Stropharia Lepiotiformis
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the
common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...
roundheads) is a group of medium to large
agarics An agaric () is a type of fungus fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus (cap) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe (stalk), with lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus. In the UK, agarics are called "mushrooms ...
with a distinct membranous
ring Ring may refer to: * Ring (jewellery), a round band, usually made of metal, worn as ornamental jewelry * To make a sound with a bell, and the sound made by a bell :(hence) to initiate a telephone connection Arts, entertainment and media Film and ...
on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''
Stropharia rugosoannulata ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'', commonly known as the wine cap stropharia, "garden giant", burgundy mushroom or king stropharia (Japanese: ''saketsubatake''), is an agaric of the family Strophariaceae found in Europe and North America, and introd ...
'' and the blue-green
verdigris Verdigris is the common name for blue-green, copper-based pigments that form a patina on copper, bronze, and brass. The technical literature is ambiguous as to its chemical composition. Some sources refer to "neutral verdigris" as copper(II) ac ...
agarics (''
Stropharia aeruginosa ''Stropharia aeruginosa'', commonly known as the verdigris agaric, is a medium-sized green, slimy woodland mushroom, found on lawns, mulch and woodland from spring to autumn. The edibility of this mushroom is controversial - some sources claim t ...
'' and allies). ''Stropharia'' are not generally regarded as good to eat and there are doubts over the edibility of several species. However the species ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' is regarded as prized and delicious when young, and is now the premier mushroom for outdoor bed culture by mycophiles in temperate climates.


Taxonomy

The scientific name is derived from the
Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
'στροφος/strophos' meaning "belt", in reference to the annulus present on the stipe.
Spore print 300px, Making a spore print of the mushroom ''Volvariella volvacea'' shown in composite: (photo lower half) mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; (photo upper half) cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print. A 3.5-centimeter ...
color is generally medium to dark purple-brown with white edge at maturity, except for a few species that have rusty-brown spores. There is a great deal of variation, however, since this group as presently delimited is
polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...
. Members of the core clade of ''Stropharia'' are characterized by crystalline
acanthocytes Acanthocyte (from the Greek word ἄκανθα ''acantha'', meaning 'thorn'), in biology and medicine, refers to an abnormal form of red blood cell that has a spiked cell membrane, due to thorny projections. A similar term is spur cells. Often ...
among the
hyphae A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or ...
of the mycelium and that make up the
rhizoids Rhizoids are protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes and algae. They are similar in structure and function to the root hairs of vascular land plants. Similar structures are formed by some fungi. Rhizoids may be uni ...
at the base of the mushroom, and in one species, ''
Stropharia acanthocystis The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and th ...
'', also occur in the
hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some ...
.


Description

Recent
molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...
work shows the core group of the genus most closely related to ''
Hypholoma ''Hypholoma'' is a genus of fungi which are quite well known due to the commonness of sulphur tuft (''Hypholoma fasciculare'') on stumps in temperate woodlands. Species in this genus are easily recognizable because the dark spores create a dis ...
'' and ''
Pholiota ''Pholiota'' is a genus of small to medium-sized, fleshy mushrooms in the family Strophariaceae. They are saprobes that typically live on wood. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in temperate regions, and contains about 150 spe ...
''. Other such as '' S. semiglobata'' are more distantly related. ''Stropharia'' had been divided into 'sections' by
Rolf Singer Rolf Singer (June 23, 1906 – January 18, 1994) was a Germany, German-born mycologist and one of the most important Taxonomy (biology), taxonomists of gilled mushrooms (agarics) in the 20th century. After receiving his Ph.D. at the University ...
among others, although some 'sections' were only informally named.
Phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
ally, some 'sections' have now been classified as separate genera by some authors for species lacking acanthocytes. Two examples of the reclassification of sections into genera are: ''
Leratiomyces ''Leratiomyces'' is a genus of mushroom-forming basidiomycetes first proposed three times under invalid names, and finally validated in 2008. It includes several formerly described, variously, from the genera '' Stropharia'', '' Hypholoma'', an ...
'' in 2008 in part replacing
Section Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sign ...
''Stropholoma'' and ''
Protostropharia ''Protostropharia'', is a coprophilous agaric fungal genus that produces glutinous, mostly yellowish to yellow brown fruit bodies. Characteristically most form chrysocystidia and rather large, smooth, violaceous basidiospores each with a promin ...
'' in 2013 in part replacing section ''Stercophila''. The
psychedelic mushroom Psilocybin mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, are a polyphyletic informal group of mushroom, fungi that contain psilocybin which turns into psilocin upon ingestion. Biological genera containing psilocybin mushrooms include ''Psilocyb ...
formerly known as ''Stropharia cubensis'' was reclassified into the genus ''Psilocybe'' by mycologist
Rolf Singer Rolf Singer (June 23, 1906 – January 18, 1994) was a Germany, German-born mycologist and one of the most important Taxonomy (biology), taxonomists of gilled mushrooms (agarics) in the 20th century. After receiving his Ph.D. at the University ...
and subsequently this classification was supported by modern phylogenetic analyses based upon DNA sequence comparison. It bears a superficial resemblance to ''Stropharia'' with its relatively large size, well-developed annulus, and dark spores, hence in some references it is referred to as ''
Psilocybe cubensis ''Psilocybe cubensis ''is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose principal active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. Commonly called shrooms, magic mushrooms, golden halos, cubes, or gold caps, it belongs to the fungus family Hymenogastrace ...
'',O. T. Oss, O. N. Oeric
''Psilocybin: magic mushroom grower's guide: a handbook for psilocybin Enthusiasts''
Quick American Archives, 2nd ed. (1993),
however, it is simply a large-size example of the bluing ''Psilocybe'' and hence is not a close relative of ''Stropharia''.


