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In
Some who grow succulents as a hobby may use the term in a different way from botanists. In
The storage of water often gives succulent plants a more swollen or fleshy appearance than other plants, a characteristic known as succulence. In addition to succulence, succulent plants variously have other water-saving features. These may include:
* crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to minimize water loss
* absent, reduced, or cylindrical-to-spherical leaves
* reduction in the number of stomata
* stems as the main site of
There are approximately sixty different plant families that contain succulents.
Plant orders, families, and genera in which succulent species occur are listed below.
Order
Succulents are favored as houseplants for their attractiveness and ease of care. They have been cultivated as houseplants since at least the 17th century. If properly potted, succulents require little maintenance to survive indoors. Succulents are very adaptable houseplants and will thrive in a range of indoor conditions. For most plant owners, over-watering and associated infections are the main cause of death in succulents.
Succulents can be propagated by different means. The most common is vegetative propagation; this includes ''cuttings'' where several inches of stem with leaves are cut and after healing, produce a callus. After a week or so, roots may grow. A second method is ''division'' consisting of uprooting an overgrown clump and pulling the stems and roots apart. A third method is propagation by leaf by allowing the formation of a callus. During this method, a bottom leaf is fully removed from the plant often by twisting or cutting. The leaf then dries out and a callus forms preventing the leaf from absorbing too much moisture and thus rotting. This method typically takes up to a few weeks to produce healthy roots that would eventually create new plants. The vegetative propagation can be different according to the species.
Succulent Plants of the World - an iNaturalist Project
{{Authority control Succulent plants, Plant common names Plant morphology Drought-tolerant plants Garden plants
botany
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...
, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plant
Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae excl ...
s with parts that are thickened, fleshy, and engorged, usually to retain water in arid
A region is arid when it severely lacks available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Regions with arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic. Most ...
climates or soil
Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Some scientific definitions distinguish ''dirt'' from ''soil'' by restricting the former ...
conditions. The word ''succulent'' comes from the Latin word ''sucus'', meaning "juice" or "sap".
Succulent plants may store water in various structures, such as leaves and stems. The water content of some succulent organs can get up to 90–95%, such as ''Glottiphyllum semicyllindricum
''Glottiphyllum'' is a genus of about 57 species of succulent subtropical plants of the family Aizoaceae. It is closely related to the '' Gibbaeum'' and '' Faucaria'' genera. The name comes from ancient Greek γλωττίς ''glottis'' "tongue" ...
'' and ''Mesembryanthemum barkleyii
''Mesembryanthemum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae; like many members of this family, it is characterized by long-lasting flower heads. Flowers of ''Mesembryanthemum'' protect their gametes from night-time dews or frosts ...
''. Some definitions also include root
In vascular plants, the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. They are most often below the su ...
s, thus geophyte
A storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy
(generally in the form of carbohydrates) or water. Storage organs often grow underground, where they are better protected from attack by herbivores. Plants that have ...
s that survive unfavorable periods by dying back to underground storage organ
A storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy
(generally in the form of carbohydrates) or water. Storage organs often grow underground, where they are better protected from attack by herbivores. Plants that have ...
s may be regarded as succulents. The habitats of these water-preserving plants are often in areas with high temperatures and low rainfall, such as deserts, but succulents may be found even in alpine
Alpine may refer to any mountainous region. It may also refer to:
Places Europe
* Alps, a European mountain range
** Alpine states, which overlap with the European range
Australia
* Alpine, New South Wales, a Northern Village
* Alpine National P ...
ecosystems growing in rocky soil. Succulents are characterized by their ability to thrive on limited water sources, such as mist and dew, which makes them equipped to survive in an ecosystem
An ecosystem (or ecological system) consists of all the organisms and the physical environment with which they interact. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Energy enters the syst ...
that contains scarce water sources.
Succulents are not a taxonomic category, since the term describes only the attributes of a particular species; some species in a genus or family may be succulent, whereas others are less so or not at all. Many plant families have multiple succulent species found within them (more than 25 plant families). In some families, such as Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plants or carpet weeds. They are often called vygies in South Africa and N ...
, Cactaceae
A cactus (, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word ''cactus'' derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Gre ...
, and Crassulaceae, most species are succulents. In horticultural
Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...
use, the term is sometimes used in a way that excludes plants that botanists would regard as succulents, such as cacti. Succulents are often grown as ornamental plant
Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that ...
s because of their striking and unusual appearance, as well as their ability to thrive with relatively minimal care.
Definition
By definition, succulent plants aredrought
A drought is defined as drier than normal conditions.Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, an ...
-resistant plants in which the leaves, stem, or roots have become more than usually fleshy by the development of water-storing tissue. Other sources exclude roots as in the definition "a plant with thick, fleshy and swollen stems and/or leaves, adapted to dry environments". The difference affects the relationship between succulents and " geophytes"–plants that survive unfavorable seasons as a resting bud on an underground organ. The underground organs, such as bulbs, corm
A corm, bulbo-tuber, or bulbotuber is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (perennation).
The word ' ...
s, and tuber
Tubers are a type of enlarged structure used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing ...
s, are often fleshy with water-storing tissues. Thus if roots are included in the definition, many geophytes would be classed as succulents. Plants adapted to living in dry environments such as succulents, are termed ''xerophyte
A xerophyte (from Ancient Greek language, Greek ξηρός ''xeros'' 'dry' + φυτόν ''phuton'' 'plant') is a species of plant that has adaptations to survive in an environment with little liquid water, such as a desert such as the Sahara or pl ...
s''. However, not all xerophytes are succulents, since there are other ways of adapting to a shortage of water, e.g., by developing small leaves which may roll up or having leathery rather than succulent leaves. Nor are all succulents xerophytes, as plants such as ''Crassula helmsii
''Crassula helmsii'', known as swamp stonecrop or New Zealand pigmyweed, is an aquatic or semiterrestrial species of succulent plant in the family Crassulaceae. Originally found in Australia and New Zealand, it has been introduced around the wor ...
'' are both succulent and aquatic.
Some who grow succulents as a hobby may use the term in a different way from botanists. In horticultural
Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...
use, the term ''succulent'' regularly excludes cacti. For example, Jacobsen's three volume ''Handbook of Succulent Plants'' does not include cacti. Many books covering the cultivation of these plants include "cacti and succulents" as the title or part of the title. However, in botanical terminology, cacti are succulents, but not the reverse as many succulent plants are not cacti. Cacti form a monophyletic group and apart from one species are native only to the New World (the Americas
The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America, North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. ...
), but through parallel evolution similar looking plants in completely different families like the Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae (from '' Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members ...
evolved in the Old World.
A further difficulty for general identification is that plant families are neither ''succulent'' nor ''non-succulent'' and can contain both. In many genera and families, there is a continuous gradation from plants with thin leaves and normal stems to those with very clearly thickened and fleshy leaves or stems. The ''succulent'' characteristic becomes meaningless for dividing plants into genera and families. Different sources may classify the same species differently.
Horticulturists often follow commercial conventions and may exclude other groups of plants such as bromeliads, that scientifically are considered succulents. A practical horticultural definition has become "a succulent plant is any desert plant that a succulent plant collector wishes to grow", without any consideration of scientific classifications. Commercial presentations of "succulent" plants will present those that customers commonly identify as such. Plants offered commercially then as "succulents" (such as hen and chicks), will less often include geophytes (in which the swollen storage organ is wholly underground), but will include plants with a caudex
A caudex (plural: caudices) of a plant is a stem, but the term is also used to mean a rootstock and particularly a basal stem structure from which new growth arises.pages 456 and 695
In the strict sense of the term, meaning a stem, "caudex" is ...
, that is a swollen above-ground organ at soil level, formed from a stem, a root, or both.
Appearance
The storage of water often gives succulent plants a more swollen or fleshy appearance than other plants, a characteristic known as succulence. In addition to succulence, succulent plants variously have other water-saving features. These may include:
* crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to minimize water loss
* absent, reduced, or cylindrical-to-spherical leaves
* reduction in the number of stomata
* stems as the main site of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical energy is stored in ...
, rather than leaves
* compact, reduced, cushion-like, columnar, or spherical growth form
* ribs enabling rapid increases in plant volume and decreasing surface area exposed to the sun
* waxy, hairy, or spiny outer surface to create a humid micro-habitat around the plant, which reduces air movement near the surface of the plant, and thereby reduces water loss and may create shade
* roots very near the surface of the soil, so they are able to take up moisture from very small showers or even from heavy dew
* ability to remain plump and full of water even with high internal temperatures (e.g., )
* very impervious outer cuticle (skin)
*fast wound sealing and healing
* mucilaginous substances, which retain water abundantly
Habitat
Other than inAntarctica
Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest cont ...
, succulents can be found within each continent. According to the World Wildlife Fund
The World Wide Fund for Nature Inc. (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the W ...
, South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring coun ...
is home to around a third of all succulent species. While it is often thought that most succulents come from dry areas such as steppe
In physical geography, a steppe () is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes.
Steppe biomes may include:
* the montane grasslands and shrublands biome
* the temperate gras ...
s, semi-desert, and desert, the world's driest areas do not make for proper succulent habitats, mainly due to the difficulty such low growing plants or seedlings would have to thrive in environments where they could easily be covered by sand. Australia, the world's driest inhabited continent, hosts very few native succulents due to the frequent and prolonged droughts. Even Africa, the continent with the most native succulents, does not host many of the plants in its most dry regions. However, while succulents are unable to grow in these harshest of conditions, they are able to grow in conditions that are uninhabitable by other plants. In fact, many succulents are able to thrive in dry conditions, and some are able to last up to two years without water depending on their surroundings and adaptations. Occasionally, succulents may occur as epiphytes, growing on other plants with limited or no contact with the ground, and being dependent on their ability to store water and gaining nutrients by other means; it is seen in '' Tillandsia''. Succulents also occur as inhabitants of sea
The sea, connected as the world ocean or simply the ocean, is the body of salty water that covers approximately 71% of the Earth's surface. The word sea is also used to denote second-order sections of the sea, such as the Mediterranean Sea, ...
coast
The coast, also known as the coastline or seashore, is defined as the area where land meets the ocean, or as a line that forms the boundary between the land and the coastline. The Earth has around of coastline. Coasts are important zones in n ...
s and dry lake
A dry lake bed, also known as a playa, is a basin or depression that formerly contained a standing surface water body, which disappears when evaporation processes exceeds recharge. If the floor of a dry lake is covered by deposits of alkaline c ...
s, which are exposed to high levels of dissolved minerals that are deadly to many other plant species. California is home to close to hundred succulent species that are native to the state, many of them live in coastal environments. Potted succulents are able to grow in most indoor environments with minimal care.
Conservation
In South Africa, several species have been threatened with extinction due to poaching from the wild for theblack market
A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by noncompliance with an institutional set of rules. If the rule defines the ...
and mining related activities. The plants are mainly sold to collectors in Asian countries, where there has been a high demand for them. It is illegal since 1974 to be in possession of protected succulents such as the '' Conophytum'' without authorisation in the Western Cape
The Western Cape is a province of South Africa, situated on the south-western coast of the country. It is the fourth largest of the nine provinces with an area of , and the third most populous, with an estimated 7 million inhabitants in 202 ...
and Northern Cape, the two South African provinces where they grow.
Families and genera
There are approximately sixty different plant families that contain succulents.
Plant orders, families, and genera in which succulent species occur are listed below.
Order Alismatales
The Alismatales (alismatids) are an order of flowering plants including about 4,500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats.
Description
The Alismatales compr ...
* Araceae: '' Zamioculcas''
Order Apiales
* Apiaceae: ''Azorella
''Azorella'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to South America, New Zealand, southeastern Australia, and the islands of the Southern Ocean.
