This article gives an overview of socialism in the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

, including

communism Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...

and

social democracy Social democracy is a Political philosophy, political, Social philosophy, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports Democracy, political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described by academics as advocati ...

. It is limited to communist, socialist, social democratic, and democratic socialist

parties A party is a gathering of people who have been invited by a host for the purposes of socializing, conversation, recreation, or as part of a festival or other commemoration or celebration of a special occasion. A party will often feature fo ...

with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme.

Overview

Socialism came relatively late to the Netherlands, because of its slow industrialization. In the 1860s a socialist movement began to develop. Although the socialists were aided by the foundation of the

First International The International Workingmen's Association (IWA), often called the First International (1864–1876), was an international organisation An international organization or international organisation (see spelling differences), also known as ...

and of the first Dutch

trade union A trade union (labor union in American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers intent on "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment", ch. I such as attaining better wages and benefits ( ...

s, united in the Algemeen Nederlands Werklieden Vereniging, a socialist party was not founded until 1881, when the

Social Democratic League The Social Democratic League ( nl, Sociaal-Democratische Bond, SDB) was a socialist political party in the Netherlands. Founded in 1881, the SDB was the first socialist party to enter the House of Representatives. Party history Before 1881 I ...

was founded. The slow industrialization was reflected in the support base of the first socialist parties. It wasn't the urban proletariat which supported them most, instead it were agricultural workers, who were the first to support the League. Before the First World War, the socialist movement saw two major splits: in 1894 between revolutionary anarchists and parliament-oriented socialists. The latter left the League to found the Social-Democratic Workers' Party, while the former kept control of the SDB, which was soon banned by the government. The second split was between a revolutionary Marxist opposition and a reformist-revisionist establishment. In 1907 the opposition group left the SDAP to found the Social-Democratic Party, which would become the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) after the Russian Revolution. This was one of the first splits between reformists and revolutionaries within the European labour movement. Both the revolutionaries and the reformists have their own labour unions, the reformist

Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen The Dutch Confederation of Trade Unions ( nl, Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen, NVV) was a Dutch social-democratic trade union. History The NVV was founded in 1906 as a merger of fifteen smaller unions, as a result of the inability of the ...

and the anarcho-syndicalist Nationaal Arbeidssecretariaat. At the end of the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

, a brief and very unsuccessful attempt at revolution occurred during the Red Week. After the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

, the SDAP merged with smaller left-liberal, progressive catholic and Protestant groups and parties to form the Labour Party (PvdA). The founders hoped that the old social structures would be replaced by a united progressive Netherlands, the Breakthrough. However, the Labour Party quickly found itself taking the SDAP's old place in the socialist pillar. It only gained only a third of the seats in the 1946 elections. From 1946 and 1958, PvdA leader

Willem Drees Willem () is a Dutch and West FrisianRienk de Haan, ''Fryske Foarnammen'', Leeuwarden, 2002 (Friese Pers Boekerij), , p. 158. masculine given name. The name is Germanic, and can be seen as the Dutch equivalent of the name William in English, Gui ...

served as prime minister of a broad coalition. The PvdA became social-democratic supporting a

welfare state A welfare state is a form of government in which the state (or a well-established network of social institutions) protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity, equitabl ...

, a

mixed economy A mixed economy is variously defined as an economic system blending elements of a market economy with elements of a planned economy, markets with state interventionism, or private enterprise with public enterprise. Common to all mixed economi ...

decolonization Decolonization or decolonisation is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas. Some scholars of decolonization focus especially on separatism, in ...

and

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two No ...

. In 1946 the CPN performed particularly well as it had gained support due to the role played by communists in the Dutch Resistance. During the 1960s and 1970s socialism was invigorated with the development of New Left-movements. In 1957 the

Pacifist Socialist Party The Pacifist Socialist Party ( nl, Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij, PSP) was a democratic socialist Dutch socialist political party. The PSP played a small role in Dutch politics. It is one of the predecessors of the GreenLeft. Party histor ...

was founded out of the developing

peace movement A peace movement is a social movement which seeks to achieve ideals, such as the ending of a particular war (or wars) or minimizing inter-human violence in a particular place or situation. They are often linked to the goal of achieving world peac ...

and provided an alternative to the pro-American PvdA and the pro-Soviet CPN. In 1967 the Nieuw Links, a group of young socialists within the PvdA gained control of the party and set out on a new course, which included both social-democratic and New Left ideals, such as a strong welfare state, women's liberation, environmental protection and international development. They wanted to form a progressive majority-coalition, together with their left-liberal and progressive Christian allies. A group of social-democrats leave the PvdA to form DS'70. The PvdA and their allies were unsuccessful at gaining a majority however in the

