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The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. (usually known as SCO, pronounced either as individual letters or as a word) was an American
software company A software company is a company whose primary products are various forms of software, software technology, distribution, and software product development. They make up the software industry. Types There are a number of different types of softw ...
, based in
Santa Cruz, California Santa Cruz (Spanish for "Holy Cross") is the county seat and largest city of Santa Cruz County, in Northern California. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 62,956. Situated on the northern edge of Monterey Bay, Santa Cruz is a pop ...
, that was best known for selling three
Unix operating system Unix (; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and o ...
variants for
Intel Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. It is the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer by revenue, and is one of the developers of the x86 seri ...
x86 x86 (also known as 80x86 or the 8086 family) is a family of complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architectures initially developed by Intel based on the Intel 8086 microprocessor and its 8088 variant. The 8086 was introd ...
processors:
Xenix Xenix is a discontinued version of the Unix operating system for various microcomputer platforms, licensed by Microsoft from AT&T Corporation in the late 1970s. The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) later acquired exclusive rights to the software, and ...
,
SCO UNIX Xinuos OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO Open Desktop (SCO ODT), is a closed source computer operating system developed by Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), later acquired by SCO Group, and now owned by Xinuos. Early versions of OpenServer were ...
(later known as
SCO OpenDesktop Xinuos OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO Open Desktop (SCO ODT), is a closed source computer operating system developed by Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), later acquired by SCO Group, and now owned by Xinuos. Early versions of OpenServer were ...
and
SCO OpenServer Xinuos OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO Open Desktop (SCO ODT), is a closed source computer operating system developed by Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), later acquired by SCO Group, and now owned by Xinuos. Early versions of OpenServer were ...
), and UnixWare. SCO was founded in 1979 by Larry Michels and his son Doug Michels and began as a consulting and Unix porting company. An early involvement with
Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washing ...
led to SCO making a product out of Xenix on Intel-based PCs. The fundamental insight that led to SCO's success was that there was a large market for a standard, "open systems" operating system on commodity microprocessor hardware that would give business applications computing power and throughput that previously was only possible with considerably more expensive minicomputers. SCO built a large community of
value-added reseller A value-added reseller (VAR) is a company that adds features or services to an existing product, then resells it (usually to end-users) as an integrated product or complete "turn-key" solution. This practice occurs commonly in the electronics or IT ...
s that would eventually become 15,000 strong and many of its sales to small and medium-sized businesses went through those resellers. This community was exemplified by the annual
SCO Forum SCO Forum was a technical computer conference sponsored by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), briefly by Caldera International, and later The SCO Group that took place during the 1980s through 2000s. It was held annually, most often in August of ea ...
conference, held in a scenic setting that reflected the company's Santa Cruz culture. SCO also had corporate customers in the replicated sites space, where a SCO-based system was deployed in each of a retail or restaurant chain's stores. Despite seeing rapid growth in terms of revenues, SCO tended to have high research and development costs and was never consistently profitable either before or after going public in 1993. SCO bought two former Xenix outfits, the Software Products Group within Logica in 1986 and
HCR Corporation Human Computing Resources Corporation, later HCR Corporation, was a Canadian software company that worked on the Unix operating system and system software and business applications for it. Founded in 1976, it was based in Toronto. By a desc ...
in 1990, thereby gaining development offices in Watford, England and
Toronto, Canada Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor ...
. During the mid-1990s, SCO acquired two further UK companies,
IXI Limited IXI Limited was a British software company that developed and marketed windowing products for Unix, supporting all the popular Unix platforms of the time. Founded in 1987, it was based in Cambridge. The product it was most known for was X.desktop ...
in
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge bec ...
and
Visionware Visionware Ltd was a British software company that developed and marketed products that helped integration of Microsoft Windows clients to Unix-based server applications. It was based in Leeds in West Yorkshire. The three products it was most ...
in
Leeds Leeds () is a city and the administrative centre of the City of Leeds district in West Yorkshire, England. It is built around the River Aire and is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines. It is also the third-largest settlement (by populati ...
, which led to a suite of client-to-Unix integration products and then the
Tarantella () is a group of various southern Italian folk dances originating in the regions of Calabria, Campania and Puglia. It is characterized by a fast upbeat tempo, usually in time (sometimes or ), accompanied by tambourines. It is among the mo ...
product line. SCO's operating system technology moved from Xenix to System V Release 3 as reflected by the products SCO Open Desktop and
SCO OpenServer Xinuos OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO Open Desktop (SCO ODT), is a closed source computer operating system developed by Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), later acquired by SCO Group, and now owned by Xinuos. Early versions of OpenServer were ...
. In 1995, SCO bought the
System V Release 4 Unix System V (pronounced: "System Five") is one of the first commercial versions of the Unix operating system. It was originally developed by AT&T and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, numbered 1, 2, 3, an ...
and UnixWare business from
Novell Novell, Inc. was an American software and services company headquartered in Provo, Utah, that existed from 1980 until 2014. Its most significant product was the multi-platform network operating system known as Novell NetWare. Under the lead ...
and, in collaboration with several hardware partners, the
New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...
development office it gained in the deal led a series of enhancements to the UnixWare product aimed at the high-end enterprise and data center spaces. Beginning in the late 1990s, SCO faced increasingly severe competitive pressure, on one side from Microsoft's
Windows NT Windows NT is a proprietary graphical operating system An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems sc ...
and its successors and on the other side from the free and open source
Linux Linux ( or ) is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged as a Linux distribution, which ...
. In 2001, the Santa Cruz Operation sold its rights to Unix and its Unix divisions to
Caldera Systems Caldera International, Inc., earlier Caldera Systems, was an American software company that existed from 1998 to 2002 and developed and sold Linux- and Unix-based operating system products. Caldera Systems was created in August 1998 as a spinoff ...
. After that the corporation retained only its Tarantella product line, and changed its name to Tarantella, Inc. Caldera Systems became
Caldera International Caldera International, Inc., earlier Caldera Systems, was an American software company that existed from 1998 to 2002 and developed and sold Linux- and Unix-based operating system products. Caldera Systems was created in August 1998 as a spinoff ...
and then changed its name to
The SCO Group The SCO Group (often referred to SCO and later called The TSG Group) was an American software company in existence from 2002 to 2012 that became known for owning Unix operating system assets that had belonged to the Santa Cruz Operation (the o ...
, which has created some confusion between the two companies. The company described here is the original Santa Cruz Operation. Although generally referred to simply as "SCO" up to 2001, it is now sometimes referred to as "old SCO", "Santa Cruz", or "SCO Classic" to distinguish it from "The SCO Group" to whom the U.S. trademark "SCO" was transferred.


Early history


Origin

SCO was founded in 1979 in
Santa Cruz, California Santa Cruz (Spanish for "Holy Cross") is the county seat and largest city of Santa Cruz County, in Northern California. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 62,956. Situated on the northern edge of Monterey Bay, Santa Cruz is a pop ...
, by Larry Michels and his son Doug Michels as a computer consulting company that focused on both technology and management considerations. Larry Michels, 48 years old at the time, was an electrical engineer who had gone into the aerospace industry in Los Angeles. He had then founded a credit verification company, Credifier Corporation, which he sold to
TRW Inc. TRW Inc., was an American corporation involved in a variety of businesses, mainly aerospace, electronics, automotive, and credit reporting.http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/TRW-Inc-Company-History.html TRW Inc. It was a pionee ...
, for whom he subsequently served as a vice president for ten years. (Larry Michels was first cousin of another technology entrepreneur, Allen Michels.) Towards the end of that time, Michels became head of the Advanced Products Laboratory for TRW Electronics, and relocated to Santa Cruz to run it remotely from there. As part of this, At p. 48. Michels was involved with a telephony business, TRW Vidar. This was a company, based in
Mountain View, California Mountain View is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States. Named for its views of the Santa Cruz Mountains, it has a population of 82,376. Mountain View was integral to the early history and growth of Silicon Valley, and is the ...
, that TRW had acquired and that was a part of TRW Electronics. TRW Vidar was a pioneer in digital telephone switches, and also an early user of
Version 6 Unix Sixth Edition Unix, also called Version 6 Unix or just V6, was the first version of the Unix operating system to see wide release outside Bell Labs. It was released in May 1975 and, like its direct predecessor, targeted the DEC PDP-11 family of m ...
in its development environment. Michels felt that TRW as a whole did not understand the rapid change that computers were bringing to businesses or what it had with Vidar – "They thought they were buying a telephony business, they thought that telephony was telephony, but they really were computers. Unless you approached them as being computers, you didn't end up with anything." He then left TRW to do management consulting work, thinking, as he later said, that "if TRW was having so much trouble, it was probably an interesting business elping companiesgo about making these transitions." As a result of this connection, some have considered The Santa Cruz Operation to have been an offshoot of TRW Vidar. Doug Michels, 25 years old at the time, had graduated from the
University of California, Santa Cruz The University of California, Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz or UCSC) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Santa Cruz, California. It is one of the ten campuses in the University of California syste ...
in 1976 with a degree from their department of computer and information science. He had then started his own consulting operation, focusing on technical work. The two saw some commonalities in their consulting endeavors and decided to join forces to reduce overhead. They chose to stay in Santa Cruz both because of the relaxed lifestyle there and because the university would provide a ready supply of technically suitable employees. By some sources The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. was incorporated in January 1979. The name came from Larry Michels' time as head of the TRW advanced research group, when the remote outpost had been known as 'the Santa Cruz operation'. The Michelses decided to use that for the name of their new firm, and the name was retained in the years that would follow because it told people where they were coming from.


Unix porting company

Offices for the new firm were established at 500 Chestnut Street in the downtown area of Santa Cruz. But as Doug Michels conceded in a 2006 interview, in terms of what they would be doing, "We didn't really have an idea." Pure consulting work held little ongoing appeal, and the notion of helping large businesses manage rapid technological change proved difficult in practice. However, the Michelses soon became intrigued by the microprocessor revolution then underway, in which computer systems based on processors such as the
Intel 8080 The Intel 8080 (''"eighty-eighty"'') is the second 8-bit microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel. It first appeared in April 1974 and is an extended and enhanced variant of the earlier 8008 design, although without binary compatibil ...
or the
Zilog Z80 The Z80 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced by Zilog as the startup company's first product. The Z80 was conceived by Federico Faggin in late 1974 and developed by him and his 11 employees starting in early 1975. The first working samples wer ...
could be put together much quicker than the minicomputers of the past. In the consulting work they did, SCO was dealing with various resellers and small time-sharing companies in helping those companies formulate their technology strategies. The people at SCO had, and further acquired, a familiarity with the
Unix operating system Unix (; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and o ...
and its potential for use in the business world. By early 1981, SCO was selling a report analyzing Unix features and availability based on a poll it had taken of over sixty members of the /usr/group association. Moreover, people at SCO realized that since Unix was portable and not controlled by any hardware manufacturer, use of it could allow microprocessor-based system manufacturers to avoid having to develop a proprietary operating system of their own, which they had neither the time nor the expertise to do. Accordingly, the company decided to focus on custom jobs of
porting In software engineering, porting is the process of adapting software for the purpose of achieving some form of execution in a computing environment that is different from the one that a given program (meant for such execution) was originally desi ...
the Unix system and applications that ran on it.
Eric S. Raymond Eric Steven Raymond (born December 4, 1957), often referred to as ESR, is an American software developer, open-source software advocate, and author of the 1997 essay and 1999 book ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar''. He wrote a guidebook for the ...
, in his book ''
The Art of Unix Programming ''The Art of Unix Programming'' by Eric S. Raymond is a book about the history and culture of Unix programming from its earliest days in 1969 to 2003 when it was published, covering both genetic derivations such as BSD and conceptual ones such ...
'' (which places the start of SCO in 1978), calls SCO the "first Unix company", although
Interactive Systems Corporation Interactive Systems Corporation (styled INTERACTIVE Systems Corporation, abbreviated ISC) was a US-based software company and the first vendor of the Unix operating system outside AT&T, operating from Santa Monica, California. It was founded in 19 ...
, which put out the first commercial Unix release (as a base for office automation systems) in 1977, perhaps has a stronger case. The first Unix-based operating system that SCO made is for the
PDP-11 The PDP-11 is a series of 16-bit minicomputers sold by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from 1970 into the 1990s, one of a set of products in the Programmed Data Processor (PDP) series. In total, around 600,000 PDP-11s of all models were sold, ...
, is named DYNIX (not to be confused with a same-named Unix variant later made by
Sequent Computer Systems Sequent Computer Systems was a computer company that designed and manufactured multiprocessing computer systems. They were among the pioneers in high-performance symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) open systems, innovating in both hardware (e.g., cach ...
), and is based on
Seventh Edition Unix Seventh Edition Unix, also called Version 7 Unix, Version 7 or just V7, was an important early release of the Unix operating system. V7, released in 1979, was the last Bell Laboratories release to see widespread distribution before the commercial ...
. It supports the
Tymshare Tymshare, Inc (Matthew Heyer-Baker) was a time-sharing service and third-party hardware maintenance company competing with companies such as CompuServe, Service Bureau Corporation and National CSS. Tymshare developed or acquired various technolog ...
service and by early 1981 was included in Tymshare's DYNASTY computer system offering. SCO also did a Unix port to the
LSI-11 The PDP-11 is a series of 16-bit minicomputers sold by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from 1970 into the 1990s, one of a set of products in the Programmed Data Processor (PDP) series. In total, around 600,000 PDP-11s of all models were sold, ...
variant of the PDP-11.
Xenix Xenix is a discontinued version of the Unix operating system for various microcomputer platforms, licensed by Microsoft from AT&T Corporation in the late 1970s. The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) later acquired exclusive rights to the software, and ...
is a Seventh Edition Unix-based version of the operating system that
Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washing ...
worked on, initially for the PDP-11. SCO first began working with Xenix in 1981. In 1982, Microsoft and SCO forged a joint agreement for development and technology exchange, with the two companies' engineers working together on improvements to Xenix. (Microsoft was still a small company at the time, with perhaps 25 or 50 employees.) Microsoft and SCO then further engaged
Human Computing Resources Human Computing Resources Corporation, later HCR Corporation, was a Canadians, Canadian software company that worked on the Unix operating system and system software and business applications for it. Founded in 1976, it was based in Toronto. ...
in Canada, and the Software Products Group within Logica in the United Kingdom, as part of making further improvements to Xenix and porting Xenix to other platforms. In doing so, Microsoft gave HCR and Logica the rights to do Xenix ports and license Xenix binaries in those territories. Interview itself published by BayLive Media, conducted by Jean-Baptiste Su, and is almost certainly from August 2006 at SCO Forum in Las Vegas. In 1983, SCO made a technically difficult port of Xenix to the ''unmapped''
Intel 8086 The 8086 (also called iAPX 86) is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel between early 1976 and June 8, 1978, when it was released. The Intel 8088, released July 1, 1979, is a slightly modified chip with an external 8-bit data bus (allowi ...
processor (earlier 8086 Xenix ports required an off-chip MMU) and licensed rights from Microsoft to be able to ship its packaged Unix system, Xenix, for the
IBM PC XT The IBM Personal Computer XT (model 5160, often shortened to PC/XT) is the second computer in the IBM Personal Computer line, released on March 8, 1983. Except for the addition of a built-in hard drive and extra expansion slots, it is very simila ...
. This work takes advantage of earlier porting and compilers work that
Altos Computer Systems Altos Computer Systems was founded in 1977 by David G. Jackson and Roger William Vass Sr. It focused on small multi-user computers, starting with multi-user derivatives of CP/M, and later including Unix and Xenix-based machines. In its 1982 init ...
had done for the mapped 16-bit Intel architecture. The resulting system is binary compatible with, and can run applications built for, Altos Xenix systems, and was a successful venture for SCO. Somewhat in parallel with that, SCO and Microsoft also developed the
68000 The Motorola 68000 (sometimes shortened to Motorola 68k or m68k and usually pronounced "sixty-eight-thousand") is a 16/32-bit complex instruction set computer (CISC) microprocessor, introduced in 1979 by Motorola Semiconductor Products Secto ...
-based Xenix port for the
Apple Lisa Lisa is a desktop computer developed by Apple, released on January 19, 1983. It is one of the first personal computers to present a graphical user interface (GUI) in a machine aimed at individual business users. Its development began in 1978. ...
. It has multiuser capability as well as support for
virtual terminal In open systems, a virtual terminal (VT) is an application service that: # Allows host terminals on a multi-user network to interact with other hosts regardless of terminal type and characteristics, # Allows remote log-on by local area network ...
s for single users. Issue joint dated to January 2, 1984. SCO also sold applications for Xenix on Lisa, including a Uniplex word processor, the
Multiplan Multiplan is spreadsheet program developed by Microsoft and introduced in 1982 as a competitor to VisiCalc. Multiplan was released first for computers running CP/M; it was developed using a Microsoft proprietary p-code C compiler as part of ...
spreadsheet from Microsoft, Level II COBOL from
Micro Focus Micro Focus International plc is a British multinational software and information technology business based in Newbury, Berkshire, England. The firm provides software and consultancy. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is ...
, and the
Informix IBM Informix is a product family within IBM's Information Management division that is centered on several relational database management system (RDBMS) offerings. The Informix products were originally developed by Informix Corporation, whose ...
database software from Relational Database Systems. While the Lisa was not a success in the personal computer marketplace, its powerful-for-its-price-point processor combined with a relatively inexpensive operating system gave third-party vendors an attractive platform for building systems to compete with minicomputers, and SCO sold several thousand copies of Xenix for the Lisa. This was the first shrink-wrapped binary product sold by SCO, and its sales convinced SCO of the potential of that kind of product. A third target of SCO's Xenix porting work was the DEC Professional 350. As Larry Michels said in early 1984, "SCO will continue offering custom XENIX adaptions to the large OEM market – the Original Equipment Manufacturers – who make up SCO's established customer base." SCO also sold Unix training. By September 1983, SCO had around 60 employees and was already expanding into a second office, at 1700 Mission Street in Santa Cruz. While some of SCO's staff had studied computer science, others were coming from backgrounds in linguistics, sociology, psychology, or business.


