Suillus

''Suillus'' is a genus of basidiomycete fungi in the family Suillaceae and order Boletales. Species in the genus are associated with trees in the pine family (Pinaceae), and are mostly distributed in temperate locations in the Northern Hemisphere, although some species have been introduced to the Southern Hemisphere.

Taxonomy

The genus ''Suillus'' was first defined by Pier Antonio Micheli in his 1729 work ''Nova plantarum genera'', however it is not valid as it predates the 1753 start of Linnean taxonomy. Fries sanctioned the use by British botanist Samuel Frederick Gray in the first volume of his 1821 work ''A Natural Arrangement of British Plants''. Setting ''Suillus luteus'' as the type species, he described the genus as those mushrooms with a centrally placed stipe, a distinct ring, a circular cap, and tubes that are stuck together.

They have been commonly called "slippery jacks" because the cap of the fruit body is sometimes slimy. The genus name is derived from the Latin ''sus'', meaning "pig". Before 1997, the genus ''Suillus'' was considered part of the family Boletaceae.

The genus also contains what were known as the larch boletes, several species that were described in the genus ''Fuscoboletinus''. These grow in association with larch or tamarack (''Larix'' ssp.). Molecular analysis has shown them to not be a monophyletic group and to be mixed in with the ''Suillus'' species.

Description

Structures of the fungi in this genus in common with other members of the order Boletales include the presence of a cylindrical stipe, cap, soft flesh and tubular hymenium. Specific characteristics common to most species in ''Suillus'' are the cap cuticle which is often slimy and sticky when moist, the presence of darkly staining, clustered, sterile cells called cystidia that give the tube mouths or the stipe surface a speckled or glandular appearance, spores that are usually cinnamon brown or chocolate brown in mass, and obligate mycorrhizal relationships primarily with members of the Pinaceae, especially with members of the genera ''Pinus'', ''Larix'' and ''Pseudotsuga''.

Intra-genus variation may be demonstrated by differences in colour and ornamentation of the cap cuticle, flesh, pores and stipe, the presence of a partial veil in immature forms and annuli thereafter, pore shape and distribution, as well as habitat. The cap cuticle is dark brown in '' S. brevipes'', and yellow in '' S. grevillei''. '' S. granulatus'' has a smooth cap cuticle, while that of '' S. lakei'' is finely scaly. The pores are bright yellow in '' S. collinitus'', cinnamon in '' S. variegatus'' and grey in '' S. viscidus''; in shape they are round in '' S. luteus'' and angular in '' S. bovinus''. The flesh is white to yellow in '' S. luteus'', while it is pallid in ''S. variegatus'' with a tendency to turn blue when exposed to air. Young ''S. luteus'' and ''S. grevillei'' bear partial veils whose remnants remain as annuli hanging from the stipe; in ''S. granulatus'' the stipe is bare. ''S. viscidus'' and ''S. grevillei'' occur under larch (''Larix'') only, while '' S. sibiricus'' is restricted to a few species of 5-needled pine (''Pinus'').

Habitat and distribution

Species of ''Suillus'' are found all over the Northern Hemisphere where members of the tree family Pinaceae can be found. Although a few species are distributed in tropical regions (usually mountainous areas), most are limited to temperate areas. Some species have been introduced adventitiously with pine trees in pine plantations outside the natural area of Pinaceae.

Some ''Suillus'' species have entered regional red lists as endangered or vulnerable. Seven European countries have listed '' S. sibiricus''. Individual countries have also listed other species, including '' S. flavidus'', '' S. tridentinus'', '' S. collinitus'', '' S. plorans'' and ''S. lakei''.

Uses

Some ''Suillus'' species are edible and are highly esteemed, particularly in Slavic countries, where they are generally referred to as butter mushrooms. They are generally picked as buttons when the flesh is still firm. In some species, the slimy cap coat acts as a purgative when consumed and should be removed before cooking. Species of ''Suillus'' have been associated with the term "bolete", given to members of other genera bearing pores, most notably ''Boletus''.

Some species can be used to make mushroom dyes, like ''S. americanus'', ''S. cothurnatus'', ''S. granulatus'', and ''S. luteus''.