1971 * The year 1971 had three partial solar eclipses ( February 25, July 22 and August 20) and two total lunar eclipses (February 10, and August 6). The world population increased by 2.1% this year, the highest increase in history. Events Ja ...

and 1972 elections and the PvdA's leader

Joop den Uyl Johannes Marten den Uijl, better known as Joop den Uyl (; 9 August 1919 – 24 December 1987) was a Dutch politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1973 to 1977. He was a member of the Labour Party (PvdA). ...

was forced to form a tenuous coalition with the Christian democrats. During the 1980s socialism, communism and social-democracy were forced into a defensive position. The smaller socialist parties, PSP and CPN, which prospered in the 1960s and 1970s, lost seats, whilst the CPN disappeared from the

House of Representatives House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often c ...

in the

1986 The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations. Events January * January 1 ** Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands by separating from the Netherlands Antilles. **Spain and Portugal ente ...

. The PvdA was confined to opposition, while the liberals and Christian democrats reformed the welfare state. The socialist labour union lost members and merged with the Catholic labour union to form the

Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging The Federation of Dutch Trade Unions ( nl, Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging, FNV) is a national trade union centre in the Netherlands. In addition to member unions, workers in many sectors can join the FNV directly. History The FNV was founded ...

. In the 1990s socialists and social-democrats renewed themselves. In 1989 the PSP and CPN merged with two small

Christian left The Christian left is a range of left-wing Christian political and social movements that largely embrace social justice principles and uphold a social doctrine or social gospel. Given the inherent diversity in international political thoug ...

parties (the Evangelical People's Party and the

Political Party of Radicals The Political Party of Radicals ( nl, Politieke Partij Radikalen, PPR) was a progressive Christian and green political party in the Netherlands. The PPR played a relatively small role in Dutch politics and merged with other left-wing parties to fo ...

) to form

GreenLeft GroenLinks (, ) is a green political party in the Netherlands. It was formed on 1 March 1989 from the merger of four left-wing parties: the Communist Party of the Netherlands, the Pacifist Socialist Party, the Political Party of Radicals and t ...

. In the 1994 general election

Wim Kok Willem "Wim" Kok (; 29 September 1938 – 20 October 2018) was a Dutch politician and trade union leader who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002.purple Purple is any of a variety of colors with hue between red and blue. In the RGB color model used in computer and television screens, purples are produced by mixing red and blue light. In the RYB color model historically used by painters, pu ...

'' coalition with progressive and conservative liberals which implements a

Third Way The Third Way is a centrist political position that attempts to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of centre-right economic policies with centre-left social policies. The Third Way was born from a ...

policy, including privatisation of public companies, legalisation of

prostitution Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in Sex work, sexual activity in exchange for payment. The definition of "sexual activity" varies, and is often defined as an activity requiring physical contact (e.g., sexual intercourse, n ...

and

euthanasia Euthanasia (from el, εὐθανασία 'good death': εὖ, ''eu'' 'well, good' + θάνατος, ''thanatos'' 'death') is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering. Different countries have different eut ...

and some institutional reforms. In 1994 a small formerly Maoist party, the

Socialist Party Socialist Party is the name of many different political parties around the world. All of these parties claim to uphold some form of socialism, though they may have very different interpretations of what "socialism" means. Statistically, most of th ...

(SP) also entered parliament. In 2007 the PvdA re-enters the

coalition A coalition is a group formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political or economical spaces. Formation According to ''A Gui ...

, now with Christian-democrats and the economically left-leaning but socially conservative

ChristianUnion The Christian Union ( nl, ChristenUnie, CU) is a Christian-democratic political party in the Netherlands. The CU is a centrist party, maintaining more progressive stances on economic, immigration and environmental issues while holding more sociall ...

. The SP won an unprecedented 25 seats in the 2006 elections. Since 2004, GreenLeft has radically renewed its image and is now promoting itself as a left-liberal party, breaking with its socialist roots.

Timeline

SDB

*1881 The

(Dutch: ''Sociaal Democratische Bond''; SDB) is founded. *1893 Moderate faction leaves the SDB to found the ⇒ Social-Democratic Workers' Party. The SDB is consequently forbidden but continues as the secret Socialist League. *1900 The last members of the Socialist League join the ⇒SDAP.

SDAP

*1894 Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Dutch: ''Sociaal Democratische Arbeiderspartij''; SDAP) is founded by a group known as the Twelve apostles, including

Pieter Jelles Troelstra Pieter Jelles Troelstra (20 April 1860 – 12 May 1930) was a Dutch lawyer, journalist and politician active in the socialist workers' movement. He is most remembered for his fight for universal suffrage and his failed call for revolution at the ...