They are low-growing dwarf mat-forming plants growing in high exposure on mo ...
, Crithmum
''Crithmum'' is a monospecific genus of flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, with the sole species ''Crithmum maritimum'', known as rock samphire, sea fennel or samphire. The name "samphire" is also used for several other unre ...
''
* Araliaceae
The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely, but it is predominantly distinguis ...
: '' Cussonia''
Order Arecales
Arecales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes.
Taxonomy
The APG IV system of 2016 places Dasypogon ...
(also called Principes)
* Arecaceae (also called Palmae) '' Jubaea''
Order Asparagales
* Amaryllidaceae (geophytes): '' Amaryllis'', '' Boophone'', '' Clivia,'' '' Crinum, Cryptostephanus'', ''Cyrtanthus
''Cyrtanthus'' is a genus of perennial, herbaceous and bulbous plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.
Taxonomy
''Cyrtanthus'' is the sole genus in the African tribe Cyrtantheae.
Phylogeny
The placement of Cyrtant ...
'', '' Haemanthus'', ''Rauhia
''Rauhia'' is a genus of Peruvian plants in the Amaryllis family.
;Species
*'' Rauhia decora'' Ravenna - Perú ( Amazonas)
*'' Rauhia multiflora'' (Kunth) Ravenna - Perú (Cajamarca)
*'' Rauhia occidentalis'' Ravenna - Perú (Cajamarca)
*'' Rau ...
'', '' Scadoxus'', ''Stenomesson
''Stenomesson'' is a genus of bulbous plants in the family Amaryllidaceae. All the species are native to western South America ( Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and northern Chile).Meerow, Alan W. 2000. Phylogeny of the American Amaryllidaceae based on ...
''
* Asparagaceae
** Agavoideae: '' Agave'', '' Beschorneria'', '' Furcraea'', '' Hesperaloe'', '' Hesperoyucca'', ''Manfreda
''Manfreda'' was a genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae. Along with '' Polianthes'', members are commonly called tuberoses. The generic name honours 14th-century Italian writer Manfredus de Monte Imperiale. A ...
, Polianthes
''Polianthes'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a formerly recognized genus of plants in family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae. molecular phylogenetic studies showed that ''Polianthes'' is embedded within the larger genus ''A ...
,'' ''Yucca
''Yucca'' is a genus of perennial shrubs and trees in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae. Its 40–50 species are notable for their rosettes of evergreen, tough, sword-shaped leaves and large terminal panicles of white or whitis ...
''
** Lomandroideae
Lomandroideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales, according to the APG III system of 2009. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, '' Lomandra''. The group h ...
: '' Cordyline''
** Nolinoideae: '' Beaucarnea'', ''Calibanus
''Calibanus'' is a genus of two species of flowering plants, both evergreen succulents from dry areas of northeastern Mexico. The APG III classification system places it in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family ...
'', '' Dasylirion'', '' Dracaena'', ''Nolina
''Nolina'' is a genus of tropical xerophytic flowering plants, with the principal distribution being in Mexico and extending into the southern United States. They are large, dioecious plants.
Some botanists have included the genus '' Beaucarne ...
''
** Scilloideae (Hyacinthaceae): ''Albuca
''Albuca'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. The genus is distributed mainly in southern and eastern Africa, with some species occurring in northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Plants of the g ...
'', '' Bowiea'', '' Daubenya'', '' Drimia'', '' Eucomis'', '' Lachenalia'', ''Ledebouria
''Ledebouria'' is a genus of African bulbous perennial herbs in the Asparagus family, Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. Most members were previously part of the genus ''Scilla''. A number of species are grown by cacti and succulent enthusiast ...
'', ''Massonia
''Massonia'' is a genus of bulbous perennial flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (also treated as the family Hyacinthaceae). It is native to southern Africa, and is found in localities such as Namaqualand with hot ...
'', '' Ornithogalum'', '' Scilla'', '' Urginea,'' '' Veltheimia''
* Doryanthaceae: '' Doryanthes''
* Orchidaceae
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.
Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowerin ...
: ''Acampe
''Acampe'', abbreviated as Acp in horticultural trade, is a genus of monopodial, epiphytic vandaceous species of orchids, distributed from tropical Asia from India, eastwards to China and southwards to Malaysia, and the Philippines as well as f ...
'', ''Aerangis
''Aerangis'', abbreviated as Aergs in horticultural trade, is a genus of the Orchid family (Orchidaceae). The name of this genus has been derived from the Greek words 'aer' (air) and 'angos' (urn), referring to the form of the lip. It is the type ...
'', ''Ansellia
''Ansellia'' is considered a monotypic genus of orchid, with only one species, ''Ansellia africana'', commonly known as African ansellia or leopard orchid, however, it may in fact be a complex group of species which share common floral structur ...
'', ''Bolusiella
''Bolusiella'' is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It consists of 4 currently recognized species that are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and the Comoro Islands.
''Bolusiella'' are often very small, no more than a f ...
'', '' Bulbophyllum'', '' Cirrhopetalum,'' '' Calanthe'', ''Cyrtorchis
''Cyrtorchis'' is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family Orchidaceae native to Africa.
Description
The species of the genus ''Cyrtorchis'' are epiphytic or lithophytic herbs,Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. & Coates Palgra ...
'', '' Dendrobium cucumerinum'', ''Eulophia
''Eulophia'', commonly known as corduroy orchids, is a genus of about two hundred species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Most ''Eulophia'' orchids are terrestrial but some are deciduous while others are evergreen. They eit ...
'', '' Liparis'', '' Oberonia'', ''Oeceoclades
''Oeceoclades'', collectively known as the monk orchids, is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is related to ''Eulophia'' and like that genus is mostly terrestrial in habit. A few species extend into very arid ...
'', ''Polystachya
''Polystachya'', abbreviated Pol in horticultural trade, and commonly known as yellowspike orchid, is a flowering plant genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). This rather distinctive genus was described by William Jackson Hooker in 1824 and is ...
'', ''Tridactyle
''Tridactyle'' is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It has about 60-70 known species, all native to sub-Saharan Africa.
Species
''Tridactyle'' species accepted by the Plants of the World Online
Plants of the Wo ...
'', ''Vanilla
Vanilla is a spice derived from orchids of the genus '' Vanilla'', primarily obtained from pods of the Mexican species, flat-leaved vanilla ('' V. planifolia'').
Pollination is required to make the plants produce the fruit from whic ...
''
* Asphodelaceae
** subfamily Asphodeloideae: '' Aloe'' (succulents and succulent geophytes), ''Astroloba
''Astroloba'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae,Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)"Asphodeloideae" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website'', retrieved 2016-06-10 native to the Cape Province of South Africa. ...
'', '' Tulista'', ''× Astrolista
× ''Astrolista'' (from ''Astroloba'' and ''Tulista'') is a nothogenus of naturally occurring inter-generic hybrids in the Little Karoo region of the Western Cape Province, South Africa.
Species
The nothogenus only contains one species × ''Ast ...
'', '' Bulbine'' (succulent geophytes, succulents, and geophytes), ''Bulbinella
''Bulbinella'' is a genus of plants in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae,Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)"Asphodeloideae" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 2016-06-10. first described as a genus in 1843. Many species are e ...
'' (geophyte), ''Chortolirion
''Chortolirion'' (Gk. 'chortos' = 'pasture', 'lirion' ='lily') is a genus of perennial plants in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae,Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)"Asphodeloideae" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 2016-06 ...
'' (succulent geophytes), '' Gasteria'', ''Gonialoe
''Gonialoe'' (the partridge aloes) is a small genus of three succulent plant species, indigenous to South Africa, Namibia and Angola. They were formerly included within the related genus ''Aloe''. The three species are '' Gonialoe variegata, Gon ...
'', '' Haworthia'', ''Trachyandra
''Trachyandra'' is a genus of plant in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae,Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)"Asphodeloideae" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website'', retrieved 2016-06-10 first described as a genus in 1843. It is native to eas ...
'' (succulent geophytes and succulents),
** subfamily Xanothorrhoeoidae: '' Xanthorrhoea''
Order Asterales
* Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...
: ''Arctotheca
''Arctotheca'' is a small genus of flowering plants in the aster family. They are annuals or perennials native to southern Africa. It is becoming an invasive weed in other parts of the world.Adam S., M. Campos, H.D.C. Heron, C. Staines, R. West ...
'', ''Baeriopsis
''Baeriopsis'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing the single species ''Baeriopsis guadalupensis''. It is endemic to the Guadalupe Island archipelago along the coast of Baja California in Mexico
M ...
'', '' Chrysanthemoides'', ''Coulterella
''Coulterella capitata'' is a species of flowering plants in the daisy family. It is the only species of genus ''Coulterella''. ''Coulterella'' was placed in the monotypic subtribe Coulterellinae, but is now included in Varillinae.
''Coulterell ...
'', ''Crassocephalum
''Crassocephalum'' is a genus the common names of whose members include ragleaf, thickhead, and bologi. Several species are raised as leaf vegetables and used for medicine, especially in West Africa. Similar to Senecio
''Senecio'' is a genu ...
'', '' Curio'', ''Delairea
''Delairea'' is a plant genus within the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa. Classified within the tribe Senecioneae, it contains only one species, ''Delairea odorata'', which was previously included in the genus ''Senecio'' as '' ...
'', '' Didelta'', '' Emilia'', ''Eremothamnus
''Eremothamnus marlothianus'' is a species of shrub in the family Asteraceae, the only species in the genus ''Eremothamnus''. It is native to the coastal desert of Namibia. It is a small shrub with spiny leaves.
Taxonomy and systematics
The gen ...
'', '' Gymnodiscus'', ''Gynura
''Gynura'' is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly ...
'', '' Hillardiella'' (geophyte), ''Lopholaena
''Lopholaena'' (from ''lophos'', a crest, and ''chlaina'', a cloak) is a genus of perennial shrubs and herbaceous plants in the family Asteraceae. About 20 species occur from tropical to southern Africa.
Description
The Pseudanthium, flower head ...
'', ''Monoculus
''Monoculus'' is a genus of succulent plants in the pot marigold tribe within the sunflower family, split from the genus ''Osteospermum'' by Bertil Nordenstam
Rune Bertil Nordenstam (born 1936) is a Swedish botanist and professor emeritus ...
'', ''Nidorella
''Nidorella'' is a genus of African flowering plants in the tribe Astereae within the family Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within t ...
'', ''Osteospermum
''Osteospermum'' , is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes or African daisies.
''Osteospermum'' used to belong to the gen ...
'', ''Othonna
''Othonna'' is a genus of approximately 90 species of succulent or subsucculent perennial herbs or shrubs, with its center of diversity in the Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of South Africa but some species' ranges include southern Namibi ...
'' (succulents and succulent geophytes), ''Phaneroglossa
''Phaneroglossa'' is a genus of plants that is assigned to the daisy family. It consists of only one species, ''Phaneroglossa bolusii'', a perennial plant of up to high, that has leathery, line- to lance-shaped, seated leaves with mostly few sh ...
'', '' Poecilolepis'', ''Polyachyrus
''Polyachyrus'' is a genus of South American plants in the family Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Comm ...
'', ''Pteronia
''Pteronia'' ("resin daisies") is a genus of evergreen, woody perennial plants assigned to the family Asteraceae with currently 76 described species. Like in almost all Asteraceae, the individual flowers are 5-merous, small and clustered in typi ...
'', ''Senecio
''Senecio'' is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) that includes ragworts and groundsels.
Variously circumscribed taxonomically, the genus ''Senecio'' is one of the largest genera of flowering plants.
