therefore often found in a strategic position on the gopuram or temple gateway, or near the entrance of the sanctum sanctorum.

The ''puruṣamr̥ga'' plays a significant role in daily as well as yearly ritual of South Indian Shaiva temples. In the shodhasha-upakaara (or sixteen honors) ritual, performed between one and six times at significant sacred moments through the day, it decorates one of the lamps of the diparadhana or lamp ceremony. And in several temples the ''puruṣamr̥ga'' is also one of the ''vahana'' or vehicles of the deity during the processions of the Brahmotsava or festival.

In Kanya Kumari district, in the southernmost tip of the Indian subcontinent, during the night of Shiva Ratri, devotees run 75 kilometres while visiting and worshiping at twelve Shiva temples. This Shiva Ottam (or Run for Shiva) is performed in commemoration of the story of the race between the Sphinx and Bhima, one of the heroes of the epic ''Mahabharata''.

The Indian conception of a sphinx that comes closest to the classic Greek idea is in the concept of the ''Sharabha'', a mythical creature, part lion, part man and part bird, and the form of Sharabha that god Shiva took on to counter Narasimha's violence.

In Sri Lanka the sphinx is known as ''narasimha'' or man-lion. As a sphinx, it has the body of a lion and the head of a human being, and is not to be confused with Narasimha, the fourth reincarnation of the deity Vishnu; this avatar or incarnation is depicted with a human body and the head of a lion. The "sphinx" narasimha is part of the Buddhist tradition and functions as a guardian of the northern direction and also was depicted on banners.

In Burma (Myanmar), the sphinx-like statue, with a human head and two lion hindquarters, is known as '' Manussiha'' (''manuthiha''). It is depicted on the corners of Buddhist stupas, and its legends tell how it was created by Buddhist monks to protect a new-born royal baby from being devoured by ogresses.

Nora Nair, Norasingh and Thep Norasingh are three of the names under which the "sphinx" is known in Thailand. They are depicted as upright walking beings with the lower body of a lion or deer, and the upper body of a human. Often they are found as female-male pairs. Here, too, the sphinx serves a protective function. It also is enumerated among the mythological creatures that inhabit the ranges of the sacred mountain Himapan.

Freemasonry

The sphinx imagery has historically been adopted into Masonic architecture and symbology.

Among the Egyptians, sphinxes were placed at the entrance of the temples to guard their mysteries, by warning those who penetrated within that they should conceal a knowledge of them from the uninitiated. Champollion said that the sphinx became successively the symbol of each of the gods. The placement of the sphinxes expressed the idea that all the gods were hidden from the people, and that the knowledge of them, guarded in the sanctuaries, was revealed to initiates only.

As a Masonic emblem, the sphinx has been adopted as a symbol of mystery, and as such often is found as a decoration sculptured in front of Masonic temples, or engraved at the head of Masonic documents.

Similar hybrid creatures

With feline features

*Gopaitioshah – The Persian ''Gopat'' or ''Gopaitioshah'' is another creature that is similar to the Sphinx, being a winged bull or lion with human face. The Gopat have been represented in ancient art of Iran since late second millennium BC, and was a common symbol for dominant royal power in ancient Iran. Gopats were common motifs in the art of Elamite period, Luristan, North and North West region of Iran in Iron Age, and Achaemenid art, and can be found in texts such as the ''Bundahishn'', the ''Dadestan-i Denig'', the '' Menog-i Khrad'', as well as in collections of tales, such as the ''Matikan-e yusht faryan'' and in its Islamic replication, the ''Marzubannama''.
*Löwenmensch figurine – The 32,000-year-old Aurignacian Löwenmensch figurine, also known as "lion-human" is the oldest known anthropomorphic statue, discovered in the Hohlenstein-Stadel, a German cave in 1939.
* Manticore – The Manticore (Early Middle Persian: ''Mardyakhor'' or ''Martikhwar'', means: Man-eaterPausanias, Pausanias, Description of Greece, 9.21.4) is an Iranian legendary hybrid creature and another similar creature to the sphinx.
* Narasimha – Narasimha ("man-lion") is described as an incarnation (Avatar) of Vishnu within the Puranic texts of Hinduism who takes the form of half-man/half-Asiatic lion, having a human torso and lower body, but with a lion-like face and claws.