. *1907 A group of revolutionary Marxists are removed from party ranks and found the ⇒ SDP. *1932 A group of orthodox Marxists led by Jacques de Kadt leave the SDAP to found the Independent Socialist Party (Dutch: ''Onafhankelijk Socialistische Partij''; OSP), which in 1935 would merge with the ⇒ RSP. *1941 The SDAP is banned by the

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

occupying force. *1946 The SDAP merges into the ⇒ Labour Party.

CPN

*1907 A group of revolutionary Marxists are removed from SDAP party ranks and found the

Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties For ...

(Dutch: ''Sociaal-Democratische Partij''; SDP). *1918 The SDP form a common

parliamentary party A parliamentary group, parliamentary party, or parliamentary caucus is a group consisting of some members of the same political party or electoral fusion of parties in a legislative assembly such as a parliament or a city council. Parliamentar ...

with BCS and SP. *1918 The SDP changes its name to

Communist Party Holland The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( nl, Communistische Partij Nederland, , CPN) was a Dutch communist party. The party was founded in 1909 as the Social-Democratic Party (SDP) and merged with the Pacifist Socialist Party, the Political Party ...

(Dutch: ''Communistische Partij Holland''; CPH) to conform to

Comintern The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was a Soviet Union, Soviet-controlled international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism. The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress to ...

rules. *1937 The CPH changes its name to

Communist Party of the Netherlands The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( nl, Communistische Partij Nederland, , CPN) was a Dutch communist party. The party was founded in 1909 as the Social-Democratic Party (SDP) and merged with the Pacifist Socialist Party, the Political Party ...

(Dutch: ''Communistische Partij Nederland''; CPN) to increase international clarity. *1941 The CPN is forbidden by the

occupying force and goes into illegal resistance. *1958 The moderate ''Bruggroep'' leaves the CPN to found the ''Socialist Workers' Party'', in 1963 it joins the PSP. *1964 A Maoist group is removed from the party ranks. They form the

Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (marxist-leninist) Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a so ...

, which would become the SP *1983 The orthodox communist

League of Communists in the Netherlands The League of Communists in the Netherlands ( nl, Verbond van Communisten in Nederland, VCN) was a communist party in the Netherlands. History The VCN was the result of a split in 1984 in the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN), who disagre ...

leaves the CPN. In 1992 they would become the

New Communist Party of the Netherlands The New Communist Party of the Netherlands ( nl, Nieuwe Communistische Partij Nederland, NCPN) is a communist party in the Netherlands. The NCPN was founded in 1992 by the former members of the Communist Party of the Netherlands to oppose CPN's me ...

. *1989 The CPN joins the

together with the ⇒PSP,

and the Evangelical People's Party.

BCS

*1907 The

League of Christian Socialists The League of Christian Socialists ( nl, Bond Christen-Socialisten, or BCS) was a Dutch Christian socialist political party. Party History The BCS was founded in 1907. In the 1918 elections, the first election with a system of proportional repr ...

(Dutch: ''Bond Christen Socialisten''; BCS) is founded. *1918 The BCS form a common

with SDP and SP. *1919 The BCS splits, some members leave to join the

, others join the Social Democratic Workers' Party and others remain independent and form the Christian Democratic Union with the Christian Socialist Party and former members of the

Christian Democratic Party __NOTOC__ Christian democratic parties are political parties that seek to apply Christian principles to public policy. The underlying Christian democracy movement emerged in 19th-century Europe, largely under the influence of Catholic social tea ...

in 1926.

SP (Interwar)

*1918 The

(Dutch: ''Socialistische Partij''; SP) is founded by members of the syndicalist union, Nationaal Arbeidssecretariaat. *1918 The SDP form a common

with BCS and SDP. *1928 The SP dissolves, many of its members would join the ⇒ RSP.

RSP

*1929 The Revolutionary Socialist Party (Dutch: ''Revolutionair Socialistische Partij''; RSP) is founded by

Henk Sneevliet Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie (Henk) Sneevliet, known as Henk Sneevliet or by the ''pseudonym'' "Maring" (1883 - 1942), was a Dutch Communism, Communist, who was active in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. As a functionary of t ...

, a former member of the ⇒ CPH. *1935 The Independent Socialist Party, a split from the ⇒

SDAP SDAP may refer to: * Social Democratic Workers' Party (Netherlands), a Dutch political party founded in 1894 that later merged into the Labour Party (Netherlands) * Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany, a German political party founded in 18 ...

in 1932, led Jacques de Kadt merges with the RSP to form the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party (Dutch: ''Revolutionair Socialistische Arbeidersparty''; RSAP). *1941 The RSP is forbidden by the

occupying force and forms the illegal resistance group Marx-Lenin-Luxemburg Front.

