''Sutterella'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

Gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall ...

rod-shaped A bacillus (), also called a bacilliform bacterium or often just a rod (when the context makes the sense clear), is a rod-shaped bacterium or archaeon. Bacilli are found in many different taxonomic groups of bacteria. However, the name ''Bacillu ...

, non-spore-forming, Betaproteobacteria whose

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

have been isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract as well as canine feces. The genus of the family

Sutterellaceae The Sutterellaceae are a family of the Betaproteobacteria. Cells of Sutterellaceae are Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-negative, and grow under microaerophilic or anaerobic Anaerobic means "living, active, occurring, or existing in the abse ...

currently encompasses 4 distinct species, though at least 5 additional species have been proposed that do not yet meet International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) standards for classification. ''Sutterella'' are frequently referred to as commensal in the context of human hosts, but are associated with inflammation, which has implications for a number of diseases.

Characteristics

''Sutterella'' cells are 0.5 to 1 μm wide and 1 to 3 μm long. They exhibit bile resistance, are nitrate reducers, do not hydrolyze urea, and do not possess the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme. They are only able to be cultured in microaerophilic and anaerobic environments. The ''Sutterella'' genome encodes the

sulfite reductase Sulfite reductases () are enzymes that participate in sulfur metabolism. They catalyze the reduction of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide and water. Electrons for the reaction are provided by a dissociable molecule of either NADPH, bound flavins, or fer ...

MccA.

Human health

Imbalances in abundance of ''Sutterella'' species is correlated with a number of disordered health outcomes. Many of these are related to gut health though others are developmental and neurological disorders. ''Sutterella'' abundance has been positively correlated with irritable bowel disease,

Crohn’s disease Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms often include abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody if inflammation is severe), fever, abdominal distension, ...

, and autism spectrum disorder. Some studies have shown correlation between ''Sutterella'' abundance and severity of down syndrome, though not the onset of the syndrome itself. There is also some evidence to suggest that ''Sutterella'' may be implicated in the pathogensis of ulcerative colitis. However, ''Sutterella'' abundance is negatively associated with other disorders, such as

multiple sclerosis Multiple (cerebral) sclerosis (MS), also known as encephalomyelitis disseminata or disseminated sclerosis, is the most common demyelinating disease, in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This d ...

. ''Sutterella'' has been found to be mildly pro-inflammatory and some research suggests this is due to an ability to degrade

IgA Iga may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Ambush at Iga Pass, a 1958 Japanese film * Iga no Kagemaru, Japanese manga series * Iga, a set of characters from the Japanese novel '' The Kouga Ninja Scrolls'' Biology * ''Iga'' (beetle), a gen ...

. This may help explain its role in human health. There have been a number of studies indicating that diet has an effect on ''Sutterella'' abundance in the gut. Prebiotics, including artificial sweeteners, pectic polysaccharides, and dietary fiber, have been shown to alter the abundance of ''Sutterella'' species.

History of classification

''Sutterella'' was initially characterized by Wexler et. al. in 1996. Despite being mistaken for
Campylobacter gracilis
', it was later determined that it had a number of distinguishing features; sequencing confirmed that it was a unique species most closely related to members of the order Burkholderiales and other Betaproteobacteria. This original strain was named '' Sutterella wadsworthensis'', chosen to honor both the laboratory where it was discovered, the Wadsworth Anaerobe Laboratory, and its decades long director, Vera Sutter. In 2010, upon the discovery of the second species of ''

Parasutterella ''Parasutterella'' is a genus of Gram-negative, circular/rod-shaped, obligate anaerobic, non-spore forming bacteria from the Pseudomonadota phylum, Betaproteobacteria class and the family Sutterellaceae. Previously, this genus was considered "un ...

'', '' Parasutterella secunda'', Morotomi et. al. proposed the reclassification of the closely related ''Sutterella'' and ''Parasutterella genera'' from

Alcaligenaceae The Alcaligenaceae are a family of bacteria, included in the order Burkholderiales. Members are found in water, soil, humans, and other animals.Garrity, George M.; Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (eds.) (2005). ''Bergey's Manual ...

to a new and distinct family they named

Species

Recognized species

''Sutterella megalosphaeroides'' '' Sutterella parvirubra'' '' Sutterella stercoricanis'' '' Sutterella wadsworthensis''

Proposed Species

''Sutterella'' ''faecalis'' ''Sutterella'' ''massiliensis'' '' Candidatus'' Sutterella merdavium ''Sutterella'' ''seckii'' ''Sutterella'' ''timonensis''

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sutterella Burkholderiales Bacteria genera