Description
Mor ...
'', ''Solanecio
''Solanecio'' is a genus of African plants in the groundsel tribe within the sunflower family.
The name ''"Solanecio"'' is a combination of the names ''"Solanum"'' and ''"Senecio
''Senecio'' is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy fami ...
'', ''Tripteris
''Tripteris'' is a genus of African plants in the pot marigold tribe within the daisy family.
Some authors have classified as a ''Tripteris'' subgenus of ''Osteospermum'', but more recent studies support separating it as a distinct genus.Norden ...
''
* Campanulaceae: ''Brighamia
The Hawaiian lobelioids are a group of flowering plants in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae, subfamily Lobelioideae, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. This is the largest plant radiation in the Hawaiian Islands, and indeed the ...
''
Order Brassicales
* Brassicaceae: '' Heliophila'', ''Lepidium
''Lepidium'' is a genus of plants in the mustard/cabbage family, Brassicaceae. The genus is widely distributed in the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia.Capparidaceae
The Capparaceae (or Capparidaceae), commonly known as the caper family, are a family of plants in the order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, the family contains 33 genera and about 700 species. The largest genera are ''Capparis'' (about 1 ...
: ''Maerua
''Maerua'' is a genus of plants in the family Capparaceae
The Capparaceae (or Capparidaceae), commonly known as the caper family, are a family of plants in the order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, the family contains 33 genera and a ...
''
* Caricaceae
The Caricaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, found primarily in tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa. They are usually short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small to medium-sized trees growing ...
: '' Carica'', '' Jacarathia''
* Moringaceae: ''Moringa Moringa may refer to:
* ''Moringa'' (genus), a genus of plants
* ''Moringa oleifera'', or just moringa, a plant species native to the Indian subcontinent
* ''Moringa stenopetala
''Moringa stenopetala'', commonly known as the African Moringa or ...
''
Order Caryophyllales
* Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plants or carpet weeds. They are often called vygies in South Africa and N ...
: ''Corbichonia
''Corbichonia'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Lophiocarpaceae. Species in the genus are seed-bearing, vascular, succulent
In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants with parts that are thickened, fleshy, ...
'', ''Gisekia
''Gisekia'' is a genus of flowering plants. It is the only genus in the family Gisekiaceae. The family was recognized in the APG II system (2003) and assigned to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots. This represents a change from t ...
'', '' Herreanthus'', ''Limeum
''Limeum'' is a genus of flowering plants. It includes 25 species.
''Limeum'' has traditionally been recognized as belonging to the Molluginaceae family, but is now treated as the sole genus in the family Limeaceae. The family is newly recognize ...
'', '' Ophthalmophyllum'', '' Saphesia''
** subfamily Aizooideae: '' Acrosanthes'', ''Aizoanthemum
''Aizoanthemum'' is a small genus of plant in the family Aizoaceae, native to Namibia and Angola. It has only 5 species. Before being given their own genus, these species were considered a subgenus of ''Aizoon''. The genus name comes from the Gre ...
'', '' Aizoon'', ''Galenia
''Galenia'' is a synonym
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence' ...
'', ''Gunniopsis
''Gunniopsis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the iceplant family, Aizoaceae. These plants are found in areas of inland Australia.
''Gunniopis'' comprises 14 species that were once members of the genera ''Aizoon'', ''Gunnia'' and ''Neogunnia ...
'', '' Plinthus'', ''Tetragonia
''Tetragonia'' is a genus of about 85 species of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae, native to temperate and subtropical regions mostly of the Southern Hemisphere, in New Zealand, Australia, southern Africa and South America.
Descriptio ...
''
** subfamily Mesembryanthemoideae (syn. Mesembryanthemaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plants or carpet weeds. They are often called vygies in South Africa and New ...
): '' Aptenia'', '' Aridaria'', '' Aspazoma'', ''Brownanthus
''Mesembryanthemum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae; like many members of this family, it is characterized by long-lasting flower heads. Flowers of ''Mesembryanthemum'' protect their gametes from night-time dews or frosts ...
'', ''Calamophyllum
''Calamophyllum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly ...
'', '' Caulipsilon'', '' Conophytum'', '' Dactylopsis'', ''Erepsia
''Erepsia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ic ...
'', '' Hameria'', '' Hartmanthus'', ''Hymenogyne
''Hymenogyne'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae.
It is native to South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south ...
'', '' Marlothistela'', ''Mesembryanthemum
''Mesembryanthemum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae; like many members of this family, it is characterized by long-lasting flower heads. Flowers of ''Mesembryanthemum'' protect their gametes from night-time dews or frosts ...
'', '' Phiambolia'', '' Phyllobolus'', '' Prenia'', '' Psilocaulon'', '' Ruschiella'', '' Sarozona'', ''Sceletium
Sceletium tortuosum is a succulent plant commonly found in South Africa, which is also known as Kanna, Channa, Kougoed (Kauwgoed/ 'kougoed', prepared from 'fermenting' ''S. tortuosum'')—which literally means, 'chew(able) things' or 'something ...
'', '' Synaptophyllum''
** subfamily Ruschioideae:
*** tribe Apatesieae: '' Apatesia'', ''Carpanthea
''Carpanthea'', called vetkousie, is a genus of flowering plants in the iceplant family Aizoaceae, native to the southwest of the Cape Province
The Province of the Cape of Good Hope ( af, Provinsie Kaap die Goeie Hoop), commonly referred t ...
'', '' Caryotophora'', ''Conicosia
''Conicosia'' is a genus of succulent plants in the ice plant family native to southern Africa. They are known commonly as narrow-leafed ice plants. These are relatively short-lived perennials with underground stems and tentacle-shaped, dull-po ...
'', ''Hymenogyne
''Hymenogyne'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae.
It is native to South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south ...
'', '' Saphesia'', ''Skiatophytum
''Skiatophytum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly kn ...
''
*** tribe Dorotheantheae: ''Aethephyllum
''Cleretum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae, native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa.
Taxonomy
The genus ''Cleretum'' was erected by Nicholas Edward Brown in 1925. He published the name in a key, basing the diagnosis ...
'' ''Cleretum
''Cleretum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae, native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa.
Taxonomy
The genus ''Cleretum'' was erected by Nicholas Edward Brown in 1925. He published the name in a key, basing the diagnosis ...
'' ''Dorotheanthus
''Cleretum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae, native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa.
Taxonomy
The genus ''Cleretum'' was erected by Nicholas Edward Brown in 1925. He published the name in a key, basing the diagnos ...
''
*** tribe Ruschiae: '' Acrodon'', ''Aloinopsis
''Aloinopsis'' is a genus of ice plants from South Africa.
Description
This genus is closely related to the similar '' Titanopsis'', '' Deilanthe'' and '' Nananthus'' genera. ''Aloinopsis'' species have a rather large tuberous root system, and ...
'', ''Amphibolia
''Amphibolia'' is a genus of plant in family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plants or carpet we ...
'', ''Antegibbaeum
''Antegibbaeum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly k ...
'', ''Antimima
''Antimima'' is a succulent plant genus in the family Aizoaceae, indigenous to South Africa and Namibia
Namibia (, ), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares ...
'', '' Arenifera'', ''Argyroderma
''Argyroderma'' is a genus consisting of over 50 species of succulents in the iceplant family from South Africa.
Description
These distinctive plants are among those known as "living stones", because their highly succulent, usually stemless, ...
'', ''Astridia
''Astridia'' is a genus of plants in the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plants or carpet ...
'', '' Bergeranthus'', '' Bijlia'', '' Braunsia'', ''Brianhuntleya
''Brianhuntleya'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly know ...
'', ''Carpobrotus
''Carpobrotus'', commonly known as pigface, ice plant, sour fig, Hottentot fig, and clawberry is a genus of ground-creeping plants with succulent leaves and large daisy-like flowers. The name comes from the Ancient Greek ' "fruit" and ' "edible" ...
'', ''Carruanthus
''Carruanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants from the ice plant family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly know ...
'', ''Cephalophyllum
''Cephalophyllum'' is a genus of plants in the family Aizoaceae.
Species
* ''Cephalophyllum alstonii'' Marloth ex L.Bolus
* ''Cephalophyllum brevifolium'' L. Bolus
* ''Cephalophyllum caespitosum'' H.Hartmann
* ''Cephalophyllum compressum'' L ...
'', ''Cerochlamys
Cerochlamys is a genus of plants in the family Aizoaceae.the Plant List "Cerochlamys" (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=cerochlamys Accessed 22 July They are all succulent plant
In botany ...
'', ''Chasmatophyllum
''Chasmatophyllum'' is a genus of succulent plants native to the Karoo mountains of South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the sou ...
'', ''Cheiridopsis
''Cheiridopsis'' is a genus that consists of 100 species of flowering succulent perennial plants, native to semi-arid regions in the far west of Namibia and South Africa.
Description
Most species are clump-forming, a few are shrubby. The lea ...
'', '' Circandra'', '' Conophytum'', '' Corpuscularia'', '' Cylindrophyllum'', ''Delosperma
''Delosperma'' ('delos'=evident, 'sperma'=seed) is a genus of around 170 species of succulent plants, formerly included in '' Mesembryanthemum'' in the family Aizoaceae. It was defined by English botanist N. E. Brown in 1925. The genus is common ...
'', ''Dicrocaulon
''Dicrocaulon'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly kno ...
'', ''Didymaotus
''Didymaotus'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Aizoaceae, containing the single species ''Didymaotus lapidiformis''. The plant is also known by the names stone plant and (Afrikaans for cow hoof). It occurs nativ ...
'', '' Dinteranthus'', '' Diplosoma'', '' Disphyma'', ''Dracophilus
''Dracophilus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly kno ...
'', ''Drosanthemum
''Drosanthemum'' ("dewflowers") is a genus of succulent plants in the ice plant family native to the winter-rainfall regions of southern Africa
Southern Africa is the southernmost subregion of the African continent, south of the Congo and ...
'', '' Eberlanzia'', '' Ebracteola'', ''Enarganthe
''Enarganthe'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly know ...
'', ''Erepsia
''Erepsia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ic ...
'', '' Esterhuysenia'', '' Faucaria'', '' Fenestraria'', ''Frithia
''Frithia'' is a genus of succulent plants in the family Aizoaceae, indigenous to several small rocky areas in the vicinity of Gauteng Province, South Africa.
Description
Like several of its close relatives (e.g. ''Fenestraria'') and other plant ...
'', ''Gibbaeum
''Gibbaeum'' is a genus of about 21 species of small succulent plants of the family Aizoaceae, indigenous to the Little Karoo region of South Africa.
The name "Gibbaeum" comes from the Latin ''gibbosus'' (hunchback)
Description
These dwarf su ...
'', ''Glottiphyllum
''Glottiphyllum'' is a genus of about 57 species of succulent subtropical plants of the family Aizoaceae. It is closely related to the ''Gibbaeum'' and '' Faucaria'' genera. The name comes from ancient Greek γλωττίς ''glottis'' "tongue" a ...
'', ''Hallianthus
''Hallianthus'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae. It only contains one species, ''Hallianthus planus''
It is native to the Cape Provinces of the South African Republic.
The genus name of ''Hallianthus'' ...
'', '' Hereroa'', '' Ihlenfeldtia'', '' Imitaria'', '' Jacobsenia'', '' Jensenobotrya'', '' Jordaaniella'', '' Juttadinteria'', ''Khadia
''Khadia'' is a genus of plants in the family Aizoaceae. Some species under this genus include:
* ''Khadia acutipetala''
* ''Khadia alticola''
* ''Khadia beswickii'' (L.Bolus) N.E.Br.