PvdA

*1946 The Labour Party (Dutch: ''Partij van de Arbeid''; PvdA) is by ⇒

the Christian Democratic Union, the

Freethinking Democratic League The Free-thinking Democratic League ( nl, Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond, VDB) was a Social liberalism, progressive liberal List of political parties in the Netherlands, political party in the Netherlands. Established in 1901, it played a relativel ...

and several resistance groups *1948 A small group of former Freethinking Democrats leaves the PvdA to join the

People's Party for Freedom and Democracy The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy ( nl, Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie ; VVD) is a conservative-liberal Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin ''Politics and Governance in the Netherlands'', Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49 political party in ...

*1970 A group of conservative social-democrats leaves the PvdA to found ⇒ DS70. *2014 Two members of parliament resign from the party and form ⇒DENK.

PSP

*1957 The

(Dutch: ''Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij'') is founded by a group of politically homeless, former members of the ⇒ PvdA and ⇒ CPN and people involved in the peace movement. *1974 A

Trotskyist Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Ukrainian-Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky and some other members of the Left Opposition and Fourth International. Trotsky self-identified as an orthodox Marxist, a rev ...

group leaves the PSP to found the League of International Communists, which would become

Socialist Alternative Politics The Socialist Alternative Politics (Dutch: ''Socialistische Alternatieve Politiek,'' or SAP) is a Trotskyist political group in the Netherlands without parliamentary representation. History Early roots of the SAP The SAP traces back its root ...

. *1985 A group who opposes further cooperation with ⇒CPN and the

, led by MP

Fred van der Spek Fred may refer to: People * Fred (name), including a list of people and characters with the name Mononym * Fred (cartoonist) (1931–2013), pen name of Fred Othon Aristidès, French * Fred (footballer, born 1949) (1949–2022), Frederico Rodr ...

leaves the party to found the Party for Socialism and Disarmament, which would become the Pacifist Socialist Party '92. *1989 The PSP joins the

together with the ⇒CPN,

and the Evangelical People's Party.

DS70

*1970 Democratic Socialists 1970 (Dutch: ''Democratisch Socialisten '70''; DS70) is founded by a group of former members of the ⇒ PvdA. *1983 DS70 is officially dissolved, many of its members return to the ⇒PvdA.

SP

*1971 The Communist Party of the Netherlands/Marxist-Leninist (Dutch: ''Kommunistiese Partij Nederland/Marxisties-Leninisties'', KPN/ML) splits from the

, which had split from the CPN *1972 The KPN/ML renames itself Socialist Party (Dutch: ''Socialistiese Partij''; SP) *1993 The SP renames itself Socialist Party (Dutch: ''Socialistische Partij''; SP)

GroenLinks

*1989

GroenLinks GroenLinks (, ) is a green political party in the Netherlands. It was formed on 1 March 1989 from the merger of four left-wing parties: the Communist Party of the Netherlands, the Pacifist Socialist Party, the Political Party of Radicals and t ...

(English: GreenLeft) is formed by the ⇒ PSP, the ⇒ CPN, the green

and the

Evangelical People's Party. Although formed by a communist and a socialist party, Groenlinks lacks a specific socialist, communist or social-democratic profile and can better be classified as a

green party A green party is a formally organized political party based on the principles of green politics, such as social justice, environmentalism and nonviolence. Greens believe that these issues are inherently related to one another as a foundation ...

DENK

*2014

DENK Denk may refer to: People *Jeremy Denk (born 1970), American classical pianist * Michael K. Denk, Canadian professor of chemistry * Paula Denk (1908–1978), German actress *Ralph Denk (born 1973), German cyclist and cycling manager *Ulrike Denk ( ...

is formed by members of ⇒PvdA after disagremeents about the party's proposals for monitoring Turkish Islamist organisations. *2017 DENK becomes the first Dutch party advocating the interest of citizens with a migrant background to win seats in parliament.

BIJ1

*2016 ⇒DENK member

Sylvana Simons Silvana Hildegard "Sylvana" Simons (born 31 January 1971) is a Surinamese-born Dutch politician and former television presenter. She has been a member of the House of Representatives since 2021 on behalf of BIJ1, an egalitarian anti-racist part ...

leaves the party after disputes about the party's conservative positions and lack of support for her after receiving death threats. She founds a new party under the name "Article1", making reference to the first article in the Dutch constitution, that prohibits discrimination. *2017 Article1 does not win any seats in the parliamentary elections and is forced to change its name to

BIJ1 BIJ1 (; ), formerly known as Article 1 (), is a political party in the Netherlands. It was founded in Amsterdam in 2016 by Sylvana Simons, a television personality who was formerly connected to another party, Denk. BIJ1 aligns itself as an ant ...

after complaints about copyright infringement regarding the party's name. *2018 BIJ1 gains parliamentary representation by winning a seat in the municipal council of Amsterdam. *2021 BIJ1 wins a seat in parliamentary elections with a far-left election programme.

