The Syndiniales are an order of early branching

dinoflagellate The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος ''dinos'' "whirling" and Latin ''flagellum'' "whip, scourge") are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered algae. Dinoflagellates are ...

s (also known as Marine

Alveolate The alveolates (meaning "pitted like a honeycomb") are a group of protists, considered a major clade and Biological classification, superphylum within Eukarya. They are currently grouped with the stramenopiles and Rhizaria among the protists with ...

s, "MALVs"), found as

parasites Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted structurally to this way of lif ...

crustacea Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean gro ...

ns,

fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of li ...

algae Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...

cnidaria Cnidaria () is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in freshwater and marine environments, predominantly the latter. Their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that th ...

ns, and

protist A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the exc ...

s (

ciliate The ciliates are a group of alveolates characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagellum, eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a ...

radiolaria The Radiolaria, also called Radiozoa, are protozoa of diameter 0.1–0.2 mm that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell (biology), cell into the inner and outer portions of endoplasm and Ecto ...

ns, other dinoflagellates). The trophic form is often

multinucleate Multinucleate cells (also known as multinucleated or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm. Mitosis in multinucleate cells can occur either in a coordinat ...

, and ultimately divides to form motile

spore In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...

s, which have two

flagella A flagellum (; ) is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many protists with flagella are termed as flagellates. A microorganism may have f ...

in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a

theca In biology, a theca (plural thecae) is a sheath or a covering. Botany In botany, the theca is related to plant's flower anatomy. The theca of an angiosperm consists of a pair of microsporangia that are adjacent to each other and share a commo ...

and

chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in ...

s, and unlike all other orders, the

nucleus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom *Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucle ...

is never a

dinokaryon A dinokaryon is a eukaryotic nucleus present in dinoflagellates in which the chromosomes are fibrillar in appearance (i.e. with unmasked DNA fibrils) and are more or less continuously condensed. The nuclear envelope does not break down during mi ...

. A well-studied example is ''

Amoebophrya ''Amoebophyra'' (or ''Amoebophrya'') is a genus of dinoflagellates. ''Amoebophyra'' is a syndinian parasite that infects free-living dinoflagellates that are attributed to a single species by using several host-specific parasites. It acts as " ...

'', which is a

parasite Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has ...

of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending

red tides A harmful algal bloom (HAB) (or excessive algae growth) is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are sometimes ...

. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales; recent studies, however, show

paraphyly In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that branch as sister to dinokaryotes ('core dinoflagellates') belong to Syndiniales.

Taxonomy

Class Class or The Class may refer to: Common uses not otherwise categorized * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects * Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differentl ...

Syndiniophyceae Loeblich III, 1976 ''Syndinearef> ** Order Syndiniales Loeblich III 1976 occidinales Chatton & Biecheler 1934*** Family Hematodiniidae **** Genus ''

Hematodinium ''Hematodinium'' is a genus of dinoflagellates. Species in this genus, such as '' Hematodinium perezi'', the type species, are internal parasites of the hemolymph of crustaceans such as the Atlantic blue crab (''Callinectes sapidus'') and Norway ...

'' Chatton & Poisson 1930 *** Family Coccidiniaceae occidinidae Chatton & Biecheler 1934**** Genus '' Coccidinium'' Chatton & Biecheler 1934 *** Family Euduboscquellidae Coats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012 **** Genus ''

Euduboscquella ''Euduboscquella'' (juˌduːboʊˈskwɛlə) is a genus of early branching dinoflagellates found in coastal waters around the globe. The members of this genus are all intracellular parasites that primarily infect Tintinnids. ''Euduboscquella'' ar ...

'' Coats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012 *** Family Syndiniaceae Chatton 1920 **** Genus '' Trypanodinium'' Chatton 1912 **** Genus '' Merodinium'' Chatton 1923 **** Genus '' Syndinium'' Chatton 1910 'Atelodinium''_Chatton_1920;_''Synhemidinium.html" ;"title="Atelodinium.html" ;"title="'Atelodinium">'Atelodinium'' Chatton 1920; ''Synhemidinium">Atelodinium.html" ;"title="'Atelodinium">'Atelodinium'' Chatton 1920; ''Synhemidinium'' Chatton 1952 nom. illeg.; ''Solenodinium'' (Chatton 1923) Chatton 1952] *** Family Amoebophryaceae Cachon 1964 ex Loeblich III 1970 [Amoebophryidae] **** Genus ''

'' Koeppen 1894 'Hyalosaccus''_Koeppen_1899.html" ;"title="Hyalosaccus.html" ;"title="' 'Hyalosaccus''_Koeppen_1899">Hyalosaccus.html"_;"title="'Hyalosaccus">'Hyalosaccus''_Koeppen_1899***_Family_Sphaeriparaceae.html" ;"title="Hyalosaccus">'Hyalosaccus'' Koeppen 1899">Hyalosaccus.html" ;"title="'Hyalosaccus">'Hyalosaccus'' Koeppen 1899*** Family Sphaeriparaceae">Hyalosaccus">'Hyalosaccus'' Koeppen 1899">Hyalosaccus.html" ;"title="'Hyalosaccus">'Hyalosaccus'' Koeppen 1899*** Family Sphaeriparaceae Loeblich III 1970 **** Genus ''Actinodinium'' Chatton & Hovasse 1937 **** Genus ''Caryotoma'' Hollande 1953 **** Genus ''Atlanticellodinium'' Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1965 **** Genus ''Sphaeripara'' Poche 1911 'Lohmannia''_Neresheimer_1903_non_Michael_1898;_''Lohmanella.html" ;"title="Lohmannia.html" ;"title="'Lohmannia">'Lohmannia'' Neresheimer 1903 non Michael 1898; ''Lohmanella">Lohmannia.html" ;"title="'Lohmannia">'Lohmannia'' Neresheimer 1903 non Michael 1898; ''Lohmanella'' Neresheimer 1904 non Trouessart 1901; ''Neresheimeria'' Übel 1912]

References

Syndiniophyceae Parasitic alveolates Dinoflagellate orders {{Parasitic SAR-stub

Taxonomy

See also

References