Without feline features

*In ancient Assyria, bas-reliefs of shedu bulls with the crowned bearded heads of kings guarded the entrances of temples.
* Many Greek mythological creatures who are archaic survivals of previous mythologies with respect to the classical Olympian mythology, like the centaurs, are similar to the Sphinx.

Gallery

File:Maned sphinx of Amenemhat III. 12th Dynasty, c. 1800 BC. State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich.jpg, Maned sphinx of Amenemhat III. 12th Dynasty, c. 1800 BC. State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich.
File:Egyptian sphinx from Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli. 1st century AD. State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich.jpg, Egyptian sphinx from Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli. 1st century AD. State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich.
File:Column base in the shape of a double sphinx. From Sam'al. 8th century BC. Museum of the Ancient Orient, Istanbul.jpg, Column base in the shape of a double sphinx. From Sam'al. 8th century BC. Museum of the Ancient Orient, Istanbul.
File:Hittite sphinx. Basalt. 8th century BC. From Sam'al. Museum of the Ancient Orient, Istanbul.jpg, Hittite sphinx. Basalt. 8th century BC. From Sam'al. Museum of the Ancient Orient, Istanbul.
File:Sphinx Darius Louvre.jpg, Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great during Persian Empire at Susa (480 BC)
File:Persian sphinx at Halicarnassus.jpg, Achaemenid sphinx from Halicarnassus, capital of Caria, 355 BC. Found in Bodrum Castle, but possibly from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.
File:Head from a Female Sphinx, ca. 1876-1842 B.C.E.,56.85.jpg, Head from a female sphinx, c. 1876–1842 BC, Brooklyn Museum
File:The Great Pyramid and the Sphinx.jpg, The Great Sphinx of Giza in 1858
File:Museo Egizio di Torino-631 o.jpg, Typical Egyptian sphinx with a human head (Museo Egizio, Turin)
File:Hatshepsut-SmallSphinx MetropolitanMuseum.png, Sphinx of Egyptian pharaoh Hatshepsut with unusual ear and ruff features, 1503–1482
File:028MAD Sphinx.jpg, Ancient Greek sphinx from Delphi
File:Sphinxes.jpg, 3000-year-old sphinxes were imported from Egypt to embellish public spaces in Saint Petersburg and other European capitals.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 170-770, Potsdam, Sanssouci, Sphinx im Park Sanssouci.jpg, Park Sanssouci in Potsdam
File:Queluz Palace sphynx statue and ballroom wing.JPG, Queluz wingless rococo sphinx
File:Enghien CHSph1JPG.jpg, Classic Régence garden Sphinx in lead, Château Empain, the , Belgium
File:Sphinx - Park Schönbusch.jpg, Park Schönbusch in Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, 1789–90
File:IngresOdipusAndSphinx.jpg, Ingres, ''Oedipus and the Sphinx'', 1808, 1827
File:Oedipus and the Sphinx MET DP-14201-023.jpg, ''Oedipus and the Sphinx'' by Gustave Moreau, 1864
File:Jardin El Capricho Sfinxs at Plaza de los Emperadores05 cropped.jpg, Sphinx at Plaza de los Emperadores (Parque de El Capricho, Madrid)
File:Marble sphinx on a cavetto capital.jpg, Marble sphinx on a cavetto capital, Attic, c. 580–575 BC
File:Asmara, museo nazionale, la sfinge di adi gramaten 03.jpg, The Sphinx of Adi Gramaten, Eritrea
File:Wings of sphinges, Neapolis.JPG, Wings of sphinxes from the Thinissut sanctuary, c. 1st century AD ( Nabeul Museum, Tunisia)
File:Sphinx of Hetepheres II - fourth dynasty of Egypt.jpg, An early Egyptian sphinx, Queen Hetepheres II from the Fourth Dynasty (Cairo Museum)
File:Elamite Gopat.jpg, Picture of an Iranian Elamite Gopat on a seal, currently in the National Museum of Iran
File:A Luristan Bronze in the form of a Gopat.jpg, An Iranian Luristan Bronze in the form of a Gopat, currently in the Cleveland Museum of Art
File:Picture of a Gopat on a rython from Amarlou.jpg, Picture of a Gopat on a golden rhyton from Amarlou, Iran, currently in the National Museum of Iran
File:Sculpture model of an Egyptian sphinx. Late Period, 664-332 BCE. From Egypt. Neues Museum. Berlin.jpg, Sculpture model of an Egyptian sphinx. Late Period, 664-332 BC. From Egypt. Neues Museum, Berlin.

