The Standard J is a two-seat basic trainer
two-bay biplane produced in the United States from 1916 to 1918, powered by a four-cylinder inline
Hall-Scott A-7
The Hall-Scott A-7 was an early liquid-cooled aircraft engine manufactured by the Hall-Scott company of Berkeley, California. Using a straight-4 configuration, the engine developed 90 horsepower (67 kW) as the A-7 and 100 horsepower (75&nbs ...
a engine. It was constructed from wood with wire bracing and fabric covering. The J-1 was built as a stopgap to supplement the
Curtiss JN-4
The Curtiss JN "Jenny" was a series of biplanes built by the Curtiss Aeroplane Company of Hammondsport, New York, later the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company. Although the Curtiss JN series was originally produced as a training aircraft for th ...
in production.
Development
Charles Healy Day had designed the preceding
Sloan H series of aircraft, and continued the line under the Standard Aero Corporation (later
Standard Aircraft Corporation). Four companies, Standard, Dayton-Wright, Fisher Body, and Wright-Martin, delivered 1,601 J-1s between June 1917 and June 1918. The Standard J-1 can be differentiated from the Curtiss JN series by its slightly swept-back wing planform, triangular
king post
A king post (or king-post or kingpost) is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs, working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above (whereas a crown post, though visually similar, supports items above f ...
s above the upper wings, and the front legs of the landing gear which were mounted behind the lower wing's leading edge, just about where the forward
wing spar
In a fixed-wing aircraft, the spar is often the main structural member of the wing, running spanwise at right angles (or thereabouts depending on wing sweep) to the fuselage. The spar carries flight loads and the weight of the wings while on t ...
of the lower wing panel attaches to the fuselage.
Operational history
![04-00075 Carrying passengers at Rockwell Field](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/04-00075_Carrying_passengers_at_Rockwell_Field._%285684424286%29.jpg)
Although produced in large numbers, its four-cylinder
Hall-Scott A-7a
The Hall-Scott A-7 was an early liquid-cooled aircraft engine manufactured by the Hall-Scott company of Berkeley, California. Using a straight-4 configuration, the engine developed 90 horsepower (67 kW) as the A-7 and 100 horsepower (75&nb ...
engine was unreliable and vibrated badly. While JN-4 production outnumbered J-1s by about two to one to June 1918, fatalities in JN-4s versus J-1s numbered about seven to one as a result of the limited use of the J-1s. Few later production J-1s left their delivery crates.
In June 1918, all Standard J-1s were grounded, although training remained intensive. Sufficient JN-4s were available to meet training needs, and at $2,000 per aircraft it was not cost-effective to convert them to use
Curtiss OX-5
The Curtiss OX-5 was an early V-8 American liquid-cooled aircraft engine built by Curtiss. It was the first American-designed aircraft engine to enter mass production, although it was considered obsolete when it did so in 1917.Smith, 1981, page ...
engines. Contracts for 2,600+ JS-1s were canceled, and those not used for ground instruction by the US Army were sold as surplus or scrapped.
Curtiss, which produced its competitor (the Curtiss JN) bought surplus J-1s which they modified with different powerplants, for resale.
Many J-1s were flown by civilian flying schools, and for joy-riding and barnstorming operations, until they were worn out, or were forced into retirement by new air transport legislation in 1927 which banned passenger aircraft with wood structures due to a number of high-profile accidents.
