Spirorchiidae is a family of

digenetic Digenea (Gr. ''Dis'' – double, ''Genos'' – race) is a class of trematodes in the Platyhelminthes phylum, consisting of parasitic flatworms (known as ''flukes'') with a syncytial tegument and, usually, two suckers, one ventral and one oral ...

trematodes Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as flukes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is usually a snail. The definitive host ...

. Infestation by these trematodes leads to the disease spirorchiidiosis. Spirorchiids are mainly parasites of

turtle Turtles are an order of reptiles known as Testudines, characterized by a special shell developed mainly from their ribs. Modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the Pleurodira (side necked turtles) and Cryptodira (hidden necked tu ...

s. It has been synonymised with Proparorchiidae Ward, 1921, Spirorchidae Stunkard, 1921, and Spirorchiidae MacCallum, 1921.

Genera

*'' Amphiorchis'' Price, 1934 *'' Baracktrema'' Roberts, Platt & Bullard in Roberts, Platt, Orélis-Ribeiro & Bullard, 2016 *'' Cardiotrema'' Dwivedi, 1967 *'' Carettacola'' Manter & Larson, 1950 *'' Cheloneotrema'' Simha & Chattopadhyaya, 1980 *'' Coeuritrema'' Mehra, 1933 *'' Enterohaematotrema'' Mehra, 1940 *'' Hapalorhynchus'' Stunkard, 1922 *'' Hapalotrema'' Looss, 1899 *'' Learedius'' Price, 1934 *'' Monticellius'' Mehra, 1939 *'' Neocaballerotrema'' Simha, 1977 *'' Neospirorchis'' Price, 1934 *'' Plasmiorchis'' Mehra, 1934 *'' Platt'' Roberts & Bullard in Roberts, Arias, Halanych, Dang & Bullard, 2018 *'' Satyanarayanotrema'' Simha & Chattopadhyaya, 1980 *'' Shobanatrema'' Simha & Chattopadhyaya, 1980 *'' Spirhapalum'' Ejsmont, 1927 *'' Spirorchis'' MacCallum, 1919 *'' Unicaecum'' Stunkard, 1925 *'' Uterotrema'' Platt & Pichelin, 1994 *'' Vasotrema'' Stunkard, 1928

Hosts

Freshwater spirorchiids have been reported to infect the freshwater snails ''

Helisoma trivolvis ''Planorbella trivolvis'' is a species of freshwater air-breathing snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails, or planorbids, which all have sinistral or left-coiling shells. Description All s ...

, Helisoma anceps,

Physa ''Physa'' is a genus of small, left-handed or sinistral, air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Physinae of the family Physidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Physa Draparnaud, 1801. Ac ...

sp., Menetus dilatatus,

Ferrissia fragilis ''Ferrissia californica'' is a species of small freshwater limpet, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Ferrissia californica (Rowell, 1863). Accessed through: World Register of Marine S ...

, Biomphalaria occide,

Biomphalaria sudanica ''Biomphalaria sudanica'' is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod belonging to the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails. ''Biomphalaria sudanica'' has a discoidal, brown shell with an approximate she ...

Biomphalaria glabrata ''Biomphalaria glabrata'' is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails. ''Biomphalaria glabrata'' is an intermediate snail host for the trematode ''Sch ...

, Biomphalaria tenagophila,

Pomacea ''Pomacea'' is a genus of freshwater snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Ampullariidae, the apple snails. The genus is native to the Americas; most species in this genus are restricted to South America. ...

'' sp. and ''

Indoplanorbis exustus ''Indoplanorbis'' is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snail. Its Monotypic taxon, only member species is ''Indoplanorbis exustus'', an aquatic animal, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Planorbidae, the sheep, ...

'' as intermediate hosts.. Marine species have been reported to infect

vermetid The Vermetidae, the worm snails or worm shells, are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambigu ...

gastropods belonging to the genera '' Thylacodes'', '' Thylaeodus'', and '' Dendropoma,'' and terebellid polychaetes belonging to the genera ''

Amphitrite In ancient Greek mythology, Amphitrite (; grc-gre, Ἀμφιτρίτη, Amphitrítē) was the goddess of the sea, the queen of the sea, and the wife of Poseidon. She was a daughter of Nereus and Doris (or Oceanus and Tethys).Roman, L., & Rom ...

'' and '' Enoplobranchus'' as intermediate hosts. The cardiovascular parasites '' Learedius learedi'', '' Hapalotrema postorchis'', '' Monticellius indicum'' and '' Amphiorchis solus'' have been found in the

green sea turtle The green sea turtle (''Chelonia mydas''), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a species of large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus ''Chelonia''. Its range exten ...

(''Chelonia mydas'').. '' Spirhapalum siamensis'' is a parasite found in the heart of the

Amboina box turtle The Amboina box turtle or Southeast Asian box turtle (''Cuora amboinensis'') is a species of Asian box turtle. It is found in the Nicobar Islands, eastern India (Assam), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, central and southern Vietn ...

(''Cuora amboinensis'')..

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3382492 Trematode families Diplostomida