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Annulus (mycology)
An annulus is the ring-like or collar-like structure sometimes found on the stipe of some species of mushrooms. The annulus represents the remnants of the partial veil, after it has ruptured to expose the gills or other spore-producing surface. It can also be called a ring which is what the Latin word annulus directly translates as. The modern usage of the Latin word originates from the early days of botany and mycology when species descriptions were only written in Latin. Outside of the formal setting of scientific publications which still have a Latin requirement, it will often just be referred to as a ring or stem ring in field guide A field guide is a book designed to help the reader identify wildlife (flora or fauna) or other objects of natural occurrence (e.g. rocks and minerals). It is generally designed to be brought into the "field" or local area where such objects exi ...s and on identification websites. Ring descriptions The way in which the structure and appea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gymnopilus Junonius-02
''Gymnopilus'' is a genus of gilled mushrooms within the fungal family Strophariaceae containing about 200 rusty-orange spored mushroom species formerly divided among ''Pholiota'' and the defunct genus ''Flammula''. The basidiocarp, fruit body is typically reddish brown to rusty orange to yellow, medium to large, often with a well-developed partial veil, veil. Most members of ''Gymnopilus'' grow on wood but at times may appear terrestrial if the wood is buried or decomposed. Members of ''Pholiota'' and ''Cortinarius'' are easy to confuse with ''Gymnopilus''. ''Pholiota'' can be distinguished by its viscid pileus (mycology), cap and duller (brown to cinnamon brown) basidiospore, spores, and ''Cortinarius'' grows on the ground. Beginners can confuse ''Gymnopilus'' with ''Galerina'', which contains deadly poisonous species. The genus ''Gymnopilus'' has over 200 species worldwide. The name means ''naked pileus (mycology), pileus''. Psychoactive species Fourteen members of ''Gymno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanita Bisporigera
''Amanita bisporigera'' is a deadly poisonous species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It is commonly known as the eastern destroying angel amanita, the eastern North American destroying angel or just as the destroying angel, although the fungus shares this latter name with three other lethal white ''Amanita'' species, '' A. ocreata'', '' A. verna'' and '' A. virosa''. The fruit bodies are found on the ground in mixed coniferous and deciduous forests of eastern North America south to Mexico, but are rare in western North America; the fungus has also been found in pine plantations in Colombia. The mushroom has a smooth white cap that can reach up to across, and a stipe, up to long by thick, that has a delicate white skirt-like ring near the top. The bulbous stipe base is covered with a membranous sac-like volva. The white gills are free from attachment to the stalk and crowded closely together. As the species name suggests, ''A. bisporigera'' typical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepiota Rubrotinctoides
''Lepiota'' is a genus of gilled mushrooms in the family Agaricaceae. All ''Lepiota'' species are ground-dwelling saprotrophs with a preference for rich, calcareous soils. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are agaricoid with whitish spores, typically with scaly caps and a ring on the stipe. Around 400 species of ''Lepiota'' are currently recognized worldwide. Many species are poisonous, some lethally so. Taxonomy History ''Agaricus'' section ''Lepiota'' was originally published in 1797 by South African-born mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon. It was subsequently raised to the rank of genus by Samuel Frederick Gray. As originally conceived, the genus was a mix of agarics with rings on their stems, including species now placed in ''Armillaria'', ''Cortinarius'', and ''Pholiota''. In 1822, however, the influential Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries restricted ''Lepiota'' to white-spored, ringed agarics. Based on macro- and micromorphology, later authors gradually refined the gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macrolepiota
''Macrolepiota'' is a genus of white spored, gilled mushrooms of the family Agaricaceae. The best-known member is the parasol mushroom (''M. procera''). The widespread genus contains about 40 species. Taxonomy ''Macrolepiota'' was circumscribed by Rolf Singer in 1948, with ''Macrolepiota procera'' as the type species. DNA studies have split this genus into three clades. The macrolepiota clade includes ''M. procera, M. clelandii'', ''M. dolichaula'' and closely related species. The macrosporae clade includes species such as ''M. mastoidea'', ''M. konradii'', and ''M. orientiexcoriata'', while the volvatae clade includes ''M. velosa'' and ''M. eucharis''. Uses ''Macrolepiota procera'', the parasol mushroom, is a well-known and highly esteemed edible species in much of Europe.Parasol Mushroom - Private mushroom record of Józef Bossowski ''Macrolepiota albuminosa'' is eaten in Chinese cuisine, where it is called ''jīzōng'' ( 鸡枞; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanita
The genus ''Amanita'' contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is α-Amanitin. The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists discourage mushroom hunters, other than experts, from selecting any of these for human consumption. Nonetheless, in some cultures, the larger local edible species of ''Amanita'' are mainstays of the markets in the local growing season. Samples of this are ''Amanita zambiana'' and other fleshy species in central Africa, ''Amanita basii, A. basii'' and similar species in Mexico, ''Amanita caesarea, A. caesarea'' and the "Blusher" ''Amanita rubescens'' in Europe, and ''Amanita chepangiana, A. chepangiana'' in South-East Asia. Other s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agaricus
''Agaricus'' is a genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with over 400 members worldwide and possibly again as many disputed or newly-discovered species. The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (''Agaricus bisporus'') and the field mushroom ('' A. campestris''), the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West. Members of ''Agaricus'' are characterized by having a fleshy cap or pileus, from the underside of which grow a number of radiating plates or gills, on which are produced the naked spores. They are distinguished from other members of their family, Agaricaceae, by their chocolate-brown spores. Members of ''Agaricus'' also have a stem or stipe, which elevates it above the object on which the mushroom grows, or substrate, and a partial veil, which protects the developing gills and later forms a ring or annulus on the stalk. The genus contains the most widely consumed and best-known mushroom today, '' A. bisporus'', with '' A. arvensis'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gymnopilus Junonius