Middle history


Growth years with Xenix on Intel

In early 1984, Microsoft and SCO issued a joint announcement about SCO's rights to distribute Xenix within the United States. SCO Xenix for the PC XT shipped sometime in 1984 and contains some enhancements from
4.2BSD The History of the Berkeley Software Distribution begins in the 1970s. 1BSD (PDP-11) The earliest distributions of Unix from Bell Labs in the 1970s included the source code to the operating system, allowing researchers at universities to modify a ...
Unix, Micnet local area networking, and multiuser support. In 1985, SCO worked with AT&T and Microsoft to test conformance with the
System V Interface Definition The System V Interface Definition (SVID) is a standard that describes the AT&T UNIX System V behavior, including that of system calls, C libraries, available programs and devices. While it was not the first attempt at a standardizations document ...
(SVID), one of the early Unix standardization efforts. In October 1985, SCO announced the availability of Xenix System V for the
Intel 8088 The Intel 8088 ("''eighty-eighty-eight''", also called iAPX 88) microprocessor is a variant of the Intel 8086. Introduced on June 1, 1979, the 8088 has an eight-bit external data bus instead of the 16-bit bus of the 8086. The 16-bit registers an ...
-based
IBM PC XT The IBM Personal Computer XT (model 5160, often shortened to PC/XT) is the second computer in the IBM Personal Computer line, released on March 8, 1983. Except for the addition of a built-in hard drive and extra expansion slots, it is very simila ...
and the
Intel 80286 The Intel 80286 (also marketed as the iAPX 286 and often called Intel 286) is a 16-bit microprocessor that was introduced on February 1, 1982. It was the first 8086-based CPU with separate, non-multiplexed address and data buses and also the fi ...
-based
IBM PC AT The IBM Personal Computer/AT (model 5170, abbreviated as IBM AT or PC/AT) was released in 1984 as the fourth model in the IBM Personal Computer line, following the IBM PC/XT and its IBM Portable PC variant. It was designed around the Intel 8028 ...
and
IBM PC XT The IBM Personal Computer XT (model 5160, often shortened to PC/XT) is the second computer in the IBM Personal Computer line, released on March 8, 1983. Except for the addition of a built-in hard drive and extra expansion slots, it is very simila ...
. The product can support ten remote users via serial ports and was sold with optional packages for software development in C or assembly language and for text processing. There had been concern within SCO about the business chances of the 80286 product, since IBM had elected to come to market with their own Unix. But that IBM effort, contracted to
Interactive Systems Corporation Interactive Systems Corporation (styled INTERACTIVE Systems Corporation, abbreviated ISC) was a US-based software company and the first vendor of the Unix operating system outside AT&T, operating from Santa Monica, California. It was founded in 19 ...
and called
PC/IX Interactive Systems Corporation (styled INTERACTIVE Systems Corporation, abbreviated ISC) was a US-based software company and the first vendor of the Unix operating system outside AT&T, operating from Santa Monica, California. It was founded in 19 ...
, resulted in a product that was unsuccessful. There had been considerable skepticism in the industry that Unix could ever establish a successful market position on the PC. These included beliefs that Unix was inherently large and complex enough that it needed a minicomputer, the platform on which it had been developed, in order to run effectively. As Larry Michels said in early January 1991, "We had all the problems of being ahead of the market." The company had never been adequately funded, as venture capitalists were unenthused by the idea of Unix on a PC; cash flow problems resulted and the Michelses used much of their personal savings to keep the company in business. A key turning point was when Compaq Computer began shipping systems with Unix installed and chose SCO to be their provider. Larry Michels tended to focus on the business aspects of the company while Doug Michels focused on technology facets; together they became recognized as pioneers of the Unix-on-PC industry. Larry Michels was president of SCO and Doug Michels was, as Larry put it, "the number-two person", usually with the title of executive vice-president, but both employees and outside investors were encouraged to treat the two as an indivisible team. In December 1986, SCO acquired the Software Products Group division of Logica. It became a wholly owned subsidiary, the Santa Cruz Operation Limited, and the basis for SCO's UK operation, with its office subsequently being relocated first to
Soho Soho is an area of the City of Westminster, part of the West End of London. Originally a fashionable district for the aristocracy, it has been one of the main entertainment districts in the capital since the 19th century. The area was develop ...
and then to
Watford Watford () is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England, 15 miles northwest of Central London, on the River Colne. Initially a small market town, the Grand Junction Canal encouraged the construction of paper-making mills, print works, a ...
outside London. By 1993, almost half of SCO's revenues came from outside North America, and of that, almost half came from the United Kingdom. In 1987, the company brought out the SCO Xenix 386 Toolkit, which allowed developers to start coding applications and device drivers for the new
Intel 80386 The Intel 386, originally released as 80386 and later renamed i386, is a 32-bit microprocessor introduced in 1985. The first versions had 275,000 transistors Later that year, SCO's full release of Xenix for 80386 was made; the chip was powerful enough that Xenix running on it could handle some 30 different users. SCO provided some basic applications with Xenix. But the real value came from the 1,700 other applications that had been developed by
value-added reseller A value-added reseller (VAR) is a company that adds features or services to an existing product, then resells it (usually to end-users) as an integrated product or complete "turn-key" solution. This practice occurs commonly in the electronics or IT ...
s (VARs) and
independent software vendor An independent software vendor (ISV), also known as a software publisher, is an organization specializing in making and selling software, as opposed to computer hardware, designed for mass or niche markets. This is in contrast to in-house software, ...
s (ISVs) for the platform, including such domains as auto parts management, medical accounting, bakery process control, and many others. As one retrospective look characterized it, Xenix served "as a workhorse for small businesses – places where you might find a dozen or so dumb terminals and a couple of printers plugged into a system running small database system. It's simple, small and stable." By early 1987, SCO had relocated its offices to a building at 400 Encinal Street in an industrial park in the Harvey West area of Santa Cruz (the building had been previously occupied by Intel). As of a year later, SCO employed some 500 people, mostly in Santa Cruz, and had plans to build a new office building there. By early 1991, that new building, 425 Encinal Street, was holding an open house event for prospective employees. The company subsequently established offices in several other buildings in the Harvey West area. These included 324 Encinal Street, 150 Dubois Street, and 100 Pioneer Street. By the late 1980s, fed by strong computer science program that emphasized Unix design and a robust internship program at SCO, some 50 to 60 percent of SCO employees were UC Santa Cruz graduates. SCO now employed some 800 people overall, mostly in its Santa Cruz offices but also in the UK office and in one in Washington, D.C. By early 1989, SCO had sold some 350,000 copies of Xenix in total, mostly through its channel. The company was achieving what the ''
Santa Cruz Sentinel The ''Santa Cruz Sentinel'' is a daily newspaper published in Santa Cruz, California, covering Santa Cruz County, California, and owned by Media News Group. Ottaway Community Newspapers, a division of Dow Jones & Company bought the paper in 1982 ...
'' termed "explosive growth". SCO would subsequently reorient its product on a later technology base. However Xenix comprised the largest installed base of any of the early commercial variants of Unix; it remained a good seller among some customers and SCO releases of Xenix continued until Xenix/386 version 2.3.4 was put out in 1991.


Relations with Microsoft

Microsoft's level of commitment to Xenix was always viewed with some suspicion within the industry. It later became clear that by the mid-1980s, Microsoft was losing interest in Xenix from their own business perspective, both due to the cost of licensing it from AT&T and because
MS-DOS MS-DOS ( ; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System, also known as Microsoft DOS) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. Collectively, MS-DOS, its rebranding as IBM PC DOS, and a few ope ...
was rapidly taking off as a product. In February 1989, it was announced that Microsoft was taking a minority investment in SCO by buying an amount less than 20 percent of that company. The terms of the agreement, which were not publicly disclosed, provided SCO with funds that it acutely needed in order to continue to expand in its rapidly growing market. The deal put a Microsoft executive on SCO's board of directors; that executive, Microsoft's chief financial officer Frank Gaudette, would play an important role in guiding SCO to become a mature enterprise. The deal contained provisions to prevent Microsoft from exercising dominant control over the smaller SCO. By some accounts, the Microsoft board member often had to be asked to leave discussions when the topic became how SCO could best compete with Microsoft. Already on the board since 1987 was another Microsoft veteran, Jim Harris, who had been a leader of Microsoft's OEM sales efforts. Microsoft's motivation for the purchase has been variously explained as a desire to keep a Xenix technology partner, as a hedge against the growth of Unix, and as a hedge against the
Open Software Foundation The Open Software Foundation (OSF) was a not-for-profit industry consortium for creating an open standard for an implementation of the operating system Unix. It was formed in 1988 and merged with X/Open in 1996, to become The Open Group. Despit ...
. Yet another explanation was the one given by Larry Michels in 1991, making reference to the SCO Unix product then being sold: "The paradox is if you were Microsoft, Open Desktop isn't something you want to see succeed. But if it doesn't, something else will, and they would rather see Open Desktop than whatever that would be. We pay them royalties." Later figures stating the amount that Microsoft actually owned included 16 percent, 14 percent, and 11 percent. Microsoft did not fully exit its position in SCO until 2000. In any case, intellectual property rights were not transferred in the 1989 agreement and SCO would continue to pay Microsoft royalties for Xenix and Unix technologies. Not until 1997 was SCO able to reach an agreement with Microsoft that relieved SCO of the obligation to include Microsoft code, and pay royalties on that code regardless of whether it was used or not, in SCO products. And that only came after SCO filed a complaint against Microsoft for violating
European Union competition law European competition law is the competition law in use within the European Union. It promotes the maintenance of competition within the European Single Market by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies to ensure that they do not crea ...
, a complaint that was ruled valid by the
European Commission The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body o ...
.