Variants
![Ryan Standard](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Ryan_Standard.jpg)
* Sloan H series: trainers and reconnaissance aircraft from 1913
* Standard H series: production by Standard of Sloan H-series
* Standard J: first Standard-designed variant
* Standard J-1: trainer for U.S. Army
* Standard SJ-1: J-1 with additional pair of forward wheels to prevent noseovers
* Standard JR-1: advanced trainer for US Army
* Standard JR-1B: mail carrier for US Post Office, modification of JR-1
* Standard E-4: redesignated JR-1B mailcarrier
War-surplus conversions
![Nicholas-Beazley_Standard_Aero_Digest_September_1926](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Nicholas-Beazley_Standard_Aero_Digest_September_1926.jpg)
*
Aerial Engineering Corporation Standard 6W-3: Modification for a pilot and four passengers. Also known as the Mercury Standard 6
*Curtiss Night Mail: 1922 mailplane conversion of J-1 by
Curtiss with new wings (about 6 converted)
*
Lincoln Standard L.S.5: J-1 modified with an open cockpit for four passengers
*Nicholas-Beazley-Standard: J-1 aircraft modified by
Nicholas-Beazley
* Ryan Standard: J-1 with a 180 hp
Hispano Suiza engine
and an enclosed cabin for four passengers fitted by the
Ryan Flying Company[''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft'' p.2835] (9 converted)
[Taylor 1989, p.774]
* Sikorsky Standard: civil trainer with
Sikorsky-
Gluhareff Parasol wing
A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes, which have multiple planes.
A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing confi ...
(also known as Standard SJ)
Operators
;
*
United States Army Air Service
The United States Army Air Service (USAAS)Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p. 9 (also known as the ''"Air Service"'', ''"U.S. Air Service"'' and before its legislative establishment in 1920, the ''"Air Service, United States Army"'') was the aerial war ...
*
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...
*
United States Post Office Department
The United States Post Office Department (USPOD; also known as the Post Office or U.S. Mail) was the predecessor of the United States Postal Service, in the form of a Cabinet department, officially from 1872 to 1971. It was headed by the postma ...
* The San Diego—Los Angeles Airlines
Surviving aircraft
![17 14 023 museum](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/17_14_023_museum.jpg)
Over a dozen J-1s are on display or being restored. Others projects are incomplete and awaiting restoration.
* 214 – J-1 on static display at the
Yanks Air Museum
The Yanks Air Museum is a non-profit 501 (c)(3) organization and museum dedicated to exhibiting, preserving and restoring American aircraft and artifacts in order to show the evolution of American aviation, located at Chino Airport in Chino, Cal ...
in
Chino, California
Chino ( ; Spanish for "Curly") is a city in the western end of San Bernardino County, California, United States, with Los Angeles County to its west and Orange County to its south in the Southern California region. Chino is adjacent to Chi ...
.
* 581 – J-1 airworthy at the Owls Head Transportation Museum in
Owls Head, Maine. It has a
Hispano-Suiza V-8 engine installed.
* 1000 – J-1 airworthy with James F. Hammond of
Yellow Springs, Ohio
Yellow Springs is a village in Greene County, Ohio, United States. The population was 3,697 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is home to Antioch College.
History
The area of the village had long b ...
.
* 1141 – J-1 on static display at the
National Museum of the United States Air Force
The National Museum of the United States Air Force (formerly the United States Air Force Museum) is the official museum of the United States Air Force located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, northeast of Dayton, Ohio. The NMUSAF is the ...
in
Dayton, Ohio
Dayton () is the sixth-largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County. A small part of the city extends into Greene County. The 2020 U.S. census estimate put the city population at 137,644, while Greater D ...
. It is displayed without a right wing or fabric covering, has a
Hall-Scott
Hall-Scott Motor Car Company was an American manufacturing company based in Berkeley, California. It was among the most significant builders of water-cooled aircraft engines before World War I.
History
1910–21
The company was founded in 1910 ...
A-4A engine installed, and was donated by Robert Greiger in December 1962.
* 1582 – J-1 in storage at the
Fantasy of Flight
Fantasy of Flight is an aviation museum in Polk City, Florida.
It opened in November 1995, to house Kermit Weeks' collection of aircraft that, until Hurricane Andrew damaged many in 1992, were housed at the Weeks Air Museum in Tamiami, Florid ...
in
Polk City, Florida
Polk City is a city in Polk County, Florida, United States. The population was 1,562 at the 2010 census. As of 2018, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau is 2,422. It is part of the Lakeland– Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistic ...