Socialist leaders

*Social-Democratic League:

Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis Ferdinand Jacobus Domela Nieuwenhuis (31 December 1846 – 18 November 1919) was a Dutch socialist politician and later a social anarchist and anti-militarist. He was a Lutheran preacher who, after he lost his faith, started a political fight ...

*Social-Democratic Workers' Party:

*Communist Party of the Netherlands: Paul de Groot *Revolutionary Socialist Party:

*Labour Party:

Wim Kok Willem "Wim" Kok (; 29 September 1938 – 20 October 2018) was a Dutch politician and trade union leader who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002.Wouter Bos Wouter Jacob Bos (; (born 14 July 1963) is a retired Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and businessman. Bos attended the Christian Gymnasium in Zeist from June 1975 until July 1980 and applied at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam i ...

Job Cohen Marius Job Cohen (; born 18 October 1947) is a retired Dutch politician and jurist who served as Mayor of Amsterdam from 2001 to 2010 and Leader of the Labour Party (PvdA) from 2010 to 2012. Cohen studied Law at the University of Groningen obt ...

Diederik Samsom Diederik Maarten Samsom (; born 10 July 1971) is a Dutch environmentalist and retired politician who served the Labour Party (''Partij van de Arbeid'' PvdA) from 2012 to 2016. He was the first leader in the 70-year history of the PvdA to have b ...

Lodewijk Asscher Lodewijk Frans Asscher (; born 27 September 1974) is a Dutch politician and jurist who served as Leader of the Labour Party (PvdA) from 2016 to 2021 and parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives from 2017 to 2021. Asscher worked as a ...

Lilianne Ploumen Elisabeth Maria Josepha "Lilianne" Ploumen (; born 12 July 1962) is a Dutch politician and activist who served as Leader of the Labour Party from January 2021 until April 2022. She had been a member of the House of Representatives since 2017, a ...

*Socialist Party:

Jan Marijnissen Johannes Guillaume Christianus Andreas "Jan" Marijnissen () (born 8 October 1952) is a retired Dutch politician of the Socialist Party (SP). Marijnissen, a welder by occupation, was selected as Leader of the Socialist Party after the death of ...

Agnes Kant Agnes Catharina Kant (born 20 January 1967) is a retired Dutch politician of the Socialist Party (SP). She was an MP from 1998 to 2010. She was also the parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives from 20 June 2008 until 4 March 201 ...

Emile Roemer Emile Gerardus Maria Roemer (born 24 August 1962) is a Dutch politician serving as King's Commissioner of Limburg (Netherlands), Limburg since December 2021. A member of the Socialist Party (Netherlands), Socialist Party (SP), he was its Leader of ...

Lilian Marijnissen Lilian M. C. Marijnissen (born 11 July 1985) is a Dutch politician serving as Leader of the Socialist Party and ''ex officio'' its parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives since 13 December 2017. She was first installed as a member o ...

(current) *DENK:

Tunahan Kuzu Tunahan Kuzu (born 5 June 1981) is a Turkey, Turkish-born Netherlands, Dutch politician. He is a former member of the Labour Party (Netherlands), Labour Party (PvdA). He has been an House of Representatives (Netherlands), MP since 20 September 201 ...

Farid Azarkan Farid Azarkan (born 16 October 1971) is a Moroccan-born Dutch politician serving as Leader of DENK since 26 September 2020. He has been a member of the House of Representatives since 23 March 2017 and parliamentary leader since 21 March 2020. Aza ...

(current) *BIJ1:

(current)

Socialist thinkers

Influential Dutch socialist thinkers include: *

Anton Pannekoek Antonie “Anton” Pannekoek (; 2 January 1873 – 28 April 1960) was a Dutch astronomer, philosopher, Marxist theorist, and socialist revolutionary. He was one of the main theorists of council communism (Dutch: ''radencommunisme''). Biograp ...

council communist Council communism is a current of communist thought that emerged in the 1920s. Inspired by the November Revolution, council communism was opposed to state socialism and advocated workers' councils and council democracy. Strong in Germany a ...

theorist. * Jacques de Kadt, Marxist, anti-stalinist and social-democrat