SCO UNIX and Open Desktop

Needing to create a product from a more recent branch from the Unix family tree, Unix System V Release 3, SCO, together with Microsoft and
Interactive Systems Corporation Interactive Systems Corporation (styled INTERACTIVE Systems Corporation, abbreviated ISC) was a US-based software company and the first vendor of the Unix operating system outside AT&T, operating from Santa Monica, California. It was founded in 19 ...
, worked during 1987 and 1988 to develop the System V/386 Release 3.2 version, which adds the ability to run existing Xenix binary applications on System V without requiring recompilation. This capability makes use of the new
Intel Binary Compatibility Standard The Intel Binary Compatibility Standard (iBCS) is a standardized application binary interface (ABI) for Unix operating systems on Intel-386-compatible computers, published by AT&T, Intel and SCO in 1988, and updated in 1990. It extends source-leve ...
(iBCS), developed by Intel, AT&T, and SCO. The AT&T release of System V/386 Release 3.2 was announced at
SCO Forum SCO Forum was a technical computer conference sponsored by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), briefly by Caldera International, and later The SCO Group that took place during the 1980s through 2000s. It was held annually, most often in August of ea ...
in 1988, but further work was needed by SCO to incorporate Xenix device drivers before SCO could release it as a product.
SCO UNIX Xinuos OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO Open Desktop (SCO ODT), is a closed source computer operating system developed by Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), later acquired by SCO Group, and now owned by Xinuos. Early versions of OpenServer were ...
, full name SCO UNIX System V/386 Release 3.2.0, had first customer ship in June 1989; this became the basis for commercial successor to SCO Xenix. Based on an agreement forged with AT&T the previous year, it was also the first SCO operating system to carry the 'Unix' word itself in the product name. In early 1990, the integrated product SCO Open Desktop began shipping. It features on top of SCO UNIX System V/386 several critical functionalities: a graphical user interface based on the
X Window System The X Window System (X11, or simply X) is a windowing system for bitmap displays, common on Unix-like operating systems. X provides the basic framework for a GUI environment: drawing and moving windows on the display device and interacting wit ...
and
Open Software Foundation The Open Software Foundation (OSF) was a not-for-profit industry consortium for creating an open standard for an implementation of the operating system Unix. It was formed in 1988 and merged with X/Open in 1996, to become The Open Group. Despit ...
Motif toolkit In computing, Motif refers to both a graphical user interface (GUI) specification and the widget toolkit for building applications that follow that specification under the X Window System on Unix and Unix-like operating systems. The Motif look a ...
;
TCP/IP The Internet protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, is a framework for organizing the set of communication protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks according to functional criteria. The foundational protocols in the suit ...
networking; support for the NFS network file system and OS/2 LAN Manager; database support; and Merge 386 for running DOS-based applications. Regarding OSF Motif, this is its first appearance in a commercial product, and Open Desktop became the first graphical Unix for an Intel 32-bit processor that was packaged in shrink-wrapped form. SCO used technology partners for much of this work. The graphical desktop itself is the
X.desktop X.desktopSee X.desktop 3 details provided by SCO at was an early desktop environment graphical user interface built on the X Window System. It was developed and sold during the late 1980s and early 1990s by IXI Limited, a British software house ba ...
one from
IXI Limited IXI Limited was a British software company that developed and marketed windowing products for Unix, supporting all the popular Unix platforms of the time. Founded in 1987, it was based in Cambridge. The product it was most known for was X.desktop ...
; The TCP/IP networking stack and NFS implementation come from Lachman Associates, while
Open Systems Interconnection The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that 'provides a common basis for the coordination of SOstandards development for the purpose of systems interconnection'. In the OSI reference model, the communicatio ...
software comes from Retix, Inc. The relational database manager included is Ingres. The Merge functionality comes from
Locus Computing Corporation Locus Computing Corporation was formed in 1982 by Gerald J. Popek, Charles S. Kline and Gregory I. Thiel to commercialize the technologies developed for the LOCUS distributed operating system at UCLA. Locus was notable for commercializing si ...
. Version 3.2.2 of SCO Unix and Open Desktop came out in mid-1990; it contains various fixes and improvements for problems found in the field. However, Open Desktop did not make inroads on the personal computer market, as SCO Unix's system resource requirements were strenuous and there were few commonly used PC applications available for it. Beginning in the late 1980s, AT&T and
Sun Microsystems Sun Microsystems, Inc. (Sun for short) was an American technology company that sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services and created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, ZFS, the ...
worked on a merge of Xenix,
BSD The Berkeley Software Distribution or Berkeley Standard Distribution (BSD) is a discontinued operating system based on Research Unix, developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berk ...
,
SunOS SunOS is a Unix-branded operating system developed by Sun Microsystems for their workstation and server computer systems. The ''SunOS'' name is usually only used to refer to versions 1.0 to 4.1.4, which were based on BSD, while versions 5.0 and l ...
, and System V Release 3 features, with the result being known as
UNIX System V Release 4 Unix System V (pronounced: "System Five") is one of the first commercial versions of the Unix operating system. It was originally developed by AT&T and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, numbered 1, 2, 3, an ...
. SCO UNIX and Open Desktop remained based on System V Release 3, but eventually added home-grown versions of a number of the features of Release 4. Initially supplemented by some engineers who transferred from SCO's headquarters operation in Santa Cruz, the ex-Logica group in Watford became one of the major development sites for SCO and over the next few years did the operating system kernel development work behind the subsequent SCO OpenDesktop and SCO OpenServer product releases. It later did engineering work in networking, security, escalations, and other areas, in addition to being the sales, marketing, and customer engineering hub for SCO's
EMEA EMEA is a shorthand designation meaning Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The acronym is used by institutions and governments, as well as in marketing and business when referring to this region: it is a shorthand way of referencing the two ...
region. SCO acquired the Toronto, Canada-based
HCR Corporation Human Computing Resources Corporation, later HCR Corporation, was a Canadian software company that worked on the Unix operating system and system software and business applications for it. Founded in 1976, it was based in Toronto. By a desc ...
in 1990. Since their interactions in the early Xenix days, HCR had become Canada's leading commercial Unix platform developer. The HCR acquisition allowed SCO to improve its development tools offerings, especially for Open Desktop. SCO Canada took over work on the Microsoft C compiler that dates back to Xenix days but can produce binaries for either Xenix or Unix. In addition, the SCO Open Desktop Development System also offers the AT&T pcc compiler, here called rcc, but it can only compile for Unix. SCO Canada continued to sell HCR's
Cfront Cfront was the original compiler for C++ (then known as " C with Classes") from around 1983, which converted C++ to C; developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T Bell Labs. The preprocessor did not understand all of the language and much of the code wa ...
-based C++ product, which by 1991 had an estimated 450 licensed sites using it. The Toronto site also took on some porting and integration work. SCO had a large technical publications operation at this time, with substantial staffing in each of the Santa Cruz, Toronto, and Watford offices, who as a group published on the order of 30,000 pages of documentation on a 18-month release cycle. One of the tech writers at Watford from 1991 to 1995 was science-fiction author
Charles Stross Charles David George "Charlie" Stross (born 18 October 1964) is a British writer of science fiction and fantasy. Stross specialises in hard science fiction and space opera. Between 1994 and 2004, he was also an active writer for the magazine '' ...
, and his experiences in that office would provide some of the setting for his 2000s work ''
The Atrocity Archives ''The Laundry Files'' is a series of novels by British writer Charles Stross. They mix the genres of Lovecraftian horror, spy thriller, science fiction, and workplace humour. Their main character for the first five novels is "Bob Howard" (a p ...
''. Collectively, Xenix and SCO UNIX became the most installed flavor of Unix due to the popularity of the
x86 x86 (also known as 80x86 or the 8086 family) is a family of complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architectures initially developed by Intel based on the Intel 8086 microprocessor and its 8088 variant. The 8086 was introd ...
architecture. Hardware manufacturers that manufactured Intel-based systems and that resold a SCO operating system on it included not just Compaq but also DEC,
Tandy Computers Tandy Corporation was an American family-owned leather goods company based in Fort Worth, Texas, United States. Tandy Leather was founded in 1919 as a leather supply store. By the end of the 1950s, under the tutelage of then-CEO Charles Tandy, ...
,
Siemens Nixdorf Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme, AG (SNI) was formed in 1990 by the merger of Nixdorf Computer and the Data Information Services (DIS) division of Siemens. It functioned as a separate company within Siemens. It was the largest information ...
,
Olivetti Olivetti S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of computers, tablets, smartphones, printers and other such business products as calculators and fax machines. Headquartered in Ivrea, in the Metropolitan City of Turin, the company has been part of ...
,
Unisys Unisys Corporation is an American multinational information technology (IT) services and consulting company headquartered in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania. It provides digital workplace solutions, cloud, applications, and infrastructure solutions, e ...
, and
Hewlett-Packard The Hewlett-Packard Company, commonly shortened to Hewlett-Packard ( ) or HP, was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. HP developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components ...
. Especially significant were those systems with multiprocessor capability, such as the
Compaq SystemPro The SystemPro from Compaq, released in November 1989, is a computer capable of running server-based computer operating systems and was arguably the first true PC based server. It supports Intel's 486 chip, a 32-bit bus, RAID disk and dual-proc ...
, for which the SCO MPX multiprocessor extension to SCO UNIX had been delivered in 1990 based on development work that SCO did in conjunction with the firm Corollary, Inc. This effort produced the first version of Unix to support the
symmetric multiprocessing Symmetric multiprocessing or shared-memory multiprocessing (SMP) involves a multiprocessor computer hardware and software architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single, shared main memory, have full access to all ...
capability of Compaq's. The primary market segment for SCO Unix was small businesses, such as real estate offices or florists to take two examples, where specialized dealers who were familiar with a particular application domain built or assembled customized software for that domain and then sold that as a turnkey solution to the business. SCO Unix was also used by chains such as
Radio Shack RadioShack, formerly RadioShack Corporation, is an American retailer founded in 1921. At its peak in 1999, RadioShack operated over 8,000 worldwide stores named RadioShack or Tandy Electronics in the United States, Mexico, United Kingdom, Austra ...
and
Taco Bell Taco Bell is an American-based chain of fast food restaurants founded in 1962 by Glen Bell (1923–2010) in Downey, California. Taco Bell is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc. The restaurants serve a variety of Mexican-inspired foods, includi ...
. SCO capitalized on the increasingly prevalent "open systems" movement of the time, which held that a combination of
interoperability Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system to work with other products or systems. While the term was initially defined for information technology or systems engineering services to allow for information exchange, a broader defi ...
, portability, and open software standards should result in computer users should not being locked into any one computer company's product. Moreover, Doug Michels became an effective and convincing advocate for the open systems idea. The premise in SCO's case was that an industry standard operating system for industry standard hardware – capable of handling the kind of multi-tasking, multi-user workload that MS-DOS could not – would give customers a compelling offering that previously was thought only possible with considerably more expensive minicomputers. By early 1991, ''
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'' was publishing a profile of SCO based around the notion that it might become "the next Microsoft".


Applications and SCO Office Portfolio

While SCO operating systems were often the basis of
vertical market software Vertical market software is aimed at addressing the needs of any given business within a discernible vertical market (specific industry or market). While horizontal market software can be useful to a wide array of industries (such as word processors ...
offerings by others, SCO had long desired to create additional
horizontal market software In computer software, horizontal market software is a type of application software that is useful in a wide range of industries. This is the opposite of vertical market software, which has a scope of usefulness limited to few industries. Horizontal ...
applications for its operating system product as part of further popularizing it. Thus SCO had provided some basic applications with Xenix, including database, graphics, a word processor, and a spreadsheet. In 1988, these applications were bundled together as part of an offering known as SCO Office Portfolio, which serves as an integrated environment for office automation on Xenix, SCO Unix, and SCO Open Desktop. The portfolio primarily comprises SCO Lyrix, a word processor; SCO Professional, a spreadsheet; and SCO Integra, an SQL-based relational database. The first two were developed by SCO, while SCO Integra is based on an SQL engine from Coromandel Industries augmented by a 4GL called Accell from
Unify Corporation Daegis Inc. (formerly Unify Corporation) was one of the early developers of database management systems and tools for database development. It was founded in 1980 and headquartered in Irving, Texas. Unify initially focused on providing databases ...
. Linking them together was the SCO Manager, which has a character-based but multi-windowed interface. It provides desktop tools such as mail, calendaring, and chat; an expandable menu system; and a clipboard mechanism for transmitting information between applications. The system administration interface for SCO Unix itself also adopted the Portfolio Manager interface. Early 1990 also saw the release of
Microsoft Word Microsoft Word is a word processing software developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983, under the name ''Multi-Tool Word'' for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms includin ...
version 5.0 for Xenix and SCO Unix, which was also available as part of SCO Office Portfolio. It has functionality equivalent to Word for DOS, and was marketed to government agencies and other organizations running multiuser office systems. This was followed in early 1991 by Word 5.1 for SCO Unix, which has graphical user interface support. As part of adapting Word to Unix, SCO made various enhancements for multiuser support and workgroup-related features. SCO had visions of selling its applications on platforms other than its own. In late 1988, SCO and Sun Microsystems announced that SCO Office Portfolio would be ported to Sun-3 workstations running
SunOS SunOS is a Unix-branded operating system developed by Sun Microsystems for their workstation and server computer systems. The ''SunOS'' name is usually only used to refer to versions 1.0 to 4.1.4, which were based on BSD, while versions 5.0 and l ...
. And in mid-1990, SCO made its Word for Unix available for AT&T 3B2 and AT&T 6386 systems. One of the offerings in the SCO Office Portfolio was SCO FoxBase+, a version of
FoxBase FoxPro was a text-based procedurally oriented programming language and database management system (DBMS), and it was also an object-oriented programming language, originally published by Fox Software and later by Microsoft, for MS-DOS, Windows ...
that is explicitly purposed as a look-alike to the popular dBase III database software for MS-DOS. And even SCO's advertisements had called SCO Professional a "workalike" of the popular
Lotus 1-2-3 Lotus 1-2-3 is a discontinued spreadsheet program from Lotus Software (later part of IBM). It was the first killer application of the IBM PC, was hugely popular in the 1980s, and significantly contributed to the success of IBM PC-compatibles i ...
spreadsheet. Advertisement; note also copyright notices at bottom. This resulted in problems when, in July 1990,
Lotus Development Corporation Lotus Software (called Lotus Development Corporation before its acquisition by IBM) was an American software company based in Massachusetts; it was "offloaded" to India's HCL Technologies in 2018. Lotus is most commonly known for the Lotus 1-2- ...
sued SCO for copyright infringement, as one of several such actions that Lotus took against its imitators and competitors. The suit was settled out of court a year later; in a victory for Lotus, SCO agreed to stop all sales and licensing of SCO Professional and instead recommend that customers use 1-2-3. In the end, SCO had neither the market share nor the sales ability to compete on applications with the major players in that area such as Microsoft and Lotus. Accordingly, staffing level and expenses for application work were sharply reduced in 1991, and again in 1993–94. The final version of Microsoft Word for SCO Unix, for instance, was 5.1.1; it was eventually withdrawn as a product by SCO in 1996.