. It is composite of two airframes.
* 1598 – J-1 on static display at the
San Diego Aerospace Museum in
San Diego, California
San Diego ( , ; ) is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast of Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a 2020 population of 1,386,932, it is the eighth most populous city in the United Stat ...
.
* 1956 – J-1 airworthy at the
EAA Aviation Museum
The EAA Aviation Museum, formerly the EAA AirVenture Museum (or Air Adventure Museum), is a museum dedicated to the preservation and display of historic and experimental aircraft as well as antiques, classics, and warbirds. The museum is lo ...
in
Oshkosh, Wisconsin. It has a Hispano-Suiza Model A engine installed.
* 2434 – J-1 on display at the
Fargo Air Museum
The Fargo Air Museum is an aviation related museum in Fargo, North Dakota. It is located at Hector International Airport in the northern part of the city. The museum includes many historic aircraft of which 90% are in flying condition.
History ...
in
Fargo, North Dakota. It is on loan from
Bonanzaville, U.S.A. It has an
OXX-6 engine installed.
* 2969 – J-1 airworthy with Walter C. Bowe of
Sonoma, California
Sonoma is a city in Sonoma County, California, United States, located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. Sonoma is one of the principal cities of California's Wine Country and the center of the Sonoma Valley AVA. Sonoma's p ...
. It is assembled from original components as a period kit.
* 41236 – J-1 on static display at the
Glenn H. Curtiss Museum
The Glenn H. Curtiss Museum is a transportation museum in Hammondsport, New York with a focus on the early aviator Glenn H. Curtiss. The 60,000 square foot facility has a collection of aircraft, vintage motorcycles, automobiles, and aircraft eng ...
in
Hammondsport, New York
Hammondsport is a village at the south end of Keuka Lake, in Steuben County, one of the Finger Lakes of New York, United States.
The Village of Hammondsport is in the Town of Urbana and is northeast of Bath.
History
Lazarus Hammond founded ...
. It is on loan from the
Henry Ford Museum
The Henry Ford (also known as the Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation and Greenfield Village, and as the Edison Institute) is a history museum complex in the Detroit suburb of Dearborn, Michigan, United States. The museum collection contains ...
.
* T-4595 – J-1 at the
Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum
The Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum, located at Creve Coeur Airport in Maryland Heights, Missouri, United States, is dedicated to restoring and preserving historical aircraft. The airplanes in the collection are all fabric-covered, and most ...
in
Creve Coeur, Missouri
Creve Coeur is a city located in mid St. Louis County, Missouri, United States, a part of Greater St. Louis. Its population was 18,834 at the 2020 census. Creve Coeur borders and shares a ZIP code (63141) with the neighboring city of Town and ...
.
* T-4598 – J-1 airworthy with the Freeman Heritage Collection in
Kingsbury, Texas.
* T-4732 – J-1 airworthy with C C Air Corp of
Port Hueneme, California
Port Hueneme ( ; Chumash: ''Wene Me'') is a small beach city in Ventura County, California, surrounded by the city of Oxnard and the Santa Barbara Channel. Both the Port of Hueneme and Naval Base Ventura County lie within the city limits.
P ...
.
* J-1 on static display at the
National Museum of the United States Air Force
The National Museum of the United States Air Force (formerly the United States Air Force Museum) is the official museum of the United States Air Force located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, northeast of Dayton, Ohio. The NMUSAF is the ...
in
Dayton, Ohio
Dayton () is the sixth-largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County. A small part of the city extends into Greene County. The 2020 U.S. census estimate put the city population at 137,644, while Greater D ...
. It has an
OXX-6 engine installed.
Specifications (SJ)
See also
References
;Notes
;Bibliography
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External links
The Owl's Head Transportation Museum's Standard J-1 page
{{Robertson aircraft
1910s United States military trainer aircraft
Standard Aircraft Corporation aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916