* ''Khadia borealis''
* ''Khadia carolinensis''
* ''Khadia m ...
'', '' Lampranthus'', '' Lapidaria (plant)'', '' Leipoldtia'', ''Lithops
''Lithops'' is a genus of succulent plants in the ice plant family, Aizoaceae. Members of the genus are native to southern Africa. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek words () 'stone' and () 'face', referring to the stone-like appearan ...
'', ''Machairophyllum
''Machairophyllum'' is a genus of plants in the family Aizoaceae.
Selected species
L.Bolus
: List sources :
References
Aizoaceae
Aizoaceae genera
{{Aizoaceae-stub ...
'', '' Malephora'', ''Mestoklema
''Mestoklema'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ...
'', ''Meyerophytum
''Meyerophytum'' is a genus of succulent plants of the family Aizoaceae, indigenous to the arid region of the Namaqualand and Richtersveld, in the far north-west of South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), ...
'', ''Mitrophyllum
''Mitrophyllum'' is a genus of succulent plants of the family Aizoaceae, indigenous to the arid region around the Richtersveld, on the border of South Africa and Namibia.
Description
The species generally grow stems, at the top of which two s ...
'', ''Monilaria
''Monilaria'' is a genus of plants in the family ''Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plants or car ...
'', ''Mossia
''Mossia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae. It only contains one known species, ''Mossia intervallaris''.
Its native range is Lesotho and South Africa and it is found in the provinces of the Cape Pro ...
'', ''Muiria
''Muiria hortenseae'' ("mouse-head") is a rare dwarf species of succulent plant of the family Aizoaceae, indigenous to a very small area in the Little Karoo, Western Cape, South Africa. It is the only species in the monophyletic genus ''Muiria''. ...
'', '' Namaquanthus'', ''Namibia
Namibia (, ), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and ea ...
'', ''Nananthus
''Nananthus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ...
'', '' Nelia'', ''Neohenricia
''Neohenricia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae, native to South Africa. Low-lying succulents, they are found in places that can collect a little water, such as crevices and pans, on sandstone or dolorite, in areas that get ...
'', ''Octopoma
''Octopoma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as i ...
'', '' Odontophorus'', ''Oophytum
''Oophytum'' is a genus of succulent plants native to South Africa. Both species are endemic to the Knersvlakte
The Knersvlakte is a region of hilly terrain covered with quartz gravel in Namaqualand in the north-west corner of the Western Cape ...
'', '' Ophthalmophyllum'', ''Orthopterum
''Orthopterum'' is a genus of succulent plant in the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plan ...
'', '' Oscularia'', '' Ottosonderia'', '' Pleiospilos'', '' Polymita'', '' Psammophora'', '' Rabiea'', ''Rhinephyllum
''Rhinephyllum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae.
Its native range is Southern Africa.
Species:
*''Rhinephyllum broomii''
*''Rhinephyllum comptonii''
*''Rhinephyllum graniforme''
*''Rhinephyllum inaequale''
...
'', '' Rhombophyllum'', ''Ruschia
''Ruschia'' is a genus of succulent plant, in the family Aizoaceae, indigenous to the dryer parts of southern Africa.
Description
Typical features of the genus include grey or blue-green succulent leaves, that are 3-sided or triangular in cross- ...
'', '' Ruschianthemum'', ''Ruschianthus
''Ruschianthus falcatus'' is a species of plant in the family Aizoaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat
In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an ar ...
'', ''Schlechteranthus
''Schlechteranthus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae.
It is native to the Cape Provinces within the South African Republic.
The genus name of ''Schlechteranthus'' is in honour of Max Schlechter (1874–1960), br ...
'', '' Schwantesia'', ''Scopelogena
''Scopelogena'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known a ...
'', ''Smicrostigma
''Smicrostigma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known ...
'', '' Stayneria'', ''Stoeberia
''Stoeberia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae.
It is native to Namibia and also the Cape Provinces in the South African Republic.
The genus name of ''Stoeberia'' is in honour of Ernst Stoeber (1889–1927?), a G ...
'', '' Stomatium'' ''Tanquana
''Tanquana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ...
'' '' Titanopsis'', '' Trichodiadema'', ''Vanheerdea
''Vanheerdea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known a ...
'', ''Vanzijlia
''Vanzijlia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae. It only contains one known species, ''Vanzijlia annulata''.
It is native to the Cape Provinces of the South African Republic.
The genus name of ''Vanzijlia'' is in ...
'', '' Vlokia'', ''Wooleya
''Wooleya'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae. It only contains one known species, ''Wooleya farinosa''. It is also in tribe Ruschieae.
It is native to the Cape Provinces in the South African Republic.
T ...
'', ''Zeuktophyllum
''Zeuktophyllum'' is a succulent plant in the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plants ...
''
** subfamily Sesuvioideae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plants or carpet weeds. They are often called vygies in South Africa and New ...
: '' Cypselea'', '' Sesuvium'', ''Trianthema
''Trianthema'' is a genus of flowering plants in the ice plant family, Aizoaceae. Members of the genus are annuals or perennials generally characterized by fleshy, opposite, unequal, smooth-margined leaves, a prostrate growth form, flowers with ...
'', ''Tribulocarpus
''Tribulocarpus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly know ...
'', ''Zaleya
''Zaleya'' is a genus of flowering plants in the iceplant family Aizoaceae, found in Cape Verde, Africa, Madagascar, Réunion, Socotra, West Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Australia.
Species
Currently accepted species i ...
''
* Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus ''Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making i ...
:
** subfamily Amaranthoideae: '' Arthraerva''
** subfamily Chenopodioideae (family Chenopodiaceae):) ''Atriplex
''Atriplex'' () is a plant genus of about 250 species, known by the common names of saltbush and orache (; also spelled orach). It belongs to the subfamily Chenopodioideae of the family Amaranthaceae ''s.l.''.
The genus is quite variable and ...
'', '' Chenopodium'', ''Dissocarpus
''Dissocarpus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus ''Amaranthus''. It includes the former goo ...
'', ''Einadia
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classific ...
'', '' Enchylaena'', ''Eremophea
''Eremophea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus ''Amaranthus''. It includes the former goose ...
'', '' Halopeplis'', '' Maireana'', ''Malacocera
''Malacocera'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus ''Amaranthus''. It includes the former goos ...
'', ''Neobassia
''Neobassia'' is a genus of small shrubs in the family Chenopodiaceae (''sensu stricto''), which are included in Amaranthaceae family, ('' sensu lato'') according to the APG classification. Species are endemic to Australia.
Description
Species ...
'', ''Osteocarpum
''Osteocarpum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus ''Amaranthus''. It includes the former g ...
'', ''Rhagodia
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classific ...
'', '' Roycea'', ''Halosarcia
''Tecticornia'' is a genus of succulent, salt tolerant plants largely endemic to Australia. Taxa in the genus are commonly referred to as samphires. In 2007, the genus ''Halosarcia'', along with three other Australian genera (''Pachycornia'', ' ...
'', ''Salicornia
''Salicornia'' is a genus of succulent, halophytic (salt tolerant) flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae that grow in salt marshes, on beaches, and among mangroves. ''Salicornia'' species are native to North America, Europe, Central As ...
'', '' Salsola'', ''Sarcocornia
''Sarcocornia'' is a formerly recognized genus of flowering plants in the amaranth family, Amaranthaceae. Species are known commonly as samphires, glassworts, or saltworts. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that when separated from '' Sali ...
'', '' Sclerochlamys'', ''Sclerolaena
''Sclerolaena '' is a genus of annuals or short-lived perennials in the family Chenopodiaceae (''sensu stricto''), which are included in Amaranthaceae (''sensu lato
''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number ...
'', '' Suaeda'', ''Tecticornia
''Tecticornia'' is a genus of succulent, salt tolerant plants largely endemic to Australia. Taxa in the genus are commonly referred to as samphires. In 2007, the genus ''Halosarcia'', along with three other Australian genera (''Pachycornia'', ...
'', ''Threlkeldia
''Threlkeldia '' is a genus of annuals or short-lived perennials in the family Amaranthaceae. There are two species, both of which are endemic to Australia. Together they occur in all Australian states except Queensland.
*'' Threlkeldia incho ...
''
* Basellaceae: '' Anredera'', '' Basella''
* Cactaceae
A cactus (, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word ''cactus'' derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Gre ...
: ''Acanthocalycium
''Acanthocalycium'' is a genus of cactus consisting of several species from Argentina. The taxon name comes from Greek ''akantha'' (meaning ''prickly'') and ''kalyx'' (meaning ''buds''), which refers to the spines on the floral tubes.
These plan ...
'', ''Acanthocereus
''Acanthocereus'' is a genus of cacti. Its species take the form of shrubs with arching or climbing stems up to several meters in height. The generic name is derived from the Greek word ''άκανθα'' (''acantha''), meaning spine, and the Lat ...
'', ''Ariocarpus
''Ariocarpus'' is a small genus of succulent, subtropical plants of the family Cactaceae.
The name comes from the ancient Greek "aria" (an oak type) and "carpos" (=fruit) because of the resemblance of the fruit of the two genus in acorn for ...
'', ''Armatocereus
''Armatocereus'' (from Latin ''armatus'', "armed" and ''cereus'', "pliant/soft") is a genus of mostly tree-like cacti from South America (Ecuador and Peru). These species have a conspicuous constriction at the end of the annual growth. The flowe ...
'', '' Arrojadoa'', ''Arthrocereus
''Arthrocereus'' is a genus of cactus, originating from southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Species
Species in the genus include:
References
Arthrocereus,
Cacti of South America
Endemic flora of Brazil
Flora of Minas Gerais
Cactoideae ge ...
'', '' Astrophytum'', ''Austrocactus
''Austrocactus'' is a genus of cacti with ten species endemic of southern South America, in Argentina and Chile.
They have solitary or branched bodies, the ribs are usually divided into tubercules (except ''Austrocactus spiniflorus''). The tall ...
'', ''Aztekium
The genus ''Aztekium'' contains three species of small globular cactus. Discovered in 1929 by F. Ritter, in Rayones, Nuevo León, Mexico, this genus was thought to be monotypic (with ''Aztekium ritteri'') until a second species ('' Aztekium hint ...
'', ''Bergerocactus
''Bergerocactus emoryi'' is a species of cactus, known commonly as the golden-spined cereus, golden snake cactus, velvet cactus or golden club cactus. It is a relatively small cactus, but it can form dense thickets or colonies, with the dense ye ...
'', ''Blossfeldia
''Blossfeldia'' is a genus of cactus (family Cactaceae) containing only one species, ''Blossfeldia liliputiana'', native to South America in northwestern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Catamarca and Mendoza Provinces) and southern Bolivia ...
'', ''Brachycereus
The lava cactus is a species of cactus, ''Brachycereus nesioticus'', the sole species of the genus ''Brachycereus''. The plant is a colonizer of lava fields – hence its common name – where it forms spiny clumps up to tall. Its solitary white ...
'', ''Browningia
''Browningia'' is a genus of cacti, comprising 11 accepted and 3 unresolved species. It is named for Webster E Browning (1869-1942), director of the Instituto Inglés, Santiago
Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capita ...
'', ''Brasilicereus
''Brasilicereus'' is a genus of cacti known only from Brazil and comprising 2 species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A ...
'', ''Calymmanthium
''Calymmanthium'' is a monotypic genus of primitive tree-like cacti from northern Peru. The only species is ''Calymmanthium substerile'' (also known as ''C. fertile''). It belongs to the tribe Lymanbensonieae
Lymanbensonieae is a tribe of c ...