ACE and near insolvency

Besides Microsoft, venture capitalists owned about 20 percent of SCO by 1991, meaning that the Michelses owned a majority of the company, although by 1993 the Michelses' share was stated as being about one-third. These venture capital firms included
Morgan Stanley Morgan Stanley is an American multinational investment management and financial services company headquartered at 1585 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. With offices in more than 41 countries and more than 75,000 employees, the fir ...
,
Accel Partners Accel, formerly known as Accel Partners, is an American venture capital firm. Accel works with startups in seed, early and growth-stage investments. The company has offices in Palo Alto, California and San Francisco, California, with additional ...
, Chancellor Capital, and
Wolfensohn & Company Sir James David Wolfensohn (1 December 193325 November 2020) was an Australian-American lawyer, investment banker, and economist who served as the ninth president of the World Bank Group (1995–2005). During his tenure at the World Bank, he is ...
. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, analysts said that, given its revenue SCO should be more profitable than it was. Indeed, SCO had never been able to show profits on a consistent basis; through the end of fiscal 1991 SCO had accumulated a total loss of $31 million over its entire existence. SCO had high staffing levels, with for instance the $106 million revenue for 1990 going along with 1,300 employees, which was twice the level a typical software company of its era would have had. One analyst said that SCO "is run like a university, a family-run university, not a company." Commenting on the company's efforts to write applications for Unix themselves, another analyst said "It's a company that attacks in all directions." In part due to this kind of criticism, the Michelses said in late 1990 that they saw significant downsides to going public and preferred to remain private. One former employee recalled that Larry Michels "ran SCO like it was a downhill skier racing out of control. He liked to think the company was literally like that – the fastest guy was always a little bit out of control. SCO was always a little out of control." The late 1980s saw considerable interest in
RISC In computer engineering, a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) is a computer designed to simplify the individual instructions given to the computer to accomplish tasks. Compared to the instructions given to a complex instruction set comput ...
-based processor architectures in comparison to Intel's existing CISC-based approach, and there was particular interest in the
R3000 The R3000 is a 32-bit RISC microprocessor chipset developed by MIPS Computer Systems that implemented the MIPS I instruction set architecture (ISA). Introduced in June 1988, it was the second MIPS implementation, succeeding the R2000 as the flag ...
and
R4000 The R4000 is a microprocessor developed by MIPS Computer Systems that implements the MIPS III instruction set architecture (ISA). Officially announced on 1 October 1991, it was one of the first 64-bit microprocessors and the first MIPS III impleme ...
processors from
MIPS Computer Systems MIPS Technologies, Inc., formerly MIPS Computer Systems, Inc., was an American fabless semiconductor design company that is most widely known for developing the MIPS architecture and a series of RISC CPU chips based on it. MIPS provides proc ...
. Major hardware vendors such as
Digital Equipment Corporation Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC ), using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1960s to the 1990s. The company was co-founded by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson in 1957. Olsen was president unt ...
were switching over to RISC-based systems. In April 1991, the Advanced Computing Environment initiative was announced. There were a number of companies involved, but in term of the major players, it consisted of Compaq, Microsoft, MIPS Computer Systems, DEC and the Santa Cruz Operation. It had the goal of building the next generation commodity computing platform around the MIPS processor. Microsoft's role was to supply a version of
OS/2 OS/2 (Operating System/2) is a series of computer operating systems, initially created by Microsoft and IBM under the leadership of IBM software designer Ed Iacobucci. As a result of a feud between the two companies over how to position OS/2 ...
for the processor (this OS/2 version would become the basis of
Windows NT Windows NT is a proprietary graphical operating system An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems sc ...
). SCO's job was to supply the Unix operating system for the processor. The work consisted of taking DEC's
OSF/1 OSF/1 is a variant of the Unix operating system developed by the Open Software Foundation during the late 1980s and early 1990s. OSF/1 is one of the first operating systems to have used the Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University, and ...
variant of Unix as one starting point, SCO's Open Desktop as another, and adding in elements of DEC's previous
Ultrix Ultrix (officially all-caps ULTRIX) is the brand name of Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC) discontinued native Unix operating systems for the PDP-11, VAX, MicroVAX and DECstations. History The initial development of Unix occurred on DEC equip ...
flavor, to produce a Unix for the ACE platform. SCO created a top-level business unit within the company to focus on the ACE work and the expected market resulting from it. But almost from the beginning, the ACE consortium was challenged by the difficulty of large, powerful companies with disparate interests working together; one German executive from a non-member company called ACE an "''eier-legende Wollmilchsau''" (egg-laying woolen milk pig). By November 1991, SCO's work was reported as six months behind schedule. At the same time, indications were reported in trade media, the business press, and the general press that the ACE project as a whole was in trouble. In April 1992, a year after the start, the project fell apart; SCO publicly acknowledged that it had abandoned work on the Unix for MIPS and had withdrawn from the consortium, no longer confident that the project would succeed or was even necessary given improvements in CISC processor speed from Intel. Compaq withdrew as well, and MIPS Computer Systems was in the middle of being bought out. Only some of the heavy engineering expenditures that SCO had spent on ACE were recoverable; Larry Michels said, "We learned a lot out of ACE. We learned the hard way." As a whole during this period, SCO's expenses were too high and the company was undercapitalized. And by several accounts, during 1991 the company came close to becoming bankrupt. The year saw a large-scale reduction in staffing levels from that peak of 1,300 – with around 12 percent of the workforce being let go across two rounds of layoffs – together with a company-wide reorganization that involved new managers being brought in from other technology companies. Especially targeted for elimination were the projects to build applications for Unix. Following these changes, SCO showed a profit during its fiscal 1992 and the first half of its fiscal 1993. In 1992, '' Software Magazine'' wrote that SCO had long been "the only major player in this market," but noted that
Univel Univel, Inc. was a joint venture of Novell and AT&T's Unix System Laboratories (USL) that was formed in December 1991 to develop and market the Destiny desktop Unix operating system, which was released in 1992 as UnixWare 1.0. Univel existed ...
and
SunSoft , stylized as SUNSOFT, is a Japanese video game developer and publisher. Sunsoft is the video games division of Japanese electronics manufacturer Sun Corporation. Its U.S. subsidiary operated under the name Sun Corporation of America, though, a ...
were both introducing Unix-on-Intel products. Both of these were from better-financed companies. But the sales of UnixWare 1.0 turned out to be modest, and SCO's share of the Unix-on-Intel market was around 65 percent in mid-1993. For 1993 overall, SCO sold around 185,000 copies of its Unix product, while Novell (which acquired Univel) sold around 35,000 of UnixWare and Sun's sales of Solaris-on-Intel were insignificant. ''
PC Magazine ''PC Magazine'' (shortened as ''PCMag'') is an American computer magazine published by Ziff Davis. A print edition was published from 1982 to January 2009. Publication of online editions started in late 1994 and have continued to the present d ...
'', in a lengthy review the following year of different operating system choices for the Intel architecture, wrote that SCO had a dominant position in the Unix-on-Intel market. The magazine added that with its "Tyrannosaurus Rex"-like presence and more than 3,000 applications available, independent software vendors interested in Unix on PCs invariably made products that were SCO Unix-conformant. At pp. 220–221, 240, 250, 252.


Going public

By the summer of 1992, it was clear that SCO was intending to go public in the near future, and a number of investment bankers, brokers, and analysts attended that year's
SCO Forum SCO Forum was a technical computer conference sponsored by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), briefly by Caldera International, and later The SCO Group that took place during the 1980s through 2000s. It was held annually, most often in August of ea ...
conference with that possibility in mind. See also "2,500 attend local conference" side article, same by-line, same pagess. Larry Michels now viewed becoming a public company as crucial, as it would give SCO greater access to investment capital and because it would make SCO a more credible vendor to large corporations. There was also a desire to let employees benefit from the stock options they held. At the same time, Michels had become prominent in the local business scene in Santa Cruz County, arguing that the area had to be more aggressive about fostering economic development. At one point he asked SCO employees to attend a public hearing in support of a controversial plan for an outlet mall in which he was an investor. He was also a sponsor of several charitable events and philanthropies in the Santa Cruz area. See also "Sexual-harassment cases rise; process often slow" sidebar by same reporter, p. A-4. On December 5, 1992, the ''
San Jose Mercury News ''The Mercury News'' (formerly ''San Jose Mercury News'', often locally known as ''The Merc'') is a morning daily newspaper published in San Jose, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is published by the Bay Area News Group, a subsidiar ...
'' broke the story that three former executive secretaries at SCO had filed a lawsuit two days earlier against Larry Michels and SCO for
sexual harassment Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promises of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment includes a range of actions fro ...
. The suit, which named the women involved and was filed in Santa Cruz County Superior Court, stated that Michels had, on repeated occasions, propositioned or groped the women and had forced them into kissing him at work. In charging a sexually-hostile work environment, the women characterized Michels' behavior as "oppressive, demeaning, sexually belittling, intimidating, exploitive and abusive." When one of the women had complained about Michels to the human resources department, she said she was told "that's just Larry, being Larry," and that the onus was on her to come up with a proposal on how she should be treated and present it to Michels. One of the women had been fired, another had quit her job, and the third had been transferred to another position after filing a complaint with the
California Department of Fair Employment and Housing The California Civil Rights Department (CRD) (formerly known as the ''Department of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH)'') is an agency of California state government charged with the protection of residents from employment, housing and public ac ...
. When asked for his reaction by a reporter, Michels denied the allegations in the suit and said, "Did it say I raped anybody? Did it say I pinned anybody down?" In response to the accusations hugging and kissing the women against their will at work, Michels said, "How serious a crime is that?" And asked if he regretted any of his actions, he said "I certainly regret that I hired those three girls." On December 15, a fourth-named former executive secretary joined the lawsuit, saying among other allegations that Michels had taken her to a remote wooded property he owned and tried to force himself on her and that she ran away for fear of being raped. Public attention to sexual harassment had increased following the previous year's Clarence Thomas-Anita Hill hearings, and complaints had been filed with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing against other high-level male executives at SCO as well. On December 16 the board of directors of SCO announced that it had appointment one of its members, Jim Harris, to investigate the situation at SCO and that the board was "extremely distressed by the recent allegations made against the company and its president." On December 21, 1992, less than three weeks after initial lawsuit was filed, Larry Michels resigned as chief executive of SCO. Harris became interim president of the company. The rapid sequence of events triggered what the ''
Santa Cruz Sentinel The ''Santa Cruz Sentinel'' is a daily newspaper published in Santa Cruz, California, covering Santa Cruz County, California, and owned by Media News Group. Ottaway Community Newspapers, a division of Dow Jones & Company bought the paper in 1982 ...
'' termed a period of "internal turmoil and depression" within the organization. A month later, Lars Turndal took over as president and chief executive officer of SCO. Turndal, originally from Sweden, had overseen the large growth in SCO's European operation over the preceding six years. Harris became chairman of the board, while Doug Michels remained executive vice president and also became chief technical officer. Programs begun by Harris, and continued by Turndal, sought to introduce to the company externally-provided classes in cultural sensitivity and to establish an internal diversity council. In early April 1993, the sexual harassment suit was settled out of court, with the four women being awarded a total of $1.25 million. At pp. 92, 94-95. At the same time, SCO filed the necessary papers with the
United States Securities and Exchange Commission The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government, created in the aftermath of the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The primary purpose of the SEC is to enforce the law against market ...
to go public. Prosecutors in Santa Cruz County considered whether criminal charges should be filed against Larry Michels but after a two-month investigation decided not to. Michels received a $354,000 " golden handshake" from SCO, which brought some criticism from employment rights' advocates. (Michels never returned to the company, although he kept in touch with what was going on via his son, and died of a stroke in 1999.) The
initial public offering An initial public offering (IPO) or stock launch is a public offering in which shares of a company are sold to institutional investors and usually also to retail (individual) investors. An IPO is typically underwritten by one or more investment ...
for The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. took place on May 27, 1993. The stock traded on
NASDAQ The Nasdaq Stock Market () (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations Stock Market) is an American stock exchange based in New York City. It is the most active stock trading venue in the US by volume, and ranked second ...
under the symbol SCOC. The stock's offering price was 12 and it closed at 12, meaning that it did not have the first-day jump that "hot" IPOs are expected to show. The firm's initial stretch as a public company was difficult. Two important board members, Harris and Microsoft's Gaudette, died during 1993, with Turndal succeeding Harris as chairman. By year's end the stock price was around 6, or half what it had started at. The transitions of this period marked the change in SCO from being an entrepreneur-driven company to one driven by the need to behave in a more business-like manner and show steady profits. Turndal further jettisoned unprofitable applications and focused on SCO's core Unix business as well as middleware additions to strengthen the platform. In December 1994, Turndal was made chair of the board as well as CEO, while Alok Mohan was elevated to president and chief operating officer. With its first release in mid-1993, Microsoft's server operating system
Windows NT Windows NT is a proprietary graphical operating system An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems sc ...
became a looming threat to the Unix-on-Intel market. SCO had even more commercial competitors in the Unix-on-Intel space, including NCR, IBM, Sequent, SunSoft's Solaris, and Novell's UnixWare, and each of these is based on SVR4. SCO was the only Unix-on-Intel vendor basing their product on SVR3.2. But there were many applications available for OpenServer, in part the result of SCO having forged many partnerships with other computer companies. Over half of all SCO sales were through VARs, who typically used SCO as the basis for an end-user application and then bundled the hardware, operating system, and application as a turnkey solution. By the mid-1990s, SCO Unix in all its product releases had an installed base of a million systems sold. See also 2006 printing of Second Edition, pp. 25, 28. SCO OpenServer had a foothold in the corporate world as well; the 1997 edition of the book ''UNIX Unleashed'' wrote that "It is very popular among corporate internets/intranets and has been for many years." The book added that "Its technical support cannot be matched, which is why many corporations choose this commercial OS as their server OS of choice."


PizzaNet, SCO Global Access, first Internet concert

SCO also recognized the important of the
Internet The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a '' network of networks'' that consists of private, pub ...
. In August 1994, SCO and
Pizza Hut Pizza Hut is an American multinational restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas by Dan and Frank Carney. They serve their signature pan pizza and other dishes including pasta, breadsticks and dessert at d ...
announced PizzaNet, a pilot program in the Santa Cruz area that allowed consumers to use their own computer to order
pizza delivery Pizza delivery is a service in which a pizzeria or pizza chain Delivery (commerce), delivers a pizza to a customer. An order is typically made either by telephone, or over the internet, in which the customer can request pizza type and size, a ...
from a local Pizza Hut restaurant, with connection being made over the Internet to a central Pizza Hut server in
Wichita, Kansas Wichita ( ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas and the county seat of Sedgwick County, Kansas, Sedgwick County. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the population of the city was 397,532. The Wichita metro area had ...
. The PizzaNet application software was developed by SCO's Professional Services group. PizzaNet was based on the first commercially licensed and bundled Internet operating system, SCO Global Access. SCO was the first commercial Unix system supplier to license the powerful NCSA Mosaic
hypertext Hypertext is E-text, text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can immediately access. Hypertext documents are interconnected by hyperlinks, which are typi ...
browser and
NCSA HTTPd NCSA HTTPd is an early, now discontinued, web server originally developed at the NCSA at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign by Robert McCool and others. First released in 1993, it was among the earliest web servers developed, follo ...
, and the first to ship these technologies from the
National Center for Supercomputing Applications The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) is a state-federal partnership to develop and deploy national-scale computer infrastructure that advances research, science and engineering based in the United States. NCSA operates as a ...
at the
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (U of I, Illinois, University of Illinois, or UIUC) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana. It is the flagship institution of the University ...
bundled with an operating system for commercial use. On August 23, 1994, SCO broadcast a live music concert from the UC Santa Cruz's Cowell Courtyard. This event, part of SCO Forum 1994, is said to be the first time a scheduled live music concert was broadcast over the Internet; it was sent over both the
Mbone Mbone (short for " multicast backbone") was an experimental backbone and virtual network built on top of the Internet for carrying IP multicast traffic on the Internet. It was developed in the early 1990s and required specialized hardware and s ...
and the emerging
World Wide Web The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system enabling documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet. Documents and downloadable media are made available to the network through web se ...
. The band was
Deth Specula Deth Specula is a Santa Cruz "neo-bronto" five-piece rock band. Deth Specula was one of the first ten bands on The Internet Underground Music Archive and used the Internet to broadcast a live music concert from the Cowell Courtyard at the SCO For ...
, a group composed of SCO employees. Their first song parodied
Grand Funk Railroad Grand Funk Railroad (often shortened to Grand Funk) is an American rock band formed in 1968 in Flint, Michigan, by Mark Farner (vocals, guitar), Don Brewer (drums, vocals), and Mel Schacher (bass). The band achieved peak popularity and succes ...
's "
We're an American Band ''We're an American Band'' is the seventh studio album by American hard rock band Grand Funk Railroad, credited as Grand Funk. The album was released by Capitol Records on July 15, 1973 (see 1973 in music) and was certified gold by the RIAA ...
". Deth Specula sang "We Are an Internet Band" with lyrics like: :''We're comin' to your town'' :''To bring your network down'' :''We are an Internet band.''