See also

* Hybrid creatures in mythology
* List of hybrid creatures in mythology

Similar hybrid creatures

* Anzû (older reading: Zû), Mesopotamian monster
* Chimera, Greek mythological hybrid monster
* Centaur and Ichthyocentaur, Greek horse and human hybrid, or horse, human, fish hybrid
* Cockatrice, snake with rooster's head and feet and bat's wings
* Dragon, European and East Asian reptile-like mythical creature
* Griffin or griffon, lion-bird hybrid
* Harpy, Greco-Roman mythological bird monster with woman's face
* Siren, Greco-Roman mythical creature with the combined features of a woman and bird, often a woman's head and breasts and a bird's body
* Lamassu, Assyrian deity, bull/lion-eagle-human hybrid
* Hippogryph, half eagle, half horse
* Manticore, Persian monster with a lion's body and a humanoid head.
* Nue, Japanese legendary creature
* Pegasus, winged stallion in Greek mythology
* Phoenix, self-regenerating bird in Greek mythology
* Pixiu or Pi Yao, Chinese mythical creature
* Qilin, Chinese/East Asian mythical hybrid creature
* Satyr, or Faun, a Greek or Roman mythical creature that is half human half goat
* Sharabha, Hindu mythology: lion-bird hybrid
* Simurgh, Iranian mythical flying creature
* Sirin, Russian mythological creature, half-woman half-bird
* Snow Lion, Tibetan mythological celestial animal
* Yali, Hindu mythological lion-elephant-horse hybrid
* Ziz, giant griffin-like bird in Jewish mythology
* Komainu to compare its use in Japanese culture
* Chinthe similar lion statues in Burma, Laos and Cambodia
* Shisa similar lion statues in the Ryukyu Islands
* Nian to compare with a similar but horned (unicorn) mythical beast
* Haetae to compare with similar lion-like statues in Korea.

Notes

References

* Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (1 June 1987). .
* Clay, Jenny Strauss, ''Hesiod's Cosmos'', Cambridge University Press, 2003. .
* Gantz, Timothy, ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: (Vol. 1), (Vol. 2).
* Kallich, Martin. "Oedipus and the Sphinx." ''Oedipus: Myth and Drama''. N.p.: Western, 1968. N. pag. Print.
* Most, G.W., ''Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia,'' Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most, Loeb Classical Library No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2018.
Online version at Harvard University Press

* Stewart, Desmond. Pyramids and the Sphinx. .l. ''Newsweek'', U.S., 72. Print.
*

Further reading

* Dessenne, André. ''La Sphinx: Étude iconographique'' (in French). De Boccard, 1957.

External links

Sphinx Head Found in Greek Tomb

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Ancient Egyptian symbols
Ancient Greek art
Egyptian artefact types
Egyptian legendary creatures
Fantasy creatures
Female legendary creatures
Greek legendary creatures
Horned deities
Human-headed mythical creatures
Monsters in Greek mythology
Mythological hybrids
Mythological lions
Mythological monsters
Riddles
Archaeology