Species

*''
Stropharia acanthocystis The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and th ...
'' *''
Stropharia aeruginosa ''Stropharia aeruginosa'', commonly known as the verdigris agaric, is a medium-sized green, slimy woodland mushroom, found on lawns, mulch and woodland from spring to autumn. The edibility of this mushroom is controversial - some sources claim t ...
'' *''
Stropharia agaricoides The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and th ...
'' *''
Stropharia agrocyboides The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and th ...
'' *''
Stropharia albivelata The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and th ...
'' *'' Stropharia albonitens'' *'' Stropharia albosulphurea'' *''
Stropharia ambigua ''Stropharia ambigua'', sometimes known as the questionable Stropharia, is a saprotrophic agaric mushroom, commonly fruiting in leaf litter and wood chips in the Pacific Northwest. Description The cap is broad, obtuse to convex, becoming flat ...
'' *'' Stropharia araucariae'' *'' Stropharia aurantiaca'' * '' Stropharia caerulea'' *'' Stropharia chrysocystidia'' – China *'' Stropharia cifuentesii'' – Mexico *'' Stropharia coronilla'' *'' Stropharia farlowiana'' *'' Stropharia formosa'' *'' Stropharia halophila'' * '' Stropharia hornemannii'' *'' Stropharia inuncta'' *'' Stropharia kauffmanii'' *'' Stropharia lepiotiformis'' *''
Stropharia luteonitens The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous annulus (mycology), ring on the stipe (mycology), stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ...
'' *'' Stropharia mammillata'' *'' Stropharia melanosperma'' *'' Stropharia pseudocyanea'' *'' Stropharia rubrobrunnea'' – Western Ghats, India * ''
Stropharia rugosoannulata ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'', commonly known as the wine cap stropharia, "garden giant", burgundy mushroom or king stropharia (Japanese: ''saketsubatake''), is an agaric of the family Strophariaceae found in Europe and North America, and introd ...
'' *''
Stropharia squamulosa The genus ''Stropharia'' (sometimes known by the common name roundheads) is a group of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous ring on the stipe. Well-known members of this genus include the edible ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'' and the ...
'' *'' Stropharia variicolor'' *'' Stropharia venusta''


Gallery

Image:Docs019.jpg, ''
Stropharia aeruginosa ''Stropharia aeruginosa'', commonly known as the verdigris agaric, is a medium-sized green, slimy woodland mushroom, found on lawns, mulch and woodland from spring to autumn. The edibility of this mushroom is controversial - some sources claim t ...
'' Image:Stropharia ambigua 4.JPG , ''
Stropharia ambigua ''Stropharia ambigua'', sometimes known as the questionable Stropharia, is a saprotrophic agaric mushroom, commonly fruiting in leaf litter and wood chips in the Pacific Northwest. Description The cap is broad, obtuse to convex, becoming flat ...
'' File:Stropharia inuncta 77505.jpg , '' Stropharia inuncta'' File:2011-05-19 Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill 183478.jpg , ''
Stropharia rugosoannulata ''Stropharia rugosoannulata'', commonly known as the wine cap stropharia, "garden giant", burgundy mushroom or king stropharia (Japanese: ''saketsubatake''), is an agaric of the family Strophariaceae found in Europe and North America, and introd ...
''


Legal status


United States


Louisiana

Except for ornamental purposes, growing, selling or possessing ''Stropharia'' spp. is prohibited by
Louisiana State Act 159 Signed into law June 28, 2005, and effective August 8, 2005, Louisiana State Act No 159 found in, Louisiana RS 40:989.1, outlawed the cultivation, possession or sale of 40 named plants defined as hallucinogenic in the state of Louisiana, US. House ...
.


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1634915 Strophariaceae