"Everest"

The next big product release from the company was code-named "Everest". It resulted from three years of labor at SCO's Santa Cruz, Watford, and Toronto development sites, an effort that amounted to $50 million in research and development costs. The general thrust of the work was towards supporting the requirements of business-critical servers. It included adding support for
memory-mapped file A memory-mapped file is a segment of virtual memory that has been assigned a direct byte-for-byte correlation with some portion of a file or file-like resource. This resource is typically a file that is physically present on disk, but can also b ...
s, the journaling
HTFS High Throughput File System (HTFS) is the journaling file system used by current versions of SCO OpenServer Xinuos OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO Open Desktop (SCO ODT), is a closed source computer operating system developed by San ...
filesystem with mirroring and striping support, disk compression,
RAID Raid, RAID or Raids may refer to: Attack * Raid (military), a sudden attack behind the enemy's lines without the intention of holding ground * Corporate raid, a type of hostile takeover in business * Panty raid, a prankish raid by male college ...
levels 0, 1, and 5, POSIX.1b real-time scheduling and semaphores, the
Advanced Power Management Advanced power management (APM) is an API developed by Intel and Microsoft and released in 1992 which enables an operating system running an IBM-compatible personal computer to work with the BIOS (part of the computer's firmware) to achieve power m ...
interface, and SVID 3-level conformance. Everest expanded MP support from 8 to 32 processors. Everest has hardware support for 900 different physical machines, of which 60 were SMP systems, and for some 2,000 peripheral devices. Another major new feature of Everest is the SCOadmin system administration tool, with both graphical and command-line interfaces, and software upgrades that can be run either locally or remotely. The existence of an administration framework and GUI was considered by ''
InfoWorld ''InfoWorld'' (abbreviated IW) is an information technology media business. Founded in 1978, it began as a monthly magazine. In 2007, it transitioned to a web-only publication. Its parent company today is International Data Group, and its siste ...
'' writer
Jason Pontin Jason Matthew Daniel Pontin (born 11 May 1967) is a British-born venture capitalist and journalist. He is a partner at the venture capital firm of DCVC in Palo Alto, and is a board member and seed investor in a number of life sciences companies ...
to be important in competing with the user-friendly qualities of Windows NT. Everest was released as SCO OpenServer Release 5. The release was celebrated with a corporate event at the
Hudson Theatre The Hudson Theatre is a Broadway theater at 139–141 West 44th Street, between Seventh Avenue and Sixth Avenue, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. One of the oldest surviving Broadway venues, the Hudson was built ...
in New York City on May 9, 1995. The location was chosen in part to give the product an East Coast corporate veneer rather than a West Coast laid-back one. As part of the release publicity, SCO emphasized they had settled on competing in the server market and had halted any attempt to compete with Windows in the desktop client market. Industry analysts were generally impressed with OpenServer. Testers of beta releases of the product, including
Taco Bell Taco Bell is an American-based chain of fast food restaurants founded in 1962 by Glen Bell (1923–2010) in Downey, California. Taco Bell is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc. The restaurants serve a variety of Mexican-inspired foods, includi ...
which was deploying OpenServer to each of its 4,000 stores, were impressed by its reliability. Although parts of the
Unix kernel A Unix architecture is a computer operating system system architecture that embodies the Unix philosophy. It may adhere to standards such as the Single UNIX Specification (SUS) or similar POSIX IEEE standard. No single published standard descri ...
were rewritten during the Everest project, it is still fundamentally the nearly ten-year-old System V Release 3.2 kernel and as such has some limitations, such as not being multithreaded. This lack of native threads support would prove a challenge in years to come when certain kinds of modern system software needed to run on the platform. OpenServer 5 was compatible with around 8,000 business applications, and it was partly a desire to maintain compatibility with existing applications that prevented SCO from making more drastic changes to the operating system. Overall on a technical evaluation, ''
PC Magazine ''PC Magazine'' (shortened as ''PCMag'') is an American computer magazine published by Ziff Davis. A print edition was published from 1982 to January 2009. Publication of online editions started in late 1994 and have continued to the present d ...
'' found OpenServer 5 to be good but not quite as good as Novell's UnixWare 2 product. One Unix OEM told ''
PC Week ''eWeek'' (''Enterprise Newsweekly'', stylized as ''eWEEK''), formerly PCWeek, is a technology and business magazine. Previously owned by QuinStreet; Nashville, Tennessee marketing company TechnologyAdvice acquired eWeek in 2020. The print edi ...
'' that OpenServer 5 was "a good product, but it's not a revolutionary product; it's an evolutionary product. It doesn't quite do the enterprise stuff people are looking for." One project which sought to improve OpenServer's technology base was code-named "MK2". Its origins date to 1992 with an agreement between SCO and the French company
Chorus Systèmes SA Chorus Systèmes SA was a French software company that existed from 1986 to 1997, that was created to commercialise research work done at the Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique (INRIA). Its primary product was the ...
for cooperative work on the
Chorus Chorus may refer to: Music * Chorus (song) or refrain, line or lines that are repeated in music or in verse * Chorus effect, the perception of similar sounds from multiple sources as a single, richer sound * Chorus form, song in which all verse ...
microkernel technology in the context of combining OpenServer with a microkernel for use in real-time processing environments in telecommunications and other areas. The first result of this, a dual-functionality product called Chorus/Fusion for SCO Open Systems Software, was released in 1994. By 1995, SCO had set up a business unit for the MK2 venture and was spending considerable amounts of engineering resources on what was now a reimplementation of OpenServer to run on top of the Chorus microkernel, in what was going to be called the SCO Telecommunications OS Platform. A primary customer for this work was the Private Communications Systems unit within
Siemens AG Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate corporation and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe headquartered in Munich with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the corporation are ''Industry'', '' ...
. Later in 1995 the MK2 project had to adjust for SCO's acquisition of UnixWare technology from Novell, and the goal became to run merged OpenServer/UnixWare code on top of Chorus. However, by early 1997, relations had broken down between SCO, Chorus, and the customer, and the MK2 project was scrapped without having achieved fruition. Through several changes of corporate ownership, SCO OpenServer 5 would remain a supported product into the 2020s. On July 1, 1995, Lars Turndal retired and Alok Mohan became the company's CEO. Mohan's background was in corporate finance and strategic planning with AT&T Global Information Solutions. The equities market immediately reflected changes in SCO financial statements: When customers spent more time evaluating OpenServer 5 rather than buying it during the first quarter it was available, SCO missed its forecasted earnings and SCO stock lost a quarter of its value.


Client Integration Division

In February 1993, SCO acquired
IXI Limited IXI Limited was a British software company that developed and marketed windowing products for Unix, supporting all the popular Unix platforms of the time. Founded in 1987, it was based in Cambridge. The product it was most known for was X.desktop ...
, a software company in
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge bec ...
, UK, best known for its
X.desktop X.desktopSee X.desktop 3 details provided by SCO at was an early desktop environment graphical user interface built on the X Window System. It was developed and sold during the late 1980s and early 1990s by IXI Limited, a British software house ba ...
product, which formed the graphical basis of Open Desktop. In December 1994, SCO bought
Visionware Visionware Ltd was a British software company that developed and marketed products that helped integration of Microsoft Windows clients to Unix-based server applications. It was based in Leeds in West Yorkshire. The three products it was most ...
, of
Leeds Leeds () is a city and the administrative centre of the City of Leeds district in West Yorkshire, England. It is built around the River Aire and is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines. It is also the third-largest settlement (by populati ...
, UK, developers of XVision. The roles of the two companies were different but complementary, as one former SCO UK employee has succinctly summarised: "IXI specialised in software that ran on Unix and made Unix easier to use. ... Visionware specialised in software that ran on Windows that made Unix easier to use." In 1995, SCO combined the two development teams to form the IXI Visionware, Ltd. subsidiary. Later in 1995, the merged business unit was subsumed more fully into its parent and became the Client Integration Division of SCO. These acquisitions were part of SCO acknowledging that it did not want to compete with Microsoft on the desktop, but rather wanted to put forward a Windows-friendly product strategy. It also fit SCO's idea of the
client–server model The client–server model is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients. Often clients and servers communicate over ...
of computing, where SCO would offer connectivity and middleware components to support Windows clients talking to SCO servers. In May 1997, the Client Integration Division released the Vision97 family of products: XVision Eclipse (a PC X server), VisionFS (an SMB server for UNIX), TermVision (a
terminal emulator A terminal emulator, or terminal application, is a computer program that emulates a video terminal within some other display architecture. Though typically synonymous with a shell or text terminal, the term ''terminal'' covers all remote termin ...
for Microsoft Windows), SuperVision (centralised management of users from Windows), and SQL-Retriever (
ODBC In computing, Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is a standard application programming interface (API) for accessing database management systems (DBMS). The designers of ODBC aimed to make it independent of database systems and operating systems. An ...
- and
JDBC Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an application programming interface (API) for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access a database. It is a Java-based data access technology used for Java database connectivity. I ...
-compliant database connectivity software). The VisionFS product was developed from scratch by the Cambridge development team; the other products were developed by the Leeds development team and were mostly new versions of the existing Visionware products. A later release of the suite is branded as Vision2K. The Client Integration Division was relatively independent of the rest of SCO, for reasons both technical and organizational. It ported its code to all major Unix platforms, including those of SCO's competitors. It operated its own web site for some time. See entry for IXI Premier Motif. The SCO Unix channel-based sales model did not work well for the Vision products, and the client division had its own sales force. This was illustrated by SCO having two different subsidiaries in Japan: Nihon SCO, which dealt with the operating system products and services, and SCO K.K., a joint venture which handled the Vision product line.


Later history


The Novell–SCO–HP deal of 1995

Novell Novell, Inc. was an American software and services company headquartered in Provo, Utah, that existed from 1980 until 2014. Its most significant product was the multi-platform network operating system known as Novell NetWare. Under the lead ...
's 1993 acquisition of
Unix System Laboratories Unix System Laboratories (USL), sometimes written UNIX System Laboratories to follow relevant trademark guidelines of the time, was an American software laboratory and product development company that existed from 1989 through 1993. At first wh ...
had never really worked out, and by late summer 1995 Novell was looking for a way out of the Unix business. On September 20, 1995, Novell announced the sale of that business to SCO, coincident with a licensing arrangement with
Hewlett Packard The Hewlett-Packard Company, commonly shortened to Hewlett-Packard ( ) or HP, was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. HP developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components ...
. As part of the deal, SCO said that it would merge the SVR4.2-based UnixWare with the SVR3.2-based OpenServer, creating a new merged product code-named "Gemini". Gemini would then be sold through SCO's channel and reseller operation. SCO and HP also said that they would co-develop a next-generation, 64-bit version of Unix for use with "Merced", the code name for HP and Intel's upcoming 64-bit architecture. Some 400 Novell software engineers had been working on UnixWare, mostly in an office in
Florham Park, New Jersey Florham Park is a borough in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States census, the borough's population was 11,696, (about a year later, the SCO part relocated to offices in
Murray Hill, New Jersey Murray Hill is an unincorporated community located within portions of both Berkeley Heights and New Providence, located in Union County in northern New Jersey, United States. It is the longtime central location of Bell Labs (part of Nokia si ...
). The part of the deal between Novell and SCO closed on December 6, 1995. As Doug Michels later reflected in 2006, SCO seized on the idea of buying the Unix business from Novell for three reasons: "for one, we got all the talent from Bell Labs that had created Unix; two, we got the moral authority around Unix; and three, we got rid of all the crazy historical licensing problems" dating from Unix's origins within AT&T. In order to reduce the price to SCO, part of the deal was that SCO agreed to pay a royalty stream back to Novell of UnixWare sales. By December 1995, there were already some indications that the three-way arrangement was not working out as had been initially advertised. The computer industry was not sure that SCO could handle being the primary Unix shepherd. The HP project, code-named "White Box", focused on making a hybrid environment out of the SRV4.2-based Gemini and the SVR3.2-based HP-UX, but that effort faced major technical hurdles. "White Box" became the
3DA 3DA was an alliance formed between The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) and Hewlett Packard (HP) in September 1995. Its purpose was to unify SCO's OpenServer product, UnixWare (newly acquired from Novell), and HP-UX from HP; the resulting product would ...
effort, the purpose of which was to unify OpenServer, UnixWare, and
HP-UX HP-UX (from "Hewlett Packard Unix") is Hewlett Packard Enterprise's proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on Unix System V (initially System III) and first released in 1984. Current versions support HPE Integrity Ser ...
in some way to produce a resulting product would then become the de facto Unix standard for both existing
IA-32 IA-32 (short for "Intel Architecture, 32-bit", commonly called i386) is the 32-bit version of the x86 instruction set architecture, designed by Intel and first implemented in the 80386 microprocessor in 1985. IA-32 is the first incarnation of ...
systems and the upcoming
IA-64 IA-64 (Intel Itanium architecture) is the instruction set architecture (ISA) of the Itanium family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors. The basic ISA specification originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP), and was subsequently implemented by Intel in coll ...
. The effort was motivated in part by threat of Windows NT threat taking advantage of splits among Unix providers when 64-bit systems arrived in common use. By August 1996, HP and SCO were delivering application programming interface (API) specifications to various OEMs and ISVs, as well as doing a best-of-breed technology analysis to determine whether Gemini or HP-UX would be the going-forward source base for a given component. Both companies were also doing porting work to Merced using the early-version compilers available. The effort was still in theory going in early 1997, when HP and SCO were to publish the "Lodi" set of common programming interfaces for a 64-bit Unix incorporating elements of OpenServer, UnixWare, and HP-UX. But little progress had been made on actual implementation, with sources for only a few components having been exchanged by the two companies. The collaboration failed for both business reasons – HP and SCO had differing perceptions of the marketplace – and technical ones – an inability to produce a common binary Unix-for-Intel product that could run existing applications from both companies' user bases. Primary among the technical obstacles were
endianness In computing, endianness, also known as byte sex, is the order or sequence of bytes of a word of digital data in computer memory. Endianness is primarily expressed as big-endian (BE) or little-endian (LE). A big-endian system stores the most sig ...
considerations. As an ''
InformationWeek ''InformationWeek'' is a digital magazine which conducts corresponding face-to-face events, virtual events, and research. It is headquartered in San Francisco, California and was first published in 1985 by CMP Media, later called Informa. The ...
'' story later wrote, the three-way deal had been a "complicated plan" that was "confusing from the start". The terms of the deal between Novell and SCO were uncertain enough that an amendment to the agreement had to be signed in October 1996. (Even that was not clear enough to preclude an extended legal battle between Novell and
The SCO Group The SCO Group (often referred to SCO and later called The TSG Group) was an American software company in existence from 2002 to 2012 that became known for owning Unix operating system assets that had belonged to the Santa Cruz Operation (the o ...
during SCO-Linux disputes of the 2000s, a battle that The SCO Group eventually lost.)