Species

, Index Fungorum lists 98 valid species of ''Suillus'':
*'' S. abietinus''
*'' S. acerbus''
*'' S. acidus''
*'' S. albidipes''
*'' S. albivelatus'' (edible)
*'' S. alboflocculosus''
*'' S. alkaliaurantians''
*'' S. amabilis''
*'' S. americanus'' – chicken-fat suillus
*'' S. anomalus''
*'' S. appendiculatus''
*'' S. bellinii''
*'' S. borealis''
*'' S. boudieri''
*'' S. bovinoides''
*'' S. bovinus'' – Jersey cow mushroom
*'' S. bresadolae''
*'' S. brevipes'' – short-stalked suillus
*'' S. brunnescens''
*'' S. caerulescens''
*'' S. californicus''
*'' S. cavipes''
*'' S. cavipoides'' – China
*'' S. cembrae''
*'' S. chiapasensis''
*'' S. collarius''
*'' S. collinitus''
*'' S. cothurnatus''
*'' S. decipiens''
*'' S. flavidus'' (also known as ''S. umbonatus'')
*'' S. flavogranulatus''
*'' S. flavoluteus''
*'' S. flavus''
*'' S. furfuraceus''
*'' S. fuscotomentosus''
*'' S. glandulosipes''
*'' S. gloeous'' – China
*'' S. granulatus'' – dotted-stalk suillus
*'' S. grevillei'' – larch suillus, larch bolete
*'' S. grisellus''
*'' S. guzmanii''
*'' S. helenae''
*'' S. hirtellus''
*'' S. hololeucus''
*'' Suillus holomaculatus'' – Mauritius
*'' S. intermedius''
*'' S. jacuticus''
*'' S. kaibabensis''
*'' S. kunmingensis'' – China
*'' S. lakei'' – western painted suillus
*'' S. lapponicus'' – Finland
*'' S. lithocarpi-sequoiae''
*'' S. lutescens''
*'' S. luteus'' – slippery Jack (many ''Suillus'' species are called by this common name)
*'' S. marginielevatus'' – Pakistan
*'' S. mediterraneensis''
*'' S. megaporinus''
*'' S. monticola''
*'' S. neoalbidipes''
*'' S. obscurus'' – Greece
*'' S. occidentalis''
*'' S. ochraceoroseus''
*'' S. pallidiceps''
*'' S. pinorigidus''
*'' S. placidus'' – white suillus
*'' S. plorans''
*'' S. ponderosus''
*'' S. pseudoalbivelatus'' – Dominican Republic
*'' S. pseudobrevipes''
*'' S. punctipes''
*'' S. pungens'' – pungent suillus
*'' S. quiescens'' – USA
*'' S. reticulatus''
*'' S. riparius''
*'' S. roseoporus''
*'' S. roseovelatus'' – Greece
*'' S. ruber''
*'' S. rubricontextus'' – China
*'' S. rubropunctatus''
*'' S. salmonicolor''
*'' S. serotinus''
*'' S. sibiricus''
*'' S. spraguei'' – painted suillus
*'' S. subacerbus'' – New Zealand
*'' S. subalpinus''
*'' S. subaureus''
*'' S. subluteus'' – slippery Jill
*'' S. subolivaceus''
*'' S. subreticulatus'' – China
*'' S. subvariegatus''
*'' S. tomentosus'' – tomentose suillus
*'' S. triacicularis'' – India
*'' S. tridentinus''
*'' S. variegatus'' – velvet bolete
*'' S. viscidus'' – sticky bolete
*'' S. volcanalis''
*'' S. wasatchicus''
*'' S. weaverae''

See also

* Mushroom hunting
* Mushroom poisoning

Notes

References

*Bessette AE, Roody WC & Bessette AR. (2000). ''North American boletes: A color guide to the fleshy pored mushrooms.'' China: Syracuse UP. 399 pp.
*
*Smith AH, Smith HV & Weber NS. (1981). ''How to know the non-gilled mushrooms.'' Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown. 324 pp.
* ''National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms'', Knopf, 1981.

External links

Genus ''Suillus'' at Mushroom Expert.com

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1338220

Boletales genera
Taxa named by Samuel Frederick Gray
Taxa described in 1821