'', ''Carnegiea
The saguaro (, ) (''Carnegiea gigantea'') is a tree-like cactus species in the monotypic genus ''Carnegiea'' that can grow to be over tall. It is native to the Sonoran Desert in Arizona, the Mexican state of Sonora, and the Whipple Mountains ...
'', '' Cephalocereus'', ''Cephalocleistocactus
''Cleistocactus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceae, native to mountainous areas - to - of South America (Peru, Uruguay, Bolivia and Argentina). The name comes from the Greek ''kleistos'' meaning closed because th ...
'', '' Cereus'', '' Cintia'', ''Cipocereus
''Cipocereus'' is a genus of cactus, cacti from Brazil. These species were previously included in the genera ''Pilosocereus'' and ''Cereus (plant), Cereus''. Species
Synonymy
The genus ''Floribunda'' F.Ritter has been brought into synonymy with ...
'', ''Cleistocactus
''Cleistocactus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceae, native to mountainous areas - to - of South America (Peru, Uruguay, Bolivia and Argentina). The name comes from the Greek ''kleistos'' meaning closed because the f ...
'', '' Coleocephalocereus'', ''Copiapoa
''Copiapoa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceae, from the dry coastal deserts, particularly the Atacama Desert, of northern Chile.
Description
It comprises 32 morphologically defined species and 5 heterotypic subspec ...
'', ''Corryocactus
''Corryocactus'' is a genus of cacti. The genus was formerly placed in the tribe Notocacteae. It has also been placed in the tribe Echinocereeae. A 2011 molecular phylogenetic study excluded the genus from the "core" Echinocereeae, commenting ...
'', '' Coryphantha'', ''Dendrocereus
''Acanthocereus'' is a genus of cacti. Its species take the form of shrubs with arching or climbing stems up to several meters in height. The generic name is derived from the Greek word ''άκανθα'' (''acantha''), meaning spine, and the Lat ...
'', '' Denmoza'', ''Discocactus
''Discocactus'' is a genus of tropical cacti. The name comes from the ancient Greek ' (=disc) because of its shape. ''Discocactus'' plants are endemic to southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia, and northern Paraguay. These species are in the risk of ...
'', '' Disocactus'', '' Echinocactus'', ''Echinocereus
''Echinocereus'' is a genus of ribbed, usually small to medium-sized, cylindrical shaped cacti, comprising about 70 species native to the southern United States and Mexico in very sunny, rocky places. Usually the flowers are large and the fruit ...
'', '' Echinopsis'', '' Epiphyllum'', '' Epithelantha'', ''Eriosyce
''Eriosyce'' is a genus of cacti native to Chile. Description
They are spherical to cylindrical plants that rarely sprout. The plants reach heights of growth of up to 1 m and have a diameter of up to 50 cm. They form 7 to 30 ribs on which the tho ...
'', '' Escobaria'', ''Escontria
''Escontria'' is a genus of cactus. The only species is ''Escontria chiotilla'', the chiotilla or jiotilla. The species originates from Mexico (Guerrero, Michoacán, Oaxaca, southern Puebla).
This is a tree-like cactus, up to 7 metres tall. ...
'', ''Espostoa
''Espostoa'' is a genus of columnar cacti, comprising 16 species known from the Andes of southern Ecuador and Peru. It usually lives at an altitude of between 800m and 2500m. Its fruit is edible, sweet, and juicy. The genus is named after Nicol ...
'', '' Espostoopsis'', ''Eulychnia
''Eulychnia'' is a genus of candelabriform or arborescent cactus, cacti, comprising between 6 and 9 species depending on the authority. These desert cacti can survive under very hot conditions—temperatures can reach up to 50 degrees Celsius. F ...
'', '' Facheiroa'', '' Ferocactus'', '' Frailea'', '' Geohintonia'', '' Gymnocalycium'', ''Haageocereus
''Haageocereus'' is a genus of cacti endemic to the lower elevations of the extremely dry desert along the coast of Peru and northern Chile. Species
As of 2021 species include:
Natural Hybrids
Synonymy
The following genera have been brou ...
'', '' Harrisia'', ''Hatiora
''Hatiora'' is a small genus of epiphytic cacti which belongs to the tribe Rhipsalideae within the subfamily Cactoideae of the Cactaceae. Recent taxonomic studies have led to the three species formerly placed in subgenus ''Rhipsalidopsis'' being ...
'', '' Hylocereus'', '' Jasminocereus'', '' Lasiocereus'', ''Leocereus
''Leocereus bahiensis'' is a species of cactus and the only species of the genus ''Leocereus''.
Distribution
The cactus is endemic to Brazil, within Bahia state. It is found growing in the campos rupestres (rocky fields) montane savanna ecor ...
'', ''Lepismium
''Lepismium'' is a genus of mostly epiphytic cacti, with a dozen species. They are found in tropical South America.
Synonymy
The following genera have been brought into synonymy with this genus:
*''Acanthorhipsalis'' ( K.Schum.) Britton & Rose ...
'', ''Leptocereus
''Leptocereus'' is a genus of cacti native to the Greater Antilles. It has been placed in the tribe Leptocereeae or in a broadly defined Echinocereeae.
Species
, Plants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online dat ...
'', '' Leuchtenbergia'', '' Lophophora'', ''Maihuenia
''Maihuenia'' is a genus of cactus (family Cactaceae) and the sole genus of the subfamily Maihuenioideae, which is the smallest subfamily of the Cactaceae. The genus comprises two cushion-forming, mucilaginous species. They are found at high elev ...
'', '' Malacocarpus'', '' Mammillaria'', ''Mammilloydia
''Mammilloydia'' is a genus of cactus containing the sole species ''Mammilloydia candida'', the snowball cactus., p. 450
Description
''Mammilloydia candida'' is green, globe-shaped, but with age it becomes almost cylindrical. It can reach a diame ...
'', ''Matucana
''Matucana'' is a genus of cactus, cacti (family (biology), family Cactaceae), containing approximately 20 species of mostly globular plants. The genus is only known from Peru, mostly along the Marañón River.
The first species was discovered ...
'', ''Melocactus
''Melocactus'' (melon cactus), also known as the Turk's cap cactus, is a genus of cactus with about 30–40 species. They are native to the Caribbean, western Mexico through Central America to northern South America, with some species along th ...
'', ''Micranthocereus
''Micranthocereus'' is genus of cactus. It originates from Brazil and includes about 11 species.
The two genera ''Austrocephalocereus'' Backeb. and ''Siccobaccatus'' P.J.Braun & have been brought into synonym (taxonomy), synonymy with this genu ...
'', '' Mila'', ''Monvillea
''Acanthocereus'' is a genus of cacti. Its species take the form of shrubs with arching or climbing stems up to several meters in height. The generic name is derived from the Greek word ''άκανθα'' (''acantha''), meaning spine, and the Lat ...
'', ''Myrtillocactus
''Myrtillocactus'' (from Latin, "blueberry cactus") is a genus of cacti. The genus is found from Mexico to Guatemala. The genus is best known with '' Myrtillocactus geometrizans''.
The genus ''Myrtillocereus'' Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.) has be ...
'', '' Neobuxbaumia'', '' Neoraimondia'', ''Neowerdermannia
''Neowerdermannia'' is a genus of South American cacti. Species
The genus comprises only two species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of ...
'', ''Obregonia
''Obregonia'', the artichoke cactus, is a monotypic genus of cacti, containing the species ''Obregonia denegrii''. The species is endemic to the state of Tamaulipas in Mexico.
The genus ''Obregonia'' is named after Álvaro Obregón, while ...
'', '' Opuntia'', '' Cylindropuntia'', ''Oreocereus
''Oreocereus'' is a genus of cactus, cacti (family (biology), family Cactaceae), known only from high altitudes of the Andes.
Its name means "mountain Cereus (plant), cereus", formed from the Greek prefix ' (, mountain) and the New Latin ', mean ...
'', ''Oroya
''Oroya'' is a genus of cacti (family Cactaceae), originating from Peru.
The name comes from the Peruvian town of la Oroya
La Oroya is a city on the River Mantaro in central Peru. It is situated on the Andes some 176 km east-north-e ...
'', '' Ortegocactus'', '' Pachycereus'', ''Parodia
''Parodia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cactaceae, native to the eastern slopes of the Andes in northwestern Argentina and southwestern Bolivia and in the lowland pampas regions of northeastern Argentina, southern Brazil, eastern ...
'', ''Pediocactus
''Pediocactus'' ( Greek: πεδίον (pedion) means "plain", "flat", "field") is a genus of cacti. The genus comprises between 6 and 11 species, depending upon the authority. Species of this genus are referred to as hedgehog cacti, though that ...
'', ''Pelecyphora
''Pelecyphora'' is a genus of cacti, comprising 2 species. They originate from Mexico.
''Pelecyphora'' is known for its medicinal properties and may have been utilized as a psychoactive in the same way as '' Lophophora williamsii''. It is kn ...
'', ''Peniocereus
''Peniocereus'' is a genus of vining cacti, comprising about 18 species, found from the southwestern United States and Mexico. They have a large underground tuber, thin and inconspicuous stems.
Its name comes from the prefix ''penio-'' (from the ...
'', ''Pereskia
''Pereskia'' is a small genus of about four species of cacti that do not look much like other types of cacti, having substantial leaves and non-succulent stems. The genus is named after Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, a 16th-century French bota ...
'', ''Pereskiopsis
''Pereskiopsis'' is a genus of cactus (family Cactaceae) in the subfamily Opuntioideae. Unlike typical cacti, it has persistent fleshy leaves. The genus name refers to its resemblance to the genus '' Pereskia''. Most species are found in Mexico ...
'', ''Pilosocereus
''Pilosocereus'' (from Latin, "hairy cereus") is a genus of cactus native to the Neotropics. Tree cactus is a common name for ''Pilosocereus'' species.
The commonly cultivated '' Pilosocereus pachycladus'' ( syn. ''Pilosocereus azureus'') is a b ...
'', '' Polaskia'', '' Praecereus'', ''Pseudoacanthocereus
''Strophocactus'' is a genus of cacti in the subfamily Cactoideae. Its status and circumscription remain somewhat uncertain, with the genus containing one to three species (not always the same ones). Molecular phylogenetic data suggest that it co ...
'', ''Pseudorhipsalis
''Pseudorhipsalis'' is genus of cacti. This genus is often included in ''Disocactus''. It is epiphytic, many branched, and elongated with flattened, serrated cladodes. In its early life, it stands erect, but soon becomes prostrate. It produces nu ...
'', ''Pterocactus
''Pterocactus'' (from Greek ''pteron'', "wing", referring to the saucer-shaped seed of these plants) is a genus of the cactus family (Cactaceae), comprising 9 species. All ''Pterocactus'' have tuberous roots and are endemic to South and Weste ...
'', '' Pygmaeocereus'', ''Quiabentia
''Quiabentia'' is a genus of cacti, closely related to '' Pereskiopsis''.
Species
Species of the genus ''Quiabentia'' according to Plants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Bota ...
'', ''Rauhocereus
''Rauhocereus'' is a genus of cacti (family Cactaceae) with nocturnal flowers. It is known from northern Peru (Rio Santa
The Santa River ( es, Río Santa) is a river in the South American Andes mountain range in the Ancash Region of northw ...
'', '' Rebutia'', '' Rhipsalis'', ''Samaipaticereus
''Samaipaticereus'' is a genus of cactus containing the sole species ''Samaipaticereus corroanus''. It is known only from East Andean Bolivia and Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional ...
'', ''Schlumbergera
''Schlumbergera'' is a small genus of cacti with six to nine species found in the coastal mountains of south-eastern Brazil. These plants grow on trees or rocks in habitats that are generally shady with high humidity, and can be quite differen ...