"Gemini" and the UDK

Meanwhile, SCO focused on "Gemini", the task of combining the OpenServer and UnixWare product lines on 32-bit systems. The fundamental idea behind the Gemini was that SCO could merge OpenServer 5 and UnixWare 2 in a way that would satisfy the requirements of both small businesses and large enterprises and thus keep the existing customer base that SCO had with OpenServer while entering the enterprise space with UnixWare. One consequence of the UnixWare acquisition was that the New Jersey office of Novell had a languages and development tools group with more advanced technology than what SCO Canada had been working with, including a C++ compiler based upon the
Edison Design Group The Edison Design Group (EDG) is a company that makes compiler front ends (preprocessing and parsing) for C++ and formerly Java and Fortran. Their front ends are widely used in commercially available compilers and code analysis tools. Users inclu ...
front-end, and that made the SCO Canada engineering staff largely redundant once the Novell deal was closed. As a result, the Toronto office was shut down in early 1996. What the New Jersey group produced was the Universal Development Kit (UDK), which was a key element in was the question of how to help OpenServer users to make the move to Gemini. With the UDK, a single build of a single version of an application's source code could produce binaries that would run unaltered on all three of SCO's platforms: UnixWare 2, OpenServer 5, and the upcoming Gemini. The UDK featured more modern C and C++ compilers and other tools compared to what OpenServer had, and included platform-specific optimizations for things such as C++
exception handling In computing and computer programming, exception handling is the process of responding to the occurrence of ''exceptions'' – anomalous or exceptional conditions requiring special processing – during the execution of a program. In general, an ...
. The hope was that existing OpenServer developers would switch to using the UDK and thereby get an easy path towards migrating to Gemini. Support for the new
Java programming language Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a general-purpose programming language intended to let programmers ''write once, run anywh ...
and related Java technologies was also emphasized as a key part of the UDK and the operating system products themselves. Over the next several years, SCO would add engineering efforts towards making Java an effective vehicle for customers to use on SCO platforms, including a mapping of Java threads onto UnixWare
light-weight process In computer operating systems, a light-weight process (LWP) is a means of achieving multitasking. In the traditional meaning of the term, as used in Unix System V and Solaris, a LWP runs in user space on top of a single kernel thread and share ...
es, recognition of
Java class file A Java class file is a file (with the filename extension A filename extension, file name extension or file extension is a suffix to the name of a computer file (e.g., .txt, .docx, .md). The extension indicates a characteristic of the file cont ...
s as first-class Unix executables, as well as adapting a
just-in-time compiler In computing, just-in-time (JIT) compilation (also dynamic translation or run-time compilations) is a way of executing computer code that involves compilation during execution of a program (at run time) rather than before execution. This may cons ...
to the original Sun
Java virtual machine A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages that are also compiled to Java bytecode. The JVM is detailed by a specification that formally describes ...
. Another announced SCO effort related to Java was PerkUp, an infrastructure built on the
Java classloader The Java Class Loader is a part of the Java Runtime Environment that dynamically loads Java classes into the Java Virtual Machine. Usually classes are only loaded on demand. The Java run time system does not need to know about files and file syste ...
facility that was billed as an additional service for UnixWare 7 that would reduce the total memory and throughput needs when multiple Java server applications were running on a system (however, PerkUp never emerged as a product, and the patent for it ended up with Apple, Inc. before expiring). Initially, SCO had made a strong push for Gemini among the SCO user base; the August 1996 instance of the annual
SCO Forum SCO Forum was a technical computer conference sponsored by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), briefly by Caldera International, and later The SCO Group that took place during the 1980s through 2000s. It was held annually, most often in August of ea ...
conference dedicated an extra two days to a series of "Gemini Fast-Track" sessions. But by a year later, SCO had decided it would not push the migration that quickly, although it still expected that within two or three years all users would migrate. One SCO executive said, "We mustn't disenfranchise the OpenServer path ... those guys CO resellersare our lifeblood" and recalled that a few years earlier, SCO resellers had continued to sell Xenix-based systems even after SCO had stopped development work on Xenix. When released as a product, Gemini was called UnixWare 7; the "7" was picked to reflect the summed merge of OpenServer 5 and UnixWare 2. SCO referred to UnixWare 7 as being based on an SVR5 kernel, indicating a significant jump over the existing SVR4.2, although the SVR5 designation was not picked up by the Unix world at large. UnixWare 7 was announced in March 1998 at an event in New York. SCO committed itself to still maintaining and improving the OpenServer product for a couple of years, but made clear that it would never be expanded to 64-bit architectures. Thus at that point, OpenServer users would have to migrate.


"Big E" and DCAP

SCO management was intent on selling UnixWare through OEM deals with hardware manufacturers aiming at the enterprise market, and towards this end in 1996 they announced the "Big E" initiative that would standardize UnixWare as the operating system on these systems and that would attract independent software vendors to make their products available on such systems. Hardware vendors already supporting UnixWare 7 included IBM, HP, Compaq, and Tandem, despite some of them offering their own Unix flavors on their high-end RISC systems. In particular, SCO had deals with IBM to sell UnixWare on the
IBM Netfinity System x is a line of x86 servers produced by IBM – and later by Lenovo – as a sub-brand of IBM's ''System'' brand, alongside IBM Power Systems, IBM System z and IBM System Storage. In addition, IBM System x was the main component of the ...
system. In February 1998, SCO announced the creation of the Data Center Acceleration Program (DCAP), which sought to add features related to reliability, availability, and scalability to UnixWare 7 in order to make it fully suitable for high-end, Intel-based systems deployed in
data center A data center (American English) or data centre (British English)See spelling differences. is a building, a dedicated space within a building, or a group of buildings used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunic ...
s. The funding for DCAP came from Intel and from four hardware OEM providers of Intel-based servers: Compaq, Data General, ICL, and Unisys. The features to be added to UnixWare 7 included six-way clustering and support for 16-way
ccNUMA Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessing, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor. Under NUMA, a processor can access its own local memory faster than non ...
servers. As one analyst for
International Data Group International Data Group (IDG, Inc.) is a market intelligence and demand generation company focused on the technology industry. IDG, Inc.’s mission is centered around supporting the technology industry through research, data, marketing technol ...
said, "UnixWare is moving upmarket." The program was also intended to help SCO fund development of UnixWare for the Merced architecture and give the four hardware vendors access to the resulting 64-bit OEM UnixWare without requiring further porting to each vendor's specific hardware. A year later, at the
CeBIT CeBIT was the largest and most internationally representative computer expo. The trade fair was held each year on the Hanover fairground, the world's largest fairground, in Hanover, Germany. In its day, it was considered a barometer of cur ...
show in March 1999, SCO announced the release of UnixWare 7, Data Center Edition, as the product of the DCAP effort. In addition to the sponsoring companies, IBM and Sequent both said they would offer the data center edition on their servers. In terms of high availability figures, the data center edition promised 99.99% availability ("four nines") at the time of release, with 99.995% ("four and a half nines") to arrive by 2000. Another avenue towards capturing space in the enterprise was work that SCO did in conjunction with Compaq and Tandem towards the 1998 release of
UnixWare NonStop Clusters NonStop Clusters (NSC) was an add-on package for SCO UnixWare that allowed creation of fault-tolerant single-system image clusters of machines running UnixWare. NSC was one of the first commercially available highly available clustering solutio ...
. The data center release came out at the same time as UnixWare 7.1 release, which offers six different edition bundles in all. A review in ''
InfoWorld ''InfoWorld'' (abbreviated IW) is an information technology media business. Founded in 1978, it began as a monthly magazine. In 2007, it transitioned to a web-only publication. Its parent company today is International Data Group, and its siste ...
'' said that "UnixWare 7 is the sturdiest and most feature-rich Unix ever ported to Intel processors" and added that, especially with the addition of the webtop interface, the 7.1 release was equal in polish to Windows NT. UnixWare 7.1 started seeing some strong sales. Through several changes of corporate ownership, UnixWare 7 would remain a supported product into the 2020s. Another multi-company initiative that SCO led was the Uniform Driver Interface project (UDI), which sought to establish an OS-neutral and platform-neutral portable interface for writing
device driver In computing, a device driver is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer or automaton. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and ot ...
s. The UDI project had the backing of Intel, HP, IBM, Compaq, Sun, and others, as well as the involvement of independent hardware vendors such as
Adaptec Adaptec was a computer storage company and remains a brand for computer storage products. The company was an independent firm from 1981 to 2010, at which point it was acquired by PMC-Sierra, which itself was later acquired by Microsemi, which itse ...
. UDI details were heavily discussed at the 1999 edition of SCO Forum; and UDI materialized in SCO operating systems with later UnixWare 7 and OpenServer 5 releases.


Tarantella product

October 1997 saw the first release of a new product from the Client Integration Division.
Tarantella () is a group of various southern Italian folk dances originating in the regions of Calabria, Campania and Puglia. It is characterized by a fast upbeat tempo, usually in time (sometimes or ), accompanied by tambourines. It is among the mo ...
is an application brokering platform that sits between back-end applications running on various platforms and Java-enabled web browser clients. An initial limitation was that it supported applications running on Unix but needed third-party software in order to handle mainframe or Windows applications. One selling point of Tarantella is that users could begin working on an application on one client, have to stop working for whatever reason, and then resume working from that point on from another client. A review in ''
InfoWorld ''InfoWorld'' (abbreviated IW) is an information technology media business. Founded in 1978, it began as a monthly magazine. In 2007, it transitioned to a web-only publication. Its parent company today is International Data Group, and its siste ...
'' viewed Tarantella was promising but needing more work. Later version 1.x releases support more application types, such as
AS/400 The IBM AS/400 (Application System/400) is a family of midrange computers from IBM announced in June 1988 and released in August 1988. It was the successor to the System/36 and System/38 platforms, and ran the OS/400 operating system. Lower-cos ...
and
IBM mainframe IBM mainframes are large computer systems produced by IBM since 1952. During the 1960s and 1970s, IBM dominated the large computer market. Current mainframe computers in IBM's line of business computers are developments of the basic design of th ...
applications. More client types were added as well, including native clients to remove the dependency on Java support. The product also added scalability and security features to better support larger enterprises and secure application access over the Internet. A rebranding to Tarantella Enterprise II took place in late 1999. This release added support for Windows applications via native support for Microsoft's
Remote Desktop Protocol Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft which provides a user with a graphical interface to connect to another computer over a network connection. The user employs RDP client software for this purpose, while t ...
. At that point, the primary competitor to Tarantella became the MetaFrame product from
Citrix Systems Citrix Systems, Inc. is an American multinational cloud computing and virtualization technology company that provides server, application and desktop virtualization, networking, software as a service (SaaS), and cloud computing technologies. C ...
. While Citrix was the dominant player in this space, it did not yet support Unix applications, whereas Tarantella does. Significant revenue from Tarantella did not happen during the 1990s, as it had a long sales cycle due to lengthy customer evaluations. SCO then sought to market Tarantella as a platform for
application service provider An application service provider (ASP) is a business providing application software generally through the Web. The ASP model The application software resides on the vendor's system and is accessed by users through a communication protocol. Altern ...
s to use and as a way that companies could host and outsource applications. As part of this, SCO sought to use Tarantella as a way of promoting itself as a new dot com company as opposed to its twenty-year history as an operating system provider. SCO were pioneers in the notion of a
web desktop A web desktop or webtop is a desktop environment embedded in a web browser or similar client application. A webtop integrates web applications, web services, client–server applications, application servers, and applications on the local clie ...
, or webtop. This was also central to the idea of how Tarantella presents applications to a user. This was integrated with Tarantella to provide a UnixWare 7 webtop in 1999 which organizes access to UnixWare and its applications via any Java-enabled web browser. To some industry reviewers, the OS webtop was a compelling feature.


Customers and financial state

Between 1996 and 1997, SCO's share of the Unix systems sold rose from 36 percent to 40 percent. By 1998, the figure was over 40 percent. And in 1998, shipments of SCO Unix systems grew by 58 percent over 1997, a greater increase than for any other server-oriented flavor of Unix. The Unix market as a whole was considered strong, despite fears of the increasing power of Windows NT. And by 1998, SCO had 85 percent of the Unix-on-Intel market. At the end of the 1990s, SCO Unix systems had around 15,000
value-added reseller A value-added reseller (VAR) is a company that adds features or services to an existing product, then resells it (usually to end-users) as an integrated product or complete "turn-key" solution. This practice occurs commonly in the electronics or IT ...
s (VARs) and an infrastructure presence of some kind in 80 countries around the world. SCO also had a strong business in replicated sites, meaning retail companies where there was a SCO system in each store of a chain; such customers included fast food outlets such as
McDonald's McDonald's Corporation is an American Multinational corporation, multinational fast food chain store, chain, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechri ...
,
Pizza Hut Pizza Hut is an American multinational restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas by Dan and Frank Carney. They serve their signature pan pizza and other dishes including pasta, breadsticks and dessert at d ...
, and
Taco Bell Taco Bell is an American-based chain of fast food restaurants founded in 1962 by Glen Bell (1923–2010) in Downey, California. Taco Bell is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc. The restaurants serve a variety of Mexican-inspired foods, includi ...
; pharmacy chains such as
CVS Pharmacy CVS Pharmacy, Inc. is an American retail corporation. A subsidiary of CVS Health, it is headquartered in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. It was also known as, and originally named, the Consumer Value Store and was founded in Lowell, Massachusetts, in ...
and
Walgreens Walgreen Company, d/b/a Walgreens, is an American company that operates the second-largest pharmacy store chain in the United States behind CVS Health. It specializes in filling prescriptions, health and wellness products, health information, an ...
; and other chains such as
Kmart Kmart Corporation ( , doing business as Kmart and stylized as kmart) is an American retail company that owns a chain of big box department stores. The company is headquartered in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, United States. The company was inc ...
and
Radio Shack RadioShack, formerly RadioShack Corporation, is an American retailer founded in 1921. At its peak in 1999, RadioShack operated over 8,000 worldwide stores named RadioShack or Tandy Electronics in the United States, Mexico, United Kingdom, Austra ...
. Other well-known companies who were SCO customers included
Northwest Airlines Northwest Airlines Corp. (NWA) was a major American airline founded in 1926 and absorbed into Delta Air Lines, Inc. by a merger. The merger, approved on October 29, 2008, made Delta the largest airline in the world until the American Airlines ...
, as well as Goodyear Tire & Rubber, Nasdaq, Inc., and
Lucent Technologies Lucent Technologies, Inc. was an American multinational telecommunications equipment company headquartered in Murray Hill, New Jersey. It was established on September 30, 1996, through the divestiture of the former AT&T Technologies business u ...
. SCO was named to ''
PC Magazine ''PC Magazine'' (shortened as ''PCMag'') is an American computer magazine published by Ziff Davis. A print edition was published from 1982 to January 2009. Publication of online editions started in late 1994 and have continued to the present d ...
''s "100 Most Influential Companies" list in both 1997 and 1998. The company did not have good financial results during this time. By 1997, there were few independent operating system vendors left in the industry other than SCO. Being a software-only company whose revenue was only around the $200 million mark left SCO with marginal resources to compete with Unixes from the big RISC vendors like Digital, HP, and Sun. Engineering costs were high, as UnixWare 7 and Tarantella each resulted from two years of research and development activity. During 1997 there were some reductions in staff and closing of regional offices. In April 1998, Doug Michels was named as president and CEO of the company, with Alok Mohan becoming chairman of the board. Michels said that he never aimed to become CEO, preferring to remain more technology-focused, but that he had always had a lot of visibility into the CEO role and was "obviously very emotionally and intellectually attached to the company" and its stakeholders. One of Michels' first actions was to oversee a switch to electronic software licensing for SCO's products. The third quarter of fiscal 1997 had included a $23 million charge for reduction in channel inventory, and Michels said he was determined to eliminate issues related to the size of physical inventory. He stated that, "SCO believes electronic licensing and distribution of products will be a standard for the industry." The channel inventory was emptied by July 1998 and the new electronic licensing was in effect the following month for a new point release of OpenServer 5, the product that was still accounting for some 80 percent of SCO's Unix revenues.