''Gymnopilus junonius'' is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Commonly known as the spectacular rustgill, this large orange mushroom is typically found growing on tree stumps, logs, or tree bases. Some subspecies of this mushroom contain the neurotoxic oligoisoprenoid gymnopilin. Description The cap ranges from across, is convex to flat, and is bright yellow-orange in younger specimens and orange-brown or reddish brown in older ones, with a dry scaly surface. The flesh is yellow, the odor mild and taste bitter. The stem is long, 1–5 cm thick, and often narrows near the base. The frail ring is dusted with rusty orange spores, and the gill attachment to the stem is adnate to sub-decurrent. It stains red with KOH and turns green when cooked. The spore print is rusty orange. Unlike psychoactive relatives in the ''Psilocybe'' genus, ''G. junonius'' lacks psilocybin and does not stain blue, but smaller specimens occasionally exhibit bruising. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorophyllum
''Chlorophyllum'' is a genus of large agarics similar in appearance to the true parasol mushroom. ''Chlorophyllum'' was originally coined in 1898, a time when spore color was the deciding factor for differentiating genera. It was termed in order to describe the poisonous green-spored ''C. molybdites'' which shared many characteristics of the mushrooms within the genus ''Lepiota'' but lacked the all important white spores. The name derives from Greek ''Chloro'' meaning green and ''phyllo'' meaning leaf (or gill in this case). It remained as a monotypic genus until recently when modern DNA analyses concluded that many of the mushrooms contained in the genus ''Macrolepiota'' actually had more in common genetically with the ''Chlorophyllum molybdites'' than with the other members of the ''Macrolepiota''.Vellinga, Else. , Volume 16, Number 2, Fall 2006. The genus has a widespread distribution, with many species found in tropical regions. The best known members are the edible shagg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortinarius Archeri
''Cortinarius archeri'' is a species of mushroom in the genus ''Cortinarius'' native to Australia. The distinctive mushrooms have bright purple caps that glisten with slime, and appear in autumn in eucalypt forests. Taxonomy English clergyman Miles Joseph Berkeley described ''Cortinarius archeri'' in 1860 from a specimen collected in Cheshunt, Tasmania in April 1856. The species name honours the collector—naturalist William Archer, who was the secretary of the Royal Society of Tasmania. In 1891, the German botanist Otto Kuntze published ''Revisio generum plantarum'', his response to what he perceived as poor method in existing nomenclatural practice. He called the species ''Gomphos archeri'', citing the genus ''Gomphos'' as described by Giovanni Antonio Battarra in 1755 taking precedence over ''Cortinarius''. However, Kuntze's revisionary programme was not accepted by the majority of botanists. Within the genus, ''Cortinarius archeri'' belongs to the subgenus ''Myxacium'', w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortinarius
''Cortinarius'' is a globally distributed genus of mushrooms in the family Cortinariaceae. It is suspected to be the largest genus of agarics, containing over 2,000 widespread species. A common feature among all species in the genus ''Cortinarius'' is that young specimens have a cortina (veil) between the cap and the stem, hence the name, meaning ''curtained''. Most of the fibres of the cortina are ephemeral and will leave no trace once gone, except for limited remnants on the stem or cap edge in some species. All have a rusty brown spore print. The common names cortinar and webcap refer to members of the genus. Due to dangerous toxicity of several species (such as ''Cortinarius orellanus'') and the fact that it is difficult to distinguish between various species of the genus, non-expert consumption of mushrooms from the genus is discouraged. Distinguishing features The veil protects the gills in younger specimens and usually disappears leaving little to no trace of itself as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suillus Luteus
''Suillus luteus'' is a bolete fungus, and the type species of the genus ''Suillus''. A common fungus native all across Eurasia from Ireland to Korea, it has been introduced widely elsewhere, including North and South America, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Commonly referred to as slippery jack or sticky bun in English-speaking countries, its names refer to the brown cap, which is characteristically slimy in wet conditions. The fungus, initially described as ''Boletus luteus'' ("yellow mushroom") by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, is now classified in a different fungus family as well as genus. ''Suillus luteus'' (literally "yellow pig", from its greasy look in rain) is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms. It is commonly prepared and eaten in soups, stews or fried dishes. The slime coating, however, may cause indigestion if not removed before eating. It is often sold as a dried mushroom. The fungus grows in coniferous forests in its native range ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorophyllum Rhacodes
Shaggy parasol is the common name for three closely related species of mushroom, ''Chlorophyllum rhacodes'' (or ''rachodes''), ''C. olivieri'' and ''C. brunneum'', found in North America, Europe and Southern Africa (the latter species is also found in Australia). Taxonomy ''Chlorophyllum rhacodes'', ''C. olivieri'' and ''C. brunneum'' were formerly known as ''Macrolepiota rhacodes'' or ''Lepiota rhacodes'', but the name was changed on the basis of molecular phylogenetic evidence demonstrating a closer relationship to ''Chlorophyllum molybdites'' than to ''Macrolepiota procera''. The subspecies ''Macrolepiota rhacodes'' var. ''brunneum'' was also elevated to species status as ''Chlorophyllum brunneum''. ''Chlorophyllum olivieri'' is a closely related species that is also eaten as the "Shaggy Parasol". Many reference works spell the epithet "''rachodes''" rather than "''rhacodes''". The spelling "rachodes" was used by Vittadini when he first published the species in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