'', ''Sclerocactus
''Sclerocactus'' ("hard cactus", from Greek; refers to the hard, dry fruit) is a genus of cacti. It comprises about 15 species, the exact number depending on the authority. These species are very xerophytic. They are sometimes called 'fishhook ...
'', '' Selenicereus'', ''Stenocactus
''Stenocactus'' is a genus of cacti in the Cactaceae family.
Synonymy
The following genera have been brought into synonymy with ''Stenocactus'':
*''Echinofossulocactus'' Britton & Rose
*''Efossus'' Orcutt
Orcutt is an unincorporated town and ...
'', '' Stenocereus'', '' Stephanocereus'', '' Stetsonia'', ''Strombocactus
''Strombocactus disciformis'' is a rare species of cacti and the only species of the genus ''Strombocactus''. The plant originates from Central and Northeast Mexico.
Description
''Strombocactus'' is a monotypic genus with a strong turnip-lik ...
'', ''Tacinga
''Tacinga'' is a genus in the cactus family Cactaceae, native to northeast Brazil (from northeast Minas Gerais to southern Rio Grande do Norte, including Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco and Paraíba). Once thought to be monotypic
In biol ...
'', '' Thelocactus'', '' Trichocereus'' '' Turbinicarpus'', ''Uebelmannia
''Uebelmannia'' is genus of cactus. Description
Species in the genus Uebelmannia grow individually and practically never branch. Their spherical to cylindrical shoots reach heights of growth of up to 75 centimeters. The epidermis is smooth, papil ...
'', ''Weberbauerocereus
''Weberbauerocereus'' is a genus of ceroid cactus, considered to be intermediate between the genera ''Trichocereus'' and ''Cleistocactus''. The genus is named after August Weberbauer because of his extensive research in the Peruvian Andes. Speci ...
'', ''Weberocereus
''Weberocereus'' is genus of cacti. It produces a green and white flower and is found mainly in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Description
The species of the genus ''Weberocereus'' grows climbing or hanging, epiphytic or lithophytic. Their shoots, whi ...
'', ''Yungasocereus
''Yungasocereus inquisivensis'' is a species of cactus native to Bolivia, the sole member of its genus, ''Yungasocereus''.
It is a columnar cactus, appearing either as a tree or shrub, ranging up to 4–5 meters in height. The 6–7 cm diam ...
''
* Didiereaceae: '' Alluaudia'', ''Alluaudiopsis
''Alluaudiopsis'' is a genus of shrubby flowering plants belonging to the family Didiereaceae
Didiereaceae is a family of flowering plants found in continental Africa and Madagascar.
It contains 20 species classified in three subfamilies and ...
'', '' Decaria'', ''Didierea
''Didierea'' is a genus of succulent flowering plants in the family Didiereaceae. It is dedicated to naturalist Alfred Grandidier (1836-1921).
Species of ''Didierea'' are dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants. The two kno ...
''
* Molluginaceae: ''Hypertelis
''Hypertelis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Molluginaceae. Most of its former species have been transferred to the new genus '' Kewa'', and the remaining species, ''Hypertelis spergulacea'', may also need a different placement. ' ...
''
* Phytolaccaceae
Phytolaccaceae is a family of flowering plants. Though almost universally recognized by taxonomists, its circumscription has varied. It is also known as the Pokeweed family.
The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), ...
: '' Phytolacca''
* Portulacaceae: '' Amphipetalum'', '' Anacampseros'', '' Avonia'', ''Calyptrotheca
''Calyptrotheca'' is a genus of flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek language, Greek words ...
'', ''Ceraria
''Portulacaria'' is a genus of succulent plant, classified in its own subfamily Portulacarioideae in the family Didiereaceae. It is indigenous to southern Africa.
Taxonomy
The genus was previously placed in the family Portulacaceae, but accordin ...
'', ''Cistanthe
''Cistanthe'' is a plant genus which includes most plants known as pussypaws. These are small, succulent flowering plants which often bear brightly colored flowers, though they vary quite a bit between species in appearance. Some species have fl ...
'', ''Calandrinia
''Calandrinia'' is a large genus of flowering plants known as purslanes and redmaids. It includes over 100 species of annual and perennial herbs which bear colorful flowers in shades of red to purple and white. Plants of this genus are native to ...
'', '' Dendroportulaca'', '' Grahamia'', '' Lewisia'', '' Parakeelya'', '' Portulaca'', ''Portulacaria
''Portulacaria'' is a genus of succulent plant, classified in its own subfamily Portulacarioideae in the family Didiereaceae. It is indigenous to southern Africa.
Taxonomy
The genus was previously placed in the family Portulacaceae, but accord ...
'', '' Schreiteria'', '' Talinella'', '' Talinum''
Order Commelinales
* Commelinaceae: ''Aneilema
''Aneilema'' is a genus of monocotyledonous plants of approximately 60 species. The vast majority of the species are native to sub-Saharan Africa, but a few are found in Oceania and one, '' Aneilema brasiliense'', is from South America. It is th ...
'', '' Callisia'', '' Cyanotis'', '' Tradescantia'', ''Tripogandra
''Tripogandra'' is a genus of flowering plants in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. It is native to the Western Hemisphere from central Mexico and the West Indies south to Argentina.Davidse, G., M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater. 1994. Alism ...
''
Order Cornales
* Loasaceae: ''Schismocarpus
''Schismocarpus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Loasaceae
Loasaceae is a family of 15–20 genera and about 200–260 species of flowering plants in the order Cornales, native to the Americas and Africa. Members of th ...
''
Order Cucurbitales
* Begoniaceae: ''Begonia
''Begonia'' is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Begoniaceae. The genus contains more than 2,000 different plant species. The Begonias are native to moist subtropical and tropical climates. Some species are commonly grown i ...
''
* Cucurbitaceae: ''Acanthosicyos
''Acanthosicyos'' is a genus of thorny shrubs of the botanical family Cucurbitaceae, subfamily Cucurbitoideae. The genus name derives from the Greek words "''akantha''" for thorn and "''sykios''" for cucumber or gourd. Species
Endemic to the Na ...
'', ''Apodanthera
''Apodanthera'' is a genus of plants in the family Cucurbitaceae
The Cucurbitaceae, also called cucurbits or the gourd family, are a plant family consisting of about 965 species in around 95 genera, of which the most important to humans are:
* ...
'', ''Brandegea
''Brandegea'' is a monotypic genus containing the single species ''Brandegea bigelovii'', the desert starvine. This sprawling perennial vine in the squash family is native to the deserts of California, Arizona, and northern Mexico. The distincti ...
'', '' Cephalopentandra'', ''Ceratosanthes
''Ceratosanthes'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae.
Its native range is Tropical America.
Species:
*''Ceratosanthes angustiloba''
*''Ceratosanthes cuneata''
*''Ceratosanthes hilariana''
*''Ceratosanthes h ...
'', '' Citrullus'', ''Coccinia
The scarlet gourds are a genus (''Coccinia'' from the Greek, ''kokkinia'' or ''kokkinias'' - "red" or "scarlet") with 25 species. It is distributed in sub-Saharan Africa and with one species, ''C. grandis'' also in South and South-east Asia, an ...
'', '' Corallocarpus'', '' Cucumella'', '' Cucumis'', ''Cucurbita
''Cucurbita'' (Latin for gourd) is a genus of herbaceous fruits in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae (also known as ''cucurbits'' or ''cucurbi''), native to the Andes and Mesoamerica. Five edible species are grown and consumed for their flesh an ...
'', '' Cyclantheropsis'', '' Dactyliandra'', '' Dendrosicyos'', '' Doyera'', '' Eureindra'', ''Fevillea
''Fevillea'' is a genus of the plant family Cucurbitaceae (the cucumber, squash, and pumpkin family). Some references suggest that there is only one member of this genus, '' Fevillea cordifolia'' (antidote vine). Other online sources make refere ...
'', '' Gerrandanthus'', '' Gynostemma'', '' Halosicyos'', '' Ibervilla'', '' Kedostris'', '' Lagenaria'', '' Marah'', '' Momordica'', ''Neoalsomitra
''Neoalsomitra'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Squash Family (Cucurbitaceae).
Its native range is Tropical and Subtropical Asia to Fiji
Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the ...
'', '' Odosicyos'', '' Parasicyos'', '' Syrigia'', ''Telfairia
''Telfairia'' is a small genus of flowering plants in the squash family which are native to Africa. They include ''Telfairia occidentalis'', the fluted pumpkin, which is an important vegetable in Nigeria and other African nations. It is also kno ...
'', '' Trochomeria'', ''Trochomeriopsis
''Trochomeriopsis'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae
The Cucurbitaceae, also called cucurbits or the gourd family, are a plant family consisting of about 965 species in around 95 genera, of which the most i ...
'', ''Tumamoca
''Tumamoca'' is a plant genus in the family Cucurbitaceae. It is named for Tumamoc Hill just west of the City of Tucson, Arizona, where the University of Arizona maintains an ecological research station. The type specimen
In biology, a ty ...
'', '' Xerosicyos'', '' Zehneria'', '' Zygosicyos''
Order Dioscoreales
* Dioscoreaceae: '' Dioscorea''
Order Ericales
* Balsaminaceae: '' Impatiens''
* Ericaceae: ''Sphyrospermum
''Sphyrospermum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Ericaceae
The Ericaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. ...
''
* Fouquieriaceae
''Fouquieria'' is a genus of 11 species of desert plants, the sole genus in the family Fouquieriaceae. The genus includes the ocotillo ('' F. splendens'') and the Boojum tree or cirio ('' F. columnaris''). They have semisucculent stems with thin ...
: '' Fouquieria''
Order Fabales
* : '' Delonix'', '' Dolichos'', '' Erythrina'', ''Lotononis
''Lotononis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae and the tribe Crotalarieae. Almost all of the species in the genus occur in southern Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, a ...
'', '' Lupinus'', ''Neorautanenia
''Neorautanenia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae
The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the ...
'', '' Pachyrhizus'', ''Tylosema
The genus ''Tylosema'' is in the plant family Fabaceae and encompasses four accepted species of perennial legumes native to southern and central Africa. These are semi-woody viniferous plants broadly distributed from Sudan and Ethiopia south to ...
''
Order Filicales
*Polypodiaceae
Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broade ...
''Drymoglossum niphoboloides'', ''Lecanopteris carnosa''
Order Gentianales
* Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae (from '' Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members ...
: ''Adenium
''Adenium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1819. It is native to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
Cultivation and uses
''Adenium obesum'' is grown as a houseplant in temperate and tropica ...
'', '' Mandevilla'', ''Pachypodium
''Pachypodium'' is a genus of succulent spine-bearing trees and shrubs, native to Madagascar and Africa. It belongs to the family Apocynaceae.
Genus characteristics
All ''Pachypodium'' are succulent plants that exhibit, to varying degrees, ...
'', ''Plumeria
''Plumeria'' (), known as frangipani, is a genus of flowering plants in the subfamily Rauvolfioideae, of the family Apocynaceae. Most species are deciduous shrubs or small trees. The species variously are endemic to Mexico, Central America, and ...
''
** subfamily Asclepiadoideae (syn. Asclepiadaceae
The Asclepiadoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Formerly, they were treated as a separate family under the name Asclepiadaceae, e.g. by APG II, and known as the milkweed family.
They form a group of perennial herbs, twi ...
): '' Absolmsia'', ''Australluma
''Australluma'' is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane fami ...
'', ''Aspidoglossum
''Aspidoglossum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1838. It is native to Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 3 ...
'', ''Aspidonepsis
''Aspidonepsis'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae.