"Monterey"

During the mid-to-late-1990s, many in the computer industry believed that Intel's under-development 64-bit architecture, known as
IA-64 IA-64 (Intel Itanium architecture) is the instruction set architecture (ISA) of the Itanium family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors. The basic ISA specification originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP), and was subsequently implemented by Intel in coll ...
and code-named "Merced", would dominate the marketplace once released. But the architecture was very different from IA-32 and migrating operating systems and tools to it was very expensive. SCO needed a well-funded hardware company to ally with; the earlier 3DA initiative with HP had failed, and discussions about SCO being compatible with the "Bravo Unix" from Compaq and its
Digital Unix Tru64 UNIX is a discontinued 64-bit UNIX operating system for the Alpha instruction set architecture (ISA), currently owned by Hewlett-Packard (HP). Previously, Tru64 UNIX was a product of Compaq, and before that, Digital Equipment Corporation ...
had not gotten far. When IBM proposed an alliance, SCO jumped at the chance to further bolster its entry into the enterprise space. The core idea of
Project Monterey Project Monterey was an attempt to build a single Unix operating system that ran across a variety of 32-bit and 64-bit platforms, as well as supporting multi-processing. Announced in October 1998, several Unix vendors were involved; IBM provide ...
was to take elements from IBM's
AIX Aix or AIX may refer to: Computing * AIX, a line of IBM computer operating systems *An Alternate Index, for a Virtual Storage Access Method Key Sequenced Data Set * Athens Internet Exchange, a European Internet exchange point Places Belgi ...
, Sequent's DYNIX/ptx, and SCO's UnixWare, to form a merged 64-bit Unix for Intel's Merced architecture. This merged OS was supposed to become available at the same time as Merced, in mid-2000. Along the way, there would be stages of earlier deliverables. IBM pledged as part of the deal to make UnixWare 7 its Unix of choice for high volume
IA-32 IA-32 (short for "Intel Architecture, 32-bit", commonly called i386) is the 32-bit version of the x86 instruction set architecture, designed by Intel and first implemented in the 80386 microprocessor in 1985. IA-32 is the first incarnation of ...
systems and to devote considerable efforts towards selling UnixWare 7 through its sales and marketing mechanisms. This would be aided by IBM including its middleware and some AIX technology into 32-bit UnixWare, and conversely some UnixWare technology would be incorporated into future versions of AIX. IBM would gain access to SCO's experience with Unix on Intel as well as access to SCO's reseller channel. Includes "Vendors pitch 64-bit Unix for Merced" sidebar. Part of the motivation for Monterey was another attempt by Unix vendors to show a clear advantage for Unix in the high-end enterprise space against Microsoft's latest NT offering, now being branded as
Windows 2000 Windows 2000 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft and oriented towards businesses. It was the direct successor to Windows NT 4.0, and was Software release life cycle#Release to manufacturing (RTM), releas ...
and scheduled to be available for Merced as well. Towards that end, Intel said they would create a multi-million dollar fund for ISVs to develop for the 64-bit Monterey. ''
InfoWorld ''InfoWorld'' (abbreviated IW) is an information technology media business. Founded in 1978, it began as a monthly magazine. In 2007, it transitioned to a web-only publication. Its parent company today is International Data Group, and its siste ...
'' stated that IBM had "stunned the industry" with the move, in part because IBM was playing catch-up in the Merced space. The project was announced by the involved companies on October 26, 1998, in New York. An IBM executive said, "IBM is totally committed to making this effort a success." One SCO executive said that Monterey was "probably the biggest deal SCO has done." But not every industry observer was enthusiastic; the story about the deal in '' Computer Reseller News '' began, "Just what the world needs: another Unix." In any case, the project proceeded, with AIX becoming the dominant technology within it rather than UnixWare. By October 1999, a year after the announcement, the work-in-progress Monterey was said to be up and operational on early silicon versions of
Itanium Itanium ( ) is a discontinued family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64). Launched in June 2001, Intel marketed the processors for enterprise servers and high-performance computin ...
, as Merced was by then officially called, and able to run both 32-bit UnixWare binaries and 64-bit natively built binaries on it. However, as 2000 began, things were changing at IBM, as there was a corporate-wide strategic initiative to get behind the open-source
Linux Linux ( or ) is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged as a Linux distribution, which ...
operating system. A few months later IBM released a major upgrade to AIX, but instead of it being associated with Monterey, it was called AIX 5L with the 'L' indicating an affinity for Linux. It was clear to industry observers that IBM considered Monterey to be over with. IBM's decision to shelve Monterey left the SCO product line without a 64-bit Unix solution. Itanium was further delayed, and when it did come out, it failed to succeed in the marketplace; so Project Monterey was a failure from multiple perspectives.


Y2K surge and recede

The
open-source-software movement The open-source-software movement is a movement that supports the use of open-source licenses for some or all software, as part of the broader notion of open collaboration. The open-source movement was started to spread the concept/idea of ope ...
was something that SCO had to be cognizant of, and for a number of years
SCO Skunkware SCO Skunkware, often referred to as simply "Skunkware", is a collection of open-source software projects ported, compiled, and packaged for free redistribution on SCO operating environments. SCO Skunkware packaged components exist for SCO Xe ...
, a frequently updated collection of
open source Open source is source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The open-source model is a decentralized sof ...
packages built for SCO platforms, had helped bridge the gap between the traditional and open source development worlds. Then in an attempt to deal with the growing popularity of Linux as a low-cost operating system, during 1999 SCO began offering consulting services for Linux. SCO also engaged in partnerships with, and investments into, various Linux companies. This included agreements to sell
Linux distribution A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection that includes the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one ...
s from
Caldera Systems Caldera International, Inc., earlier Caldera Systems, was an American software company that existed from 1998 to 2002 and developed and sold Linux- and Unix-based operating system products. Caldera Systems was created in August 1998 as a spinoff ...
,
SuSE SUSE ( , ) is a German-based multinational open-source software company that develops and sells Linux products to business customers. Founded in 1992, it was the first company to market Linux for enterprise. It is the developer of SUSE Linux Ent ...
, and TurboLinux, as well as a partnership to provide professional services to customers of TurboLinux server farms and an investment in the LinuxMall portal site. One motivation for some of these initiatives was an effort by SCO to enlarge its professional services operation, as by 1999 such activity only comprised about 5 percent of SCO's total revenues. Finally, a vice president for marketing was hired who had a Linux background. During 1998 and 1999, much of the computer industry, including SCO, was focused on dealing with the
Y2K problem The year 2000 problem, also known as the Y2K problem, Y2K scare, millennium bug, Y2K bug, Y2K glitch, Y2K error, or simply Y2K refers to potential computer errors related to the formatting and storage of calendar data for dates in and after ...
. SCO saw a surge in sales as customers bought new, Y2K-compliant products and upgrades to replace the vulnerable software they were running. As a consequence, the company began reporting better financial results during 1999 and its stock began a slow upward climb, starting from a prior low point of 2. To meet the demand, SCO added more staff. In October 1999, the company announced record earnings for a quarter and a year and its highest yearly revenue mark at $224 million. The results broke a four-year streak of SCO losing money. The company also had the best cash position in its history, with some $62 million in that form or in short-term investments. As a result, its stock price rose to a new high of 14. Michels expressed optimism, saying the year was "a turning point" and "the beginning of very strong ongoing business." The stock's biggest surge happened in mid-December 1999, when Steve Harmon, an influential analyst covering technology companies, went on
CNBC CNBC (formerly Consumer News and Business Channel) is an American basic cable business news channel. It provides business news programming on weekdays from 5:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m., Eastern Time, while broadcasting talk sho ...
and included SCO on his list of ten stock picks for 2000. The stock promptly jumped by 7 points, and in late December 1999 the stock reached an all-time high of 35. SCO's value was seen in having a solid core business with earnings and revenue; in having some kind of Linux play; and in having a new-technology, Internet-capitalizing product in Tarantella. An analyst for the GiGa Information Group agreed that SCO was a company to watch in 2000. But the Y2K-based splurge would not last. In March and July 2000, SCO announced earnings shortfalls, with SCO's Unix products selling slowly once Y2K anxiety was past. The increasing popularity of Linux solutions had resumed taking its toll as well. By July, only seven months after its peak at over 35, the stock price had crashed to below 5. The company announced it was cutting costs as a result and that it had hired investment bankers Chase H&Q to explore "strategic combinations" with other companies. Fundamentally, SCO was doing battle on one hand in a commercial software world increasingly dominated by Microsoft and on the other hand in a world where open source Linux was undermining commercial software itself. These two factors made constantly pleasing Wall Street investors with double-digit growth figures an imposing task. In particular, Linux posed an existential threat to SCO OpenServer's low-end marketshare; as one analyst said, "Linux can give you the same value proposition s SCO– a Unix on cheap hardware – for less money." And despite all the efforts, UnixWare had not been fully successful in competing in the high-end market, and now Linux was threatening UnixWare's share of that as well. As a result, by mid-2000, SCO's market position, and the company itself, was rapidly collapsing.


Final history


Asset sale and change of name

In March 2000, at the time of the first announced earnings shortfall, SCO had reorganized into three divisions: Server Software, Professional Services, and Tarantella. The split was intended to highlight Tarantella as a product independent of SCO Unix, and was seen by industry analysts as a prelude to some or all of the divisions being sold. As one
International Data Corporation International Data Group (IDG, Inc.) is a market intelligence and demand generation company focused on the technology industry. IDG, Inc.’s mission is centered around supporting the technology industry through research, data, marketing technol ...
analyst said, "SCO has to do something with their business model because their business is eroding." On August 2, 2000, following several months of negotiations, SCO announced that it would sell its Server Software and Services Divisions, including UnixWare, to the Linux company
Caldera Systems Caldera International, Inc., earlier Caldera Systems, was an American software company that existed from 1998 to 2002 and developed and sold Linux- and Unix-based operating system products. Caldera Systems was created in August 1998 as a spinoff ...
. The deal was complex, involving cash, stock, and loans, and difficult to evaluate monetarily, but based on the price of Caldera Systems stock at the time it was worth around $110–114 million. The idea of the purchase from Caldera Systems' perspective is that it would gain access to SCO's large VAR channel; the value of such channels was well known to former Novell chief
Ray Noorda Raymond John "Ray" Noorda (19 June 1924 – 9 October 2006) was a United States of America, U.S. computer businessman. He was chief executive officer, CEO of Novell between 1982 and 1994. He also served as chairman of Novell until he was rep ...
, whose
Canopy Group The Canopy Group is an American investment and property management firm founded by Ray Noorda in 1995 through the Noorda Family Trust. It is headquartered in Lindon, Utah. At various times it has consisted of, or been known as, Canopy Technolo ...
was funding Caldera Systems. The announcement that SCO was selling its Unix assets to a Linux distribution company represented, in the view of Eric Raymond, the completion of the move from the commercial Unix industry to the open-source movement. From Doug Michels' later perspective, the problem with Linux was not that it was open source and free itself, but rather that in August 1999, during the
dot-com boom The dot-com bubble (dot-com boom, tech bubble, or the Internet bubble) was a stock market bubble in the late 1990s, a period of massive growth in the use and adoption of the Internet. Between 1995 and its peak in March 2000, the Nasdaq Compos ...
, the Linux company
Red Hat Red Hat, Inc. is an American software company that provides open source software products to enterprises. Founded in 1993, Red Hat has its corporate headquarters in Raleigh, North Carolina, with other offices worldwide. Red Hat has become ass ...
had been able to get $400 million during their IPO and was not expected to make a profit anytime soon, while SCO was an established public company closely watched by the stock market that was expected to make a profit and had only around $50 million in cash. By this time, the SCO stock price was down around 2. Thus when the chance came to merge with Caldera Systems, which was in a generally similar position as Red Hat although with less cash, SCO took it. SCO was much the bigger company, with 900 employees at that point to Caldera Systems' 120. Throughout the year there had been layoffs from SCO, including the shutting down of the Watford development office. In addition a number of longtime SCO employees chose to leave the company. An especially large layoff took place in September 2000, soon after the Caldera Systems announcement, when 190 employees were let go, comprising 19 percent of the company's workforce. This layoff included 40 employees in Santa Cruz itself. The SCO acquisition was originally scheduled to close in October 2000, but got delayed due to concerns from the Securities and Exchange Commission regarding the details of the merger. c. February 1, 2001 (date on article now on website is wrong). However, the two companies' support organizations did get combined during this time. In addition, there was confusion among the SCO customer base about the fate of OpenServer. So in February 2001, the deal was renegotiated to include OpenServer in what was sold to Caldera Systems, although a percentage of OpenServer revenue would still go back to SCO. The monetary terms of the deal were adjusted as well, with Caldera Systems paying SCO more cash than in the original agreement. Finally on May 7, 2001, SCO completed the sale of its Server Software and Services Divisions, as well as UnixWare and OpenServer technologies, to Caldera Systems. At that time Caldera Systems changed its name to Caldera International, and the remaining part of SCO, the Tarantella Division, changed its name to Tarantella, Inc.


Aftermath

The sale of the company's Unix assets and renaming of what was left marked the end of an era for not just SCO but the town of Santa Cruz as well. See also "'New Caldera' employees to remain in Santa Cruz" and "Tarantella focuses on Web software" sidebars, same by-line, same pages. The staff going to Caldera moved into the 400 Encincal building while the newly named Tarantella occupied the 425 Encinal structure. There were ironies in SCO's demise being largely from the effects of Linux, since SCO had been a pioneer of the open systems movement. As one writer stated, "In some ways, SCO was Linux before Linux, popularizing Unix on low-cost Intel machines." In August 2002,
Caldera International Caldera International, Inc., earlier Caldera Systems, was an American software company that existed from 1998 to 2002 and developed and sold Linux- and Unix-based operating system products. Caldera Systems was created in August 1998 as a spinoff ...
renamed itself
The SCO Group The SCO Group (often referred to SCO and later called The TSG Group) was an American software company in existence from 2002 to 2012 that became known for owning Unix operating system assets that had belonged to the Santa Cruz Operation (the o ...
since the SCO Unix products were still their greatest source of revenue due to the large installed base they had. That entity soon started the SCO-Linux controversies. Those familiar with the Santa Cruz Operation, including those who worked there and those who wrote about it, became protective of that company's reputation, especially given the possible name confusion regarding the role The SCO Group played in the attacks on Linux. As former Santa Cruz Operation employee wrote later about The SCO Group, "I'll spare you the sordid legal details, but by then, it was no longer our SCO."


