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The gilt-head (sea) bream (''Sparus aurata''), known as Orata in antiquity and still today in Italy and Tunisia (known as "Dorada" in Spain, "Dourada" in Portugal and "Dorade Royale" in France), is a fish of the bream family
It is typically found at depths of , but may occur up to , seen singly or in small groups near seagrass or over sandy bottoms, but sometimes in estuaries during the spring.
It mainly feeds on
Sparidae
The Sparidae are a family of fish in the order Perciformes, commonly called sea breams and porgies. The sheepshead, scup, and red seabream are species in this family. Most sparids are deep-bodied compressed fish with a small mouth separated by a ...
found in the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern coastal regions of the North Atlantic Ocean. It commonly reaches about in length, but may reach and weigh up to about .
The gilt-head bream is generally considered the best tasting of the breams. It is the single species of the genus ''Sparus'' – the Latin name for this fish – which has given the whole family of Sparidae its name. Its specific name Specific name may refer to:
* in Database management systems, a system-assigned name that is unique within a particular database
In taxonomy, either of these two meanings, each with its own set of rules:
* Specific name (botany), the two-part (bino ...
, ''aurata'', derives from the gold bar marking between its eyes.
The genome of the species was released in 2018, where the authors detected fast evolution of ovary-biased genes likely resulting from the peculiar reproduction mode of the species.
Biology
It is typically found at depths of , but may occur up to , seen singly or in small groups near seagrass or over sandy bottoms, but sometimes in estuaries during the spring.
It mainly feeds on shellfish
Shellfish is a colloquial and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Although most kinds of shellfish are harvested from saltwater envir ...
, but also some plant material.
Fisheries and aquaculture
Gilthead seabream is an esteemed food fish, but catches of wild fish have been relatively modest, between 6,100 and 9,600 tonnes in 2000–2009, primarily from the Mediterranean. In addition, gilthead seabream have traditionally been cultured extensively in coastal lagoons and saltwater ponds. However, intensive rearing systems were developed during the 1980s, and gilthead seabream has become an importantaquaculture
Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. lot ...
species, primarily in the Mediterranean area and Portugal. Reported production was negligible until the late 1980s, but reached 140,000 tonnes in 2010, thus dwarfing the capture fisheries production. Greece is the biggest seabream producer in Europe, followed by Turkey.
Gilthead seabreams in aquaculture are susceptible to parasitic infections, including from ''Enterospora nucleophila
''Enterospora nucleophila'' is a microsporidian infecting the gilt-head bream (''Sparus aurata''). It develops primarily within the nuclei of rodlet cells and enterocytes, at the intestinal epithelium. It can also be found in cytoplasmic posi ...
''.
Cuisine
The fish is widely used in Mediterranean cooking, under a variety of names. In Tunisia, it is known locally as "wrata". In Spain, it is known as "dorada", and in France, as "dorade".See also
* AcanthopagrusReferences
* Alan Davidson, ''Mediterranean Seafood'', Penguin, 1972. , pp. 86–108.External links
* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q237046 gilt-head bream Commercial fish Fish of Europe Fish of the Mediterranean Sea Fish of the North Sea gilt-head bream Articles containing video clips gilt-head bream