Its native range is Southern Africa.
Species:
*''Aspidonepsis cognata''
*''Aspidonepsis diploglossa''
*''Aspidonepsis flava''
*''Aspidonepsis reenensis'' ...
'', ''Baynesia
''Baynesia'' is a genus of plants in family Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae (from '' Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane fami ...
'', '' Brachystelma'', ''Ceropegia
''Ceropegia'' is a genus of plants within the family Apocynaceae, native to Africa, southern Asia, and Australia. It was named by Carl Linnaeus, who first described this genus in his ''Genera plantarum'', which appeared in 1737. Linnaeus referr ...
'', ''Chlorocyathus
''Chlorocyathus '' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae, first described in 1887. It is native to southern Africa.
;Species
# '' Chlorocyathus lobulata'' (Venter & R.L.Verh.) Venter - Bathurst District in Cape Province of South Africa
# '' ...
'', '' Cibirhiza'', '' Cordylogyne'', '' Cynanchum'', '' Dischidia'', ''Dischidiopsis
''Dischidiopsis'' is a genus of plant in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1904. One species ''(D. papuana)'' is native to New Guinea, while all the others endemic to the Philippines.
;Species
References
{{Ta ...
'', ''Duvaliandra
''Duvaliandra'' is a species of plants in the Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1980. It contains only one known species, ''Duvaliandra dioscoridis'', native to the Socotra Islands in the Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-l ...
'', '' Eustegia'', ''Fanninia
''Fanninia'' is a species of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1868. It contains only one known species, ''Fanninia caloglossa'', native to South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (R ...
'', ''Fockea
''Fockea'' is a genus of succulent scrubs native to southern Africa. known collectively as water roots, a reference to their characteristic bulbous caudex
A caudex (plural: caudices) of a plant is a stem, but the term is also used to mean a ...
'', ''Glossostelma
Glossostelma is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family ...
'', '' Hoya'', ''Ischnolepis
''Ischnolepis'' is a species of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1909. It contains only one known recognized species, ''Ischnolepis graminifolia'', endemic to Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), of ...
'', ''Lavrania
''Lavrania'' is a monospecific genus of plant in family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1986. It is native to Namibia.
;Species
# '' Lavrania haagnerae'' Plowes - Namibia
;Taxonomy
Phylogenetic studies have shown the genus to be mo ...
'', ''Marsdenia
''Marsdenia'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1810. It is named in honor of the plant collector and Secretary of the Admiralty, William Marsden. The plants are native to tropical regions in Asia, Afri ...
'', ''Miraglossum
''Miraglossum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1984. It is native to southern Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At ab ...
'', '' Odontostelma'', ''Ophionella
''Ophionella '' is a group of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1981. It contains only one accepted species, ''Ophionella arcuata'', native to Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
South Africa, officially the ...
'', ''Orbeanthus
''Orbeanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1978. It is native to South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost co ...
'', '' Pachycarpus'', ''Parapodium
In invertebrates, the term parapodium ( Gr. ''para'', beyond or beside + ''podia'', feet; plural: parapodia) refers to lateral outgrowths or protrusions from the body. Parapodia are predominantly found in annelids, where they are paired, unjointed ...
'', ''Periglossum
''Periglossum '' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1844. It is native to southern Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both ...
'', ''Petopentia
''Petopentia'', commonly known as propeller vine, is a genus of plant in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1954. It contains only one known species, ''Petopentia natalensis'', native to the Province of KwaZulu-Natal in eastern ...
'', '' Raphionacme'', '' Riocreuxia'', '' Sarcorrhiza'', ''Schizoglossum
''Schizoglossum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae.
Its native range is Southern Tropical and Southern Africa.
Species
Species:
*''Schizoglossum amatolicum''
*''Schizoglossum angolense''
*''Schizoglossum as ...
'', ''Schlechterella
''Schlechterella'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae (the dogbane family). It is native to Africa, found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania and Uganda.
, the genus contained two species:
* '' Schlechterella abyssinica' ...
'', '' Stathmostelma'', '' Stenostelma'', ''Stomatostemma
''Cryptolepis'' is a plant genus in the family ''Apocynaceae''. It includes some 42 species.
Selected species
*'' Cryptolepis africana'' (Bullock) Venter & R.L.Verh.
*'' Cryptolepis albicans'' Jum. & H.Perrier
*'' Cryptolepis angolensis'' Welw ...
'', '' Trachycalymma'', '' Trichocaulon'', '' Tylophora'', ''Woodia
''Woodia'' is a genus in the family Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, becaus ...
'', ''Xysmalobium
''Xysmalobium'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to Africa.Brown, Robert. 1810. On the Asclepiadeae 27
;Species
;formerly included
moved to other genera ''(Asclepias, Glossostel ...
''
*** tribe Asclepiadeae
The Asclepiadoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Formerly, they were treated as a separate family under the name Asclepiadaceae, e.g. by APG II, and known as the milkweed family.
They form a group of perennial herbs, twin ...
:
**** subtribe Asclepiadne: ''Asclepias
''Asclepias'' is a genus of herbaceous, perennial plant, perennial, flowering plants known as milkweeds, named for their latex, a milky substance containing cardiac glycosides termed cardenolides, exuded where cells are damaged. Most species ar ...
'',
**** subtribe Cynanchinae: '' Sarcostemma'',
**** subtribe Gonolobinae: '' Matelea'',
*** tribe Maxillarieae
Maxillariinae is an orchid subtribe in the tribe Cymbidieae. It was formerly treated as the tribe Maxillarieae, and divided into a number of subtribes.
Genera
Generic boundaries in the tribe have changed substantially with new molecular evidence ...
:
**** subtribe Lycastinae: ''Rudolfiella
''Rudolfiella'', abbreviated as Rud. in the horticultural trade, is a genus of orchids comprising eight species native to tropical South America, Trinidad and Panama.
They are found in northern Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, P ...
''
*** tribe Stapelieae
The genera of plants within the tribe Stapelieae are all to varying degrees stem succulents. Many of the species resemble cacti, though are not closely related, as an example of convergent evolution. The stems are often angular, mostly four-ang ...
: ''Angolluma
''Angolluma'' is a genus of succulent plants in the family Apocynaceae, native primarily to northern-hemisphere Africa, with some species in southern Africa. Unlike the closely related genus ''Orbea
Orbea is a bicycle manufacturer based in Ma ...
'', '' Caralluma'', '' Desmidorchis'', '' Duvalia'', '' Echidnopsis'', ''Edithcolea
''Edithcolea'' is a monotypic genus with a single species ''Edithcolea grandis'' (Persian carpet flower). Once classified in the family Asclepiadaceae, it is now in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. It is native to ...
'', '' Frerea'', '' Hoodia'', ''Huernia
The genus ''Huernia'' (family Apocynaceae, subfamily Asclepiadoideae) consists of perennial, stem succulents from Eastern and Southern Africa and Arabia, first described as a genus in 1810.Brown, Robert. 1810. On the Asclepiadeae 11
The flowe ...
'', ''Huerniopsis
''Huerniopsis'' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae family, first described in 1878. It is native to southern Africa.
;Species
# '' Huerniopsis atrosanguinea'' (N.E. Br.) A.C. White & B. Sloane - N Botswana
# '' Huerniopsis decipiens'' N.E. ...
'', ''Larryleachia
''Larryleachia'' is a genus of stapeliad succulent flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae.
;Species
* '' Larryleachia cactiformis'' (Hooker) Plowes
* '' Larryleachia marlothii'' (N.E. Brown) Plowes
* '' Larryleachia perlata'' (Dinter) Plo ...
'', ''Notechidnopsis
''Notechidnopsis'' is a group of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1985. It contains only one recognized species, ''Notechidnopsis tessellata'', native to Cape Province in South Africa.
;formerly included
moved to '' ...
'', ''Orbea (plant)
''Orbea'' is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1812. It is native to Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about ...
'', ''Orbeopsis
''Orbeopsis'' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1978. They are native to southern Africa.Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nich ...
'', ''Piaranthus
''Piaranthus'' is a succulent plant genus in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae, in the family Apocynaceae.
It was first described in 1810. Its name comes from Greek and is descriptive of the fleshy, succulent flowers typical of the genus (''"piar-" ...
'', ''Pachycymbium
''Pachycymbium'' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae, first described in 1978. It is native to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. ...
'', '' Pectinaria'', '' Pseudolithos'', '' Pseudopectinaria'', ''Quaqua
The genus ''Quaqua'' falls within the tribe of plants known collectively as stapeliads. All stapeliads, including ''Quaqua'', are Old World stem succulents.
Species of the genus ''Quaqua'' are exceptionally varied and endemic to southwestern Af ...
'', ''Rhytidocaulon
Rhytidocaulon is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described in 1962. It is native to northeastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula
;Species
# '' Rhytidocaulon paradoxum'' P.R.O.Bally - Ethiopia
# '' Rhytidocaulon piliferum'' Lavran ...
'', '' Stapelia'', ''Stapelianthus
''Stapelianthus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1933. The entire genus is endemic to Madagascar and is concentrated in the far south of the island.
The genus is defined by the unique coro ...
'', ''Stapeliopsis
''Stapeliopsis'' is a genus of succulent plants in the family Apocynaceae, native to southern Africa.
Description
''Stapeliopsis'' was described as a genus in 1928. The name refers to its superficial resemblance to some species of the genus ''St ...
'', ''Tavaresia
''Tavaresia'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1902. It is native to southern Africa.
;Species
# '' Tavaresia angolensis'' Welw. - Angola
# '' Tavaresia barklyi'' (Dyer) N.E.Br. - South Africa
# '' ...
'', ''Tridentea
''Tridentea'' is a genus of succulent plant in the family Apocynaceae, endemic to southern Africa.
Name and history
''Tridentea'' was first described as a genus in 1812, and its name refers to the three "teeth" on each interstaminal segment of ...
'', '' Tromotriche'', '' Whitesloanea''
** subfamily Periplocoideae
Periplocoideae is a subfamily of the dogbane plant family, Apocynaceae. It was not divided into tribes as of 2014.
Genera
In 2014, the subfamily was circumscribed
In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circl ...
:
*** tribe Cryptolepideae: '' Cryptolepis''
* Rubiaceae: '' Anthorrhiza'', '' Anthospermum'', '' Hydnophytum'', ''Hydrophylax
''Hydrophylax'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus the Younger in 1782. The genus contains only one species, ''Hydrophylax maritima'', which is found in India, Sri Lanka and Thail ...
'', '' Myrmecodia'', ''Myrmephytum
''Myrmephytum'' is a genus of myrmecophytic flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is distributed from central Malesia to New Guinea.
It is one of five ant-plant genera in the family Rubiaceae, the others being ''Anthorrhiza'', ''H ...
'', '' Phylohydrax'', ''Squamellaria
''Squamellaria'' is a genus of myrmecophytic flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to the islands of Fiji.
It is one of five ant-plant genera in the family Rubiaceae, the others being ''Anthorrhiza'', ''Hydnophytum'', ' ...
''
Order Geraniales
* Geraniaceae: '' Monsonia'', '' Pelargonium'' (succulents and geophytes), ''Sarcocaulon
''Sarcocaulon'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Geraniaceae.
Its native range is Angola to Southern Africa.
Species
Species:
*''Sarcocaulon camdeboense''
*''Sarcocaulon ciliatum''
*''Sarcocaulon flavescens''
*''Sarcoca ...
''
Order Lamiales
* Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (almost all Didymocarpoideae) and the New World (most Gesnerioideae), ...
: ''Aeschynanthus
''Aeschynanthus'' is a genus of about 150 species of evergreen subtropical and tropical plants in the family Gesneriaceae. They are usually trailing epiphytes with brightly colored flowers that are pollinated by sunbirds. The genus name comes fro ...