Company culture


Santa Cruz atmosphere

From its inception and co-founding by UC Santa Cruz graduate Doug Michels, the company drew upon the readily available technical talent who chose to remain in the central California coastal town of Santa Cruz after graduating. But the town and university affected the company as well. SCO was at the center of the Santa Cruz tech scene, with many employees moving from it to other tech companies or vice versa. Some of the feel of the SCO offices was carried forward in
coworking Coworking is an arrangement in which workers for different companies share an office space. It allows cost savings and convenience through the use of common infrastructures, such as equipment, utilities and receptionist and custodial services, a ...
facilities later set up in Santa Cruz by two former SCO employees. New products were promoted with mock
film poster A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film primarily to persuade paying customers into a theater to see it. Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and international markets. The ...
s. The Vice President of Marketing and Communications was, through much of the 1980s and early 1990s, Bruce Steinberg, who was an artist and musician in the San Francisco area music scene, whose credits included having designed the "flying toasters" cover of the
Jefferson Airplane Jefferson Airplane was an American rock band based in San Francisco, California, that became one of the pioneering bands of psychedelic rock. Formed in 1965, the group defined the San Francisco Sound and was the first from the Bay Area to ac ...
's 1973 live album ''
Thirty Seconds Over Winterland ''Thirty Seconds Over Winterland'' is an album by the American psychedelic rock band Jefferson Airplane. It was recorded live in August and September 1972, at the Auditorium Theatre in Chicago and the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco. It was r ...
''. The Santa Cruz Operation name itself brought comments; one Canadian industry writer called it "One of the coolest company names I ever came across since entering this business". From its earliest days through to its last ones, The Santa Cruz Operation was known for reflecting the casual ambience of its namesake town. Dress was casual to the point where some staffers went barefoot. There was beer in the office, end-of-day meetings held on Encincal Street roofs, and an outdoor hot tub at the Mission Street office (that dated from the facility's previous existence as a holistic health clinic) that was used during the day or for late-night, after-work parties. One former employee said years later of her experience there, "It was a family. We played hard, but we also worked hard. I don't think I've worked anywhere since that's had that kind of feel." The SCO reputation was exemplified by an oft-related time where the company had to put out a rule that "clothing must be worn during office hours," caused by an instance where someone walking in from the hot tub had not done so and a potential corporate partner had been paying a visit. Over 500 former Santa Cruz Operation employees held a reunion at the Cocoanut Grove venue in Santa Cruz in 2012. Updated September 11, 2018.


SCO Forum

Beginning in 1987, SCO hosted an annual Summer conference for the international Unix community. Called
SCO Forum SCO Forum was a technical computer conference sponsored by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), briefly by Caldera International, and later The SCO Group that took place during the 1980s through 2000s. It was held annually, most often in August of ea ...
, it was held on the
University of California, Santa Cruz The University of California, Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz or UCSC) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Santa Cruz, California. It is one of the ten campuses in the University of California syste ...
's scenic
redwood Sequoioideae, popularly known as redwoods, is a subfamily of coniferous trees within the family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affini ...
-forested campus overlooking
Monterey Bay Monterey Bay is a bay of the Pacific Ocean located on the coast of the U.S. state of California, south of the San Francisco Bay Area and its major city at the south of the bay, San Jose. San Francisco itself is further north along the coast, by a ...
, drew some 2000–3000 attendees, and lasted for much of a week. Featured speakers over the years included
Douglas Adams Douglas Noel Adams (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) was an English author and screenwriter, best known for ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy''. Originally a 1978 BBC radio comedy, ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'' developed into a " ...
,
Scott Adams Scott Raymond Adams (born June 8, 1957) is an American author and cartoonist. He is the creator of the syndicated ''Dilbert'' comic strip, and the author of several nonfiction works of satire, commentary, and business. ''Dilbert'' gained nation ...
,
Dave Barry David McAlister Barry (born July 3, 1947) is an American author and columnist who wrote a nationally syndicated humor column for the ''Miami Herald'' from 1983 to 2005. He has also written numerous books of humor and parody, as well as comic ...
,
Clifford Stoll Clifford Paul "Cliff" Stoll (born June 4, 1950) is an American astronomer, author and teacher. He is best known for his investigation in 1986, while working as a systems administrator at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, that led to t ...
,
John Perry Barlow John Perry Barlow (October 3, 1947February 7, 2018) was an American poet, essayist, cattle rancher, and cyberlibertarian political activist who had been associated with both the Democratic and Republican parties. He was also a lyricist for the ...
,
Linus Torvalds Linus Benedict Torvalds ( , ; born 28 December 1969) is a Finnish software engineer who is the creator and, historically, the lead developer of the Linux kernel, used by Linux distributions and other operating systems such as Android. He also c ...
,
Andy Grove Andrew Stephen Grove (born András István Gróf; 2 September 193621 March 2016) was a Hungarian-American businessman and engineer who served as the third CEO of Intel Corporation. He escaped from Communist-controlled Hungary at the age of 20 ...
(Intel), Michael Swavely (Compaq), Steve Ballmer (Microsoft), and
Scott McNealy Scott McNealy (born November 13, 1954) is an American businessman. He is most famous for co-founding the computer technology company Sun Microsystems in 1982 along with Vinod Khosla, Bill Joy, and Andy Bechtolsheim. In 2004, while still at Sun, ...
(Sun Microsystems). Musical entertainment included concerts by
Jefferson Starship Jefferson Starship is an American rock band from San Francisco, California, formed in 1974 by a group of musicians including former members of Jefferson Airplane. Between 1974 and 1984, they released eight gold or platinum-selling studio albu ...
,
Tower of Power Tower of Power is an American R&B and funk based band and horn section, originating in Oakland, California, that has been performing since 1968. There have been a number of lead vocalists, the best-known being Lenny Williams, who fronted the b ...
,
Roger McGuinn James Roger McGuinn (born James Joseph McGuinn III; July 13, 1942) is an American musician. He is best known for being the frontman and leader of the Byrds. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his work with the Byrds. As a ...
,
Jan & Dean Jan and Dean was an American rock duo consisting of William Jan Berry (April 3, 1941 – March 26, 2004) and Dean Ormsby Torrence (born March 10, 1940). In the early 1960s, they were pioneers of the California Sound and vocal surf music styles ...
,
The Kingsmen The Kingsmen are a 1960s rock band from Portland, Oregon, United States. They are best known for their 1963 recording of R&B singer Richard Berry's "Louie Louie", which held the No. 2 spot on the ''Billboard'' charts for six weeks and ha ...
,
The Surfaris The Surfaris are an American surf rock band formed in Glendora, California, United States, in 1962. They are best known for two songs that hit the charts in the Los Angeles area, and nationally by May 1963: "Surfer Joe" and " Wipe Out", which ...
, and
Deth Specula Deth Specula is a Santa Cruz "neo-bronto" five-piece rock band. Deth Specula was one of the first ten bands on The Internet Underground Music Archive and used the Internet to broadcast a live music concert from the Cowell Courtyard at the SCO For ...
. Due to its useful content and its relaxed, fun atmosphere, SCO Forum became known as one of the best such conferences to go to in the industry and was viewed fondly by those who attended. It was the largest tech event in the Santa Cruz area and made a multi-million dollar impact on the local economy.


Palookaville webcasts

Following the first live Internet concert in 1994, SCO continued in that tradition by sponsoring and producing a series of live Internet webcasts from the popular Santa Cruz night club Palookaville. These webcasts demonstrated the use of UnixWare 7 as a real-time audio and video webcasting server utilizing
RealAudio RealAudio, or also spelled as Real Audio is a proprietary audio format developed by RealNetworks and first released in April 1995. It uses a variety of audio codecs, ranging from low-bitrate formats that can be used over dialup modems, to high-fid ...
and
RealVideo RealVideo, or also spelled as Real Video, is a suite of proprietary video compression formats developed by RealNetworks – the specific format changes with the version. It was first released in 1997 and was at version 10. RealVideo is supported ...
technologies from
RealNetworks RealNetworks, Inc. is a provider of artificial intelligence and computer vision based products. RealNetworks was a pioneer in Internet streaming software and services. They are based in Seattle, Washington, United States. The company also p ...
.


Trapping a hacker

SCO was a target of one of the most publicized
security hacker A security hacker is someone who explores methods for breaching defenses and exploiting weaknesses in a computer system or network. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, information gathering, challenge ...
s of the 1980s and 1990s,
Kevin Mitnick Kevin David Mitnick (born August 6, 1963) is an American computer security consultant, author, and convicted hacker. He is best known for his high-profile 1995 arrest and five years in prison for various computer and communications-related crim ...
, who broke into the company's systems in 1987. SCO's staff detected his intrusions and engaged in exchanges with him that allowed them to track his activities. After about a week of this, it appeared that the intruder was trying to modify or copy Xenix code. Authorities having been notified, the phone line Mitnick was using for the intrusions was discovered and he was arrested. He reached a deal to plead to a misdemeanor for which he did no jail time, but it was his first conviction as an adult. SCO officials agreed not to sue him if he would explain his hacking techniques to them. But when a SCO staffer traveled to meet him, he was uncommunicative. In any case, Mitnick soon continued his intruder activities against other companies' systems.


SCO Follies

From 1985 to 2001, the company hosted a
Winter Solstice The winter solstice, also called the hibernal solstice, occurs when either of Earth's poles reaches its maximum tilt away from the Sun. This happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere ( Northern and Southern). For that hemisphere, the winte ...
party at the Cocoanut Grove in Santa Cruz featuring a live musical show known as "The SCO Follies". This was a fully scripted and produced satire skewering SCO management and the high-tech industry. It featured live action, musical numbers, and videos. On September 22, 2012, the SCO Alumni Association hosted the SCOGala Reunion party at the Cocoanut Grove, which included the first SCO Follies since 2001. Some 500 former employees, friends, and family attended the event.


Alliances

SCO was a primary partner in several industry alliances, intended to promote SCO operating system technology as a de facto standard for emerging hardware platforms. The most notable of these were: * The ACE Consortium – Founded by
Compaq Compaq Computer Corporation (sometimes abbreviated to CQ prior to a 2007 rebranding) was an American information technology company founded in 1982 that developed, sold, and supported computers and related products and services. Compaq produced ...
,
Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washing ...
,
MIPS Computer Systems MIPS Technologies, Inc., formerly MIPS Computer Systems, Inc., was an American fabless semiconductor design company that is most widely known for developing the MIPS architecture and a series of RISC CPU chips based on it. MIPS provides proc ...
,
Silicon Graphics Silicon Graphics, Inc. (stylized as SiliconGraphics before 1999, later rebranded SGI, historically known as Silicon Graphics Computer Systems or SGCS) was an American high-performance computing manufacturer, producing computer hardware and soft ...
,
Digital Equipment Corporation Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC ), using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1960s to the 1990s. The company was co-founded by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson in 1957. Olsen was president unt ...
, and SCO in 1991, to drive the next generation of PCs powered by the
Advanced RISC Computing Advanced RISC Computing (ARC) is a specification promulgated by a defunct consortium of computer manufacturers (the Advanced Computing Environment project), setting forth a standard MIPS RISC-based computer hardware and firmware environment. ...
Specification (ARC) *
3DA 3DA was an alliance formed between The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) and Hewlett Packard (HP) in September 1995. Its purpose was to unify SCO's OpenServer product, UnixWare (newly acquired from Novell), and HP-UX from HP; the resulting product would ...
– Formed by SCO and
Hewlett Packard The Hewlett-Packard Company, commonly shortened to Hewlett-Packard ( ) or HP, was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. HP developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components ...
in 1995, to define the standard Unix for
IA-32 IA-32 (short for "Intel Architecture, 32-bit", commonly called i386) is the 32-bit version of the x86 instruction set architecture, designed by Intel and first implemented in the 80386 microprocessor in 1985. IA-32 is the first incarnation of ...
and later
IA-64 IA-64 (Intel Itanium architecture) is the instruction set architecture (ISA) of the Itanium family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors. The basic ISA specification originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP), and was subsequently implemented by Intel in coll ...
systems * Uniform Driver Interface – Led by SCO and with work starting in 1997, the UDI project sought to establish an OS-neutral and platform-neutral portable interface for writing
device driver In computing, a device driver is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer or automaton. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and ot ...
s. The UDI project had the backing of Intel, HP, IBM, Compaq, Sun, and others. *
Project Monterey Project Monterey was an attempt to build a single Unix operating system that ran across a variety of 32-bit and 64-bit platforms, as well as supporting multi-processing. Announced in October 1998, several Unix vendors were involved; IBM provide ...
– Formed by SCO, IBM,
Sequent In mathematical logic, a sequent is a very general kind of conditional assertion. : A_1,\,\dots,A_m \,\vdash\, B_1,\,\dots,B_n. A sequent may have any number ''m'' of condition formulas ''Ai'' (called " antecedents") and any number ''n'' of asse ...
and Intel in 1998, to define the standard UNIX for IA-64 systems. Also intended to merge some of the proprietary Unix products afloat at the time. None of these alliances were ultimately successful. SCO was also part of 1993's COSE initiative, a more successful and broadly supported initiative to create an open and unified UNIX standard. SCO was a founding member of
86open In computing, the Executable and Linkable FormatTool Interface Standard (TIS) Portable Formats SpecificationVersion 1.1'' (October 1993) (ELF, formerly named Extensible Linking Format), is a common standard file format for executable files, obj ...
(1997–1999), hosting the first meeting of the Unix on Intel standards effort.


See also

*
History of Unix The history of Unix dates back to the mid-1960s, when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AT&T Bell Labs, and General Electric were jointly developing an experimental time-sharing operating system called Multics for the GE-645 mainframe. ...
*
Timeline of operating systems This article presents a timeline of events in the history of computer operating systems from 1951 to the current day. For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see the History of operating systems. 1950s * 1951 ** LEO I 'Lyons Electro ...
*
Xinuos Xinuos is an American software company that was created in 2011 and was first called UnXis until assuming its current name in 2013. (Both names have been variations on the spelling of the Unix operating system.) Xinuos develops and markets the U ...
for the current owners of the SCO-related Unix products


References


External links

* The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. (archived web site fro
1997-02-15
t
2001-04-05

www.ocston.com Alumni directory for the former Santa Cruz Operation

Youtube.com: Motibloc's video account, with collection of SCO Follies videos







David P. Bianco, "The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc.", ''International Directory of Company Histories'', 2000, as hosted at Encyclopedia.com


* ttps://williambader.com/museum/dell/xenixhistory.html William Bader's SCO History site, 2009 {{Authority control 1979 establishments in California 2001 disestablishments in California 2001 mergers and acquisitions Caldera (company) Companies based in Santa Cruz County, California Defunct companies based in California Defunct software companies of the United States Software companies based in California Software companies established in 1979 Software companies disestablished in 2001 Unix history