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Syndinium
''Syndinium'' is a cosmopolitan genus of parasitic dinoflagellates that infest and kill marine planktonic species of copepods and radiolarians.Chatton , E. 1910: The existence of coelom Dinoflagellate parasites. The Syndinium in pelagic copepods. ''Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Seances De L Academie des Sciences''. 151: 654-656. ''Syndinium'' belongs to order Syndiniales, a candidate for the uncultured group I and II marine alveolates.Guillou, L., et al. 2008: Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata). Environ. Microbiol. 10(12): 3349-3365 The lifecycle of ''Syndinium'' is not well understood beyond the parasitic and zoospore stages.Skovgaard, A., Massana, R., Balagué, V., Saiz, E. 2005: Phylogenetic Position of the Copepod-Infesting Parasite ''Syndinium turbo'' (Dinoflagellata, Syndinea). Protist, 156(4): 413-423 History of Research ''Syndinium'' was first described by French biologist Édouard Chatton in 1910 as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syndinium Turbo
''Syndinium'' is a cosmopolitan genus of parasitic dinoflagellates that infest and kill marine planktonic species of copepods and radiolarians.Chatton , E. 1910: The existence of coelom Dinoflagellate parasites. The Syndinium in pelagic copepods. ''Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Seances De L Academie des Sciences''. 151: 654-656. ''Syndinium'' belongs to order Syndiniales, a candidate for the uncultured group I and II marine alveolates.Guillou, L., et al. 2008: Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata). Environ. Microbiol. 10(12): 3349-3365 The lifecycle of ''Syndinium'' is not well understood beyond the parasitic and zoospore stages.Skovgaard, A., Massana, R., Balagué, V., Saiz, E. 2005: Phylogenetic Position of the Copepod-Infesting Parasite ''Syndinium turbo'' (Dinoflagellata, Syndinea). Protist, 156(4): 413-423 History of Research ''Syndinium'' was first described by French biologist Édouard Chatton in 1910 as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syndinium Nuclear Division (1)
''Syndinium'' is a cosmopolitan genus of parasitic dinoflagellates that infest and kill marine planktonic species of copepods and radiolarians.Chatton , E. 1910: The existence of coelom Dinoflagellate parasites. The Syndinium in pelagic copepods. ''Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Seances De L Academie des Sciences''. 151: 654-656. ''Syndinium'' belongs to order Syndiniales, a candidate for the uncultured group I and II marine alveolates.Guillou, L., et al. 2008: Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata). Environ. Microbiol. 10(12): 3349-3365 The lifecycle of ''Syndinium'' is not well understood beyond the parasitic and zoospore stages.Skovgaard, A., Massana, R., Balagué, V., Saiz, E. 2005: Phylogenetic Position of the Copepod-Infesting Parasite ''Syndinium turbo'' (Dinoflagellata, Syndinea). Protist, 156(4): 413-423 History of Research ''Syndinium'' was first described by French biologist Édouard Chatton in 1910 as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syndiniophyceae
The Syndiniales are an order of early branching dinoflagellates (also known as Marine Alveolates, "MALVs"), found as parasites of crustaceans, fish, algae, cnidarians, and protists (ciliates, radiolarians, other dinoflagellates). The trophic form is often multinucleate, and ultimately divides to form motile spores, which have two flagella in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a theca and chloroplasts, and unlike all other orders, the nucleus is never a dinokaryon. A well-studied example is ''Amoebophrya'', which is a parasite of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending red tides. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales; recent studies, however, show paraphyly of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that branch as sister to dinokaryotes ('core dinoflagellates') belong to Syndiniales. Taxonomy * Class Syndiniophyceae Loeblich III, 1976 ''Syndinearef> ** Order Syndiniales Loeblich III 1976 occidinales Chatton & Biecheler 1934*** Family He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syndiniales
The Syndiniales are an order of early branching dinoflagellates (also known as Marine Alveolates, "MALVs"), found as parasites of crustaceans, fish, algae, cnidarians, and protists (ciliates, radiolarians, other dinoflagellates). The trophic form is often multinucleate, and ultimately divides to form motile spores, which have two flagella in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a theca and chloroplasts, and unlike all other orders, the nucleus is never a dinokaryon. A well-studied example is ''Amoebophrya'', which is a parasite of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending red tides. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales; recent studies, however, show paraphyly of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that branch as sister to dinokaryotes ('core dinoflagellates') belong to Syndiniales. Taxonomy * Class Syndiniophyceae Loeblich III, 1976 ''Syndinearef> ** Order Syndiniales Loeblich III 1976 occidinales Chatton & Biecheler 1934*** Fam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eukaryota
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose Cell (biology), cells have a cell nucleus, nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the Three-domain system, three domains of life. Bacteria and Archaea (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains. The eukaryotes are usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the Asgard (archaea), Asgard archaea. This implies that there are only Two-domain system, two domains of life, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass (ecology), biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic eon, likely as Flagellated cell, flagellated phagotrophs. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metagenomics
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental or clinical samples by a method called sequencing. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics, community genomics or microbiomics. While traditional microbiology and microbial genome sequencing and genomics rely upon cultivated clonal cultures, early environmental gene sequencing cloned specific genes (often the 16S rRNA gene) to produce a profile of diversity in a natural sample. Such work revealed that the vast majority of microbial biodiversity had been missed by cultivation-based methods. Because of its ability to reveal the previously hidden diversity of microscopic life, metagenomics offers a powerful lens for viewing the microbial world that has the potential to revolutionize understanding of the entire living world. As the price of DNA sequencing continues to fall, metagenomics now allows microbial ecology to be investigated at a much greater scale ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microtubule
Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells. Microtubules can be as long as 50 micrometres, as wide as 23 to 27 nm and have an inner diameter between 11 and 15 nm. They are formed by the polymerization of a dimer of two globular proteins, alpha and beta tubulin into protofilaments that can then associate laterally to form a hollow tube, the microtubule. The most common form of a microtubule consists of 13 protofilaments in the tubular arrangement. Microtubules play an important role in a number of cellular processes. They are involved in maintaining the structure of the cell and, together with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, they form the cytoskeleton. They also make up the internal structure of cilia and flagella. They provide platforms for intracellular transport and are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including the movement of secretory vesicles, organell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinetochore
A kinetochore (, ) is a disc-shaped protein structure associated with duplicated chromatids in eukaryotic cells where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart. The kinetochore assembles on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis. The term kinetochore was first used in a footnote in a 1934 Cytology book by Lester W. Sharp and commonly accepted in 1936. Sharp's footnote reads: "The convenient term ''kinetochore'' (= movement place) has been suggested to the author by J. A. Moore", likely referring to John Alexander Moore who had joined Columbia University as a freshman in 1932. Monocentric organisms, including vertebrates, fungi, and most plants, have a single centromeric region on each chromosome which assembles a single, localized kinetochore. Holocentric organisms, such as nematodes and some plants, assemble a kinetochore along the entire length of a chromosome. Ki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinokaryon
A dinokaryon is a eukaryotic nucleus present in dinoflagellates in which the chromosomes are fibrillar in appearance (i.e. with unmasked DNA fibrils) and are more or less continuously condensed. The nuclear envelope does not break down during mitosis, which is thus termed closed mitosis, or "dinomitosis". The mitotic spindle is extranuclear. Histones are absent. However, recent EST sequencing has revealed the presence of histones in one of the closest relative to dinoflagellates, ''Perkinsus marinus'' and an early-branching dinoflagellate, ''Hematodinium ''Hematodinium'' is a Genus, genus of dinoflagellates. Species in this genus, such as ''Hematodinium perezi'', the type species, are internal parasitism, parasites of the hemolymph of crustaceans such as the Atlantic blue crab (''Callinectes sapi ...'' sp. However, histone-like proteins of bacterial origins are found in the coding regions at periphery of the dinokaryon's chromosomes. References Dinoflagellate biology Ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxyrrhis
''Oxyrrhis'' is a genus of dinoflagellates. It includes the species '' Oxyrrhis marina''. It is sometimes considered to be a monotypic genus.Lowe, C. D., et al. (2011)Who is ''Oxyrrhis marina''? Morphological and phylogenetic studies on an unusual dinoflagellate.''Journal of Plankton Research'' 33(4) 555-67. Some sources assign the species '' Oxyrrhis parasitica'' and '' O. phaeocysticola'', as well.Guiry, M. D. in Guiry, M. D. & G. M. Guiry. 2013''Oxyrrhis''.AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed on 10 June 2013. Classification Class Oxyrrhea ''Oxyrrhis'' is a genus of dinoflagellates. It includes the species '' Oxyrrhis marina''. It is sometimes considered to be a monotypic genus In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subord ... Cavalier-Smith 1987 xyrrhidophyceae; Oxyrrhia Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004* Order Oxyrrhinida Cavalier-Smith 1993 xyrrhinales Sourn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gymnodinium
''Gymnodinium'' is a genus of dinoflagellates, a type of marine and freshwater plankton. It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates, or species lacking armor known as cellulosic plates. Since 2000, the species which had been considered to be part of ''Gymnodinium'' have been divided into several genera, based on the nature of the apical groove and partial LSU rDNA sequence data. Amphidinium was redefined later. Gymnodinium belong to red dinoflagellates that, in concentration, can cause red tides. The red tides produced by some Gymnodinium, such as Gymnodinium catenatum, are toxic and pose risks to marine and human life, including paralytic shellfish poisoning. Species * ''Amphidinium'' * ''Aureolum'' *''Gymnodinium'' sensu stricto * ''Gyrodinium'' *'' Akashiwo'' *'' Karenia'' *''Karlodinium'' *''Katodinium'' *'' Takayama'' Former species ''Torodinium'' (with ''Torodinium robustum'' and the type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasmodium (life Cycle)
A plasmodium is a living structure of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei, rather than being divided into individual cells each with a single nucleus. Plasmodia are best known from slime molds, but are also found in parasitic Myxosporea, and some algae such as the Chlorarachniophyta. Structure A plasmodium is an amoeboid, multinucleate, and naked mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei. The resulting structure, a coenocyte, is created by many nuclear divisions without the process of cytokinesis, which in other organisms pulls newlydivided cells apart. In some cases, the resulting structure is a syncytium, created by the fusion of cells after division. Under suitable conditions, plasmodia differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips. Taxonomic distribution The term plasmodium, introduced by Leon Cienkowski, usually refers to the feeding stage of slime molds; these are macroscopic mycetozoans. The multinucleate developmental stages of so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