'', '' Alsobia'', ''Chirita
''Chirita'' was a formerly recognised genus of plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to the Indo-Malayan realm of South and Southeast Asia and southern China. In 2011, the species in the genus were reassigned to several genera, so that ''C ...
'', ''Codonanthe
''Codonanthe'' is a genus of mainly epiphytic plants in the family Gesneriaceae, endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The botanical name comes from the Ancient Greek for 'bellflower'. They have white or pale pink flowers and somewhat flesh ...
'', '' Columnea'', ''Nematanthus
''Nematanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. All of its species are endemic to Brazil. Compared to other gesneriads, ''Nematanthus'' has leaves that are small, succulent, and hard-surfaced. The plant has a trailing ...
'', '' Sinningia'', ''Streptocarpus
''Streptocarpus'' ("twisted fruit" from Greek στρεπτός (''streptos'') "twisted" and καρπός (''carpos'') "fruit") is an Afrotropical genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. The genus is native to Afromontane biotopes fr ...
''
* Lamiaceae: ''Aeollanthus
''Aeollanthus'' is a genus in the mint family, Lamiaceae. All the species are native to Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 ...
'', ''Dauphinea
''Capitanopsis'' is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1916. It contains six known species, all endemic to Madagascar.
Taxonomy Phylogeny
In 2019, Paton et al. published a summary cladogram for the subtribe Plectran ...
'', '' Perrierastrum'', '' Plectranthus'', ''Rotheca
''Rotheca'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae.Raymond M. Harley, Sandy Atkins, Andrey L. Budantsev, Philip D. Cantino, Barry J. Conn, Renée J. Grayer, Madeline M. Harley, Rogier P.J. de Kok, Tatyana V. Krestovskaja, Ramón M ...
'', '' Solenostemon'', ''Tetradenia
''Tetradenia'' is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1830. It is native to Africa, including Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, ...
'', ''Thorncroftia
''Thorncroftia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, first described as a genus in 1912. It is native to southern Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in b ...
''
* Lentibulariaceae
* Pedaliaceae: '' Holubia'', '' Pterodiscus'', ''Sesamothamnus
''Sesamothamnus'' is a genus of plant in family Pedaliaceae.
Species
Species include:
*''Sesamothamnus benguellensis'' Welw.
*'' Sesamothamnus busseanus'' Engl.
*''Sesamothamnus guerichii
''Sesamothamnus'' is a genus of plant in family Peda ...
'', ''Uncarina
''Uncarina'' is a genus of plant in the family Pedaliaceae found in Madagascar.
Etymology
The genera name is derived from the Greek word ''unca'' meaning hook.Ib Friis and Olof Ryding (Editors)
Species
Species include:
References
E ...
''
Order Malpighiales
* Euphorbiaceae: ''Cnidoscolus
''Cnidoscolus'' is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1827. The group is widespread across much of North and South America, including the West Indies.
The name is derived from the Greek words κνίδη (''k ...
'', '' Euphorbia'', '' Jatropha'', '' Monadenium'', '' Pedilanthus'', ''Phyllanthus
''Phyllanthus'' is the largest genus in the plant family Phyllanthaceae. Estimates of the number of species in this genus vary widely, from 750David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book.'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University ...
'', '' Synadenium''
* Passifloraceae
The Passifloraceae are a family of flowering plants, containing about 750 species classified in around 27 genera.
They include trees, shrubs, lianas, and climbing plants, and are mostly found in tropical regions. The family takes its name fr ...
: '' Adenia''
* Phyllanthaceae: ''Phyllanthus
''Phyllanthus'' is the largest genus in the plant family Phyllanthaceae. Estimates of the number of species in this genus vary widely, from 750David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book.'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University ...
''
Order Malvales
* Cochlospermaceae
The Cochlospermaceae were a family of two genera and 20-25 species of trees and shrubs, first described by Jules Émile Planchon in 1847. They have been included in the Bixaceae from the APG III system onwards. The older APG II system treated th ...
* Malvaceae
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familia ...
: ''Adansonia
''Adansonia'' is a genus made up of eight species of medium-to-large deciduous trees known as baobabs ( or ). They are placed in the Malvaceae family, subfamily Bombacoideae. They are native to Madagascar, mainland Africa, and Australia.Trop ...
'', '' Cavanillesia'', '' Ceiba'', '' Pseudobombax''
** subgroup Sterculiaceae: ''Brachychiton
''Brachychiton'' (kurrajong, bottletree) is a genus of 31 species of trees and large shrubs, native to Australia (the centre of diversity, with 30 species), and New Guinea (one species). Fossils from New South Wales and New Zealand are estimat ...
'', '' Sterculia''
Order Myrtales
The Myrtales are an order of flowering plants placed as a sister to the eurosids II clade as of the publishing of the ''Eucalyptus grandis'' genome in June 2014.
The APG III system of classification for angiosperms still places it within the e ...
* Melastomataceae: '' Medinilla''
Order Oxalidales
* Oxalidaceae (geophytes): '' Oxalis''
Order Piperales
* Piperaceae
The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in 5 genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two main genera: '' Piper' ...
: '' Peperomia''
Order Poales
* Bromeliaceae: ''Abromeitiella
''Deuterocohnia'' is a genus of plants in the family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Pitcairnioideae, endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other ...
'', ''Aechmea
''Aechmea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bromeliaceae (subfamily Bromelioideae). The name comes from the Greek ''aichme'', meaning "spear". Suggested pronunciations include and . ''Aechmea'' comprises eight subgenera and around ...
'', ''Ananas
''Ananas'' is a plant genus in the family Bromeliaceae. It is native to South America. The genus contains ''Ananas comosus'', the pineapple.
Species
The genus ''Ananas'' includes only two species:
Gallery
File:Pineapple.plantation.jpg, Pine ...
'', ''Catopsis
''Catopsis'' is a genus in the botanical family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Tillandsioideae. The genus name is from the Greek “kata” (hanging down) and “opsis” (appearance). ''Catopsis'' is a genus of plants widespread across much of Latin Am ...
'', '' Connellia'', ''Dyckia
''Dyckia'' is a genus of plants in the family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Pitcairnioideae.
The genus is named after the Prussian botanist, botanical artist and horticulturist The Prince and Earl of Salm Reifferscheid-Dyck (1773–1861).
Dyckias, wi ...
'', '' Hechtia'', ''Neoregelia
''Neoregelia'' is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants in the family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Bromelioideae, native to South American rainforests. The genus name is for Eduard August von Regel, Director of St. Petersburg Botanic Gardens in Rus ...
'', ''Puya Puya may refer to:
* ''Puya'' (plant), in the family Bromeliaceae
* Puya (river), in Russia
* Puya, a variety of Guajillo chili
* ''Puya'' (Meitei texts), traditional or mythological texts of the Meetei people
* '' Culoepuya'' or ''Culo'e Puya'' ...
'', '' Tillandsia'', ''Vriesea
''Vriesea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the botanical family Bromeliaceae, subfamily
Tillandsioideae. The genus name is for Willem Hendrik de Vriese, Dutch botanist, physician (1806–1862). Its species are widespread over Mexico, Central ...
''
* Poaceae
Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns an ...
: '' Dregeochloa'', ''Laobambos''
Order Ranunculales
* Menispermaceae: ''Chasmanthera'', ''Stephania'', ''Tinospora''
Order Rosales
* Moraceae: ''Dorstenia'', ''Ficus''
* Urticaceae: ''Laportea'', ''Obetia'', ''Pilea'', ''Pouzolzia'', ''Sarcopilea''
Order Santalales
* Loranthaceae: ''Actinanthella'', ''Agelanthus'', ''Erianthemum'', ''Helixanthera'', ''Moquiniella'', ''Oncocalyx'', ''Pedistylis'', ''Plicosepalus'', ''Septulina'', ''Tapinanthus'', ''Vanwykia''
* Viscaceae (syn. Santalaceae): ''Viscum''
Order Sapindales
* Anacardiaceae: ''Operculicaria'', ''Pachycormus (plant), Pachycormus''
* Burseraceae: ''Boswellia'', ''Bursera'', ''Commiphora''
* Meliaceae: ''Entandrophragma''
* Sapindaceae: ''Erythrophysa''
Order Saxifragales
* Crassulaceae: ''Adromischus'', ''Aeonium'', ''Aichryson'', ''Cotyledon (genus), Cotyledon'', ''Crassula'', ''Cremnophila (plant), Cremnophila'', ''Dudleya'', ''Echeveria'', ''Graptopetalum'', ''Greenovia'', ''Hylotelephium'', ''Kalanchoe'', ''Kungia'', ''Lenophyllum'', ''Meterostachys'', ''Monanthes'', ''Mucizonia'', ''Orostachys'', ''Pachyphytum'', ''Perrierosedum'', ''Petrosedum'', ''Phedimus'', ''Pistorinia'', ''Prometheum'', ''Pseudosedum'', ''Rhodiola'', ''Rosularia'', ''Sedella (plant), Sedella'', ''Sedum'', ''Sempervivum'', ''Sinocrassula'', ''Thompsonella'', ''Tylecodon'', ''Umbilicus (plant), Umbilicus'', ''Villadia''
* Saxifragaceae: ''Micranthes'', ''Saxifraga''
Order Solanales
* Convolvulaceae: ''Ipomoea'', ''Merremia'', ''Stictocardia'', ''Turbina (plant)''
* Solanaceae: ''Nolana''
Order Vitales
* Vitaceae: ''Cissus'', ''Cyphostemma''
Order Zygophyllales
* Zygophyllaceae: ''Augea'', ''Seetzenia'', ''Zygophyllum''
(unplaced order)* Boraginaceae: ''Heliotropium''
(unplaced order)* Icacinaceae: ''Pyrenacantha'' (geophyte)
There also were some succulent gymnosperms (but extinct since the end of the Cretaceous):
Order Pinales
* Cheirolepidiaceae:
''Frenelopsis'',
''Pseudofrenelopsis'',
''Suturovagina'',
''Glenrosa''
For some families and subfamilies, most members are succulent; for example the Cactaceae
A cactus (, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word ''cactus'' derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Gre ...
, Agavoideae, Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plants or carpet weeds. They are often called vygies in South Africa and N ...
, and Crassulaceae.
The table below shows the number of succulent species found in some families and their native habitat:
Cultivation
Succulents are favored as houseplants for their attractiveness and ease of care. They have been cultivated as houseplants since at least the 17th century. If properly potted, succulents require little maintenance to survive indoors. Succulents are very adaptable houseplants and will thrive in a range of indoor conditions. For most plant owners, over-watering and associated infections are the main cause of death in succulents.
Succulents can be propagated by different means. The most common is vegetative propagation; this includes ''cuttings'' where several inches of stem with leaves are cut and after healing, produce a callus. After a week or so, roots may grow. A second method is ''division'' consisting of uprooting an overgrown clump and pulling the stems and roots apart. A third method is propagation by leaf by allowing the formation of a callus. During this method, a bottom leaf is fully removed from the plant often by twisting or cutting. The leaf then dries out and a callus forms preventing the leaf from absorbing too much moisture and thus rotting. This method typically takes up to a few weeks to produce healthy roots that would eventually create new plants. The vegetative propagation can be different according to the species.
See also
*Cactus and Succulent Society of America * Crassulacean acid metabolismReferences
Bibliography
* * * (publication date also given as 1930s or 1940s) * * * * * *External links
Succulent Plants of the World - an iNaturalist Project
{{Authority control Succulent plants, Plant common names Plant morphology Drought-tolerant plants Garden plants