{{Infobox military conflict , partof = the foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war,
and the

military intervention against ISIL In response to rapid territorial gains made by the so-called Islamic State during the first half of 2014, and its universally condemned executions, reported human rights abuses and the fear of further spillovers of the Syrian Civil War, many st ...

, image = Syrian civil war September 2015

, image_size = , border = , caption = Top: Territorial map of the Syrian Civil War in September 2015
Middle: Current territorial map of the Syrian Civil War
Bottom: Various military operations carried out via sea, air and land in Syria
{{legend0, #ebc0b5, Syrian Government Army {{legend0, #cae7c4, Syrian National Army & others {{legend0, #e2d974,

Syrian Democratic Forces , war = the Syrian Civil War , image = Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svgborder , caption = Flag , active = 10 October 2015 – present , ideology = DemocracyDecentralizationSecularism ...

{{legend0, #e6e6e6,

Tahrir al-Sham Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) (, transliteration: ', "Organization for the Liberation of the Levant" or "Levant Liberation Committee"), commonly referred to as Tahrir al-Sham, is a Sunni Islamist political and armed organisation involved in the ...

{{legend0, #b4b2ae,

Islamic State An Islamic state is a State (polity), state that has a form of government based on sharia, Islamic law (sharia). As a term, it has been used to describe various historical Polity, polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. As a t ...

''(For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see

here Here is an adverb that means "in, on, or at this place". It may also refer to: Software * Here Technologies, a mapping company * Here WeGo (formerly Here Maps), a mobile app and map website by Here Television * Here TV (formerly "here!"), a TV ...

.'') , date = 30 September 2015 – present
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=09, day1=30, year1=2015) , place =

Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...

, width = 450px , coordinates = , map_type = , map_relief = , latitude = , longitude = , map_size = , map_marksize = , map_caption = , map_label = , territory = , result = Ongoing * Pro-government forces increase controlled territory four-fold from 19,000 sq km to 78,000 sq km * Major pro-government strategic gains across Syria * Russian forces partially withdraw in mid-March 2016 *

Russian Air Force " Air March" , mascot = , anniversaries = 12 August , equipment = , equipment_label = , battles = , decorations = , bat ...

in indefinite deployment,{{cite web , title=On Syria, Russia digs in for the long haul with 'indefinite' deployment – 14.10.2016 , publisher=Deutsche Welle , url=https://www.dw.com/en/on-syria-russia-digs-in-for-the-long-haul-with-indefinite-deployment/a-36038662 , access-date=2020-11-25 air-strikes to continue post-withdrawal. Detachments of

Russian Military Police The Military Police of Russia (russian: Военная полиция России, or VP) is the uniformed law enforcement branch of the Russian Armed Forces, which is known by the official name of Main Directorate of the Military Police (), a ...

patrol and conduct internal security operations in support of Syrian government{{cite web , title=Russia Finds Itself In The Middle As Turkey Continues Offensive In Syria , publisher=NPR , date=2019-10-15 , url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/15/770417197/russia-finds-itself-in-the-middle-as-turkey-continues-offensive-in-syria , access-date=2020-04-28{{cite web , last=Semenov , first=Kirill , title=Russia, Turkey conduct first joint patrol in Idlib , date= 19 March 2020 , website=Al-Monitor , url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/03/russia-turkey-syria-idlib-m4-patrol.html , access-date=2020-04-28 *

Russian special forces Spetsnaz are special forces in numerous post-Soviet states. (The term is borrowed from rus, спецназ, p=spʲɪtsˈnas; abbreviation for or 'Special Purpose Military Units'; or .) Historically, the term ''spetsnaz'' referred to the S ...

are still on the ground in Syria (especially in Idlib) where they provide training and support attacks on the rebels as of September 2019. * In response to Turkey launching

Operation Peace Spring The 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, code-named Operation Peace Spring ( tr, Barış Pınarı Harekâtı) by Turkey, was a cross-border military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) and the Syrian National Ar ...

Syrian Army " (''Guardians of the Homeland'') , colors = * Service uniform: Khaki, Olive * Combat uniform: Green, Black, Khaki , anniversaries = August 1st , equipment = , equipment_label = , battles = 1948 Arab–Israeli War Six ...

supported by Russian forces enter

Manbij Manbij ( ar, مَنْبِج, Manbiǧ, ku, مەنبج, Minbic, tr, Münbiç, Menbic, or Menbiç) is a city in the northeast of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria, 30 kilometers (19 mi) west of the Euphrates. In the 2004 census by the Cent ...

Al-Thawrah Al-Thawrah ( ar, ٱلثَّوْرَة, aṯ-Ṯawrah), also known as Al-Tabqah ( ar, ٱلطَّبْقَة, aṭ-Ṭabqah, also ), is a city in Raqqa Governorate, Syria, approximately west of Raqqa. The name "al-Thawrah" literally means "The Revo ...

Raqqa Raqqa ( ar, ٱلرَّقَّة, ar-Raqqah, also and ) (Kurdish languages, Kurdish: Reqa/ ڕەقە) is a city in Syria on the northeast bank of the Euphrates River, about east of Aleppo. It is located east of the Tabqa Dam, Syria's largest dam. T ...

Ain Issa Ayn Issa ( ar, عين عيسى, also spelled Ain Issa. Meaning ''Spring of Jesus'') is a town in the Tell Abyad District of Raqqa Governorate in Syria. It is located halfway between the Syria–Turkey border town of Tell Abyad and the regional capi ...

Tell Tamer Tell Tamer ( ar, تَلّ تَمْر, Tall Tamr, ku, گرێ خورما, Girê Xurma or Til Temir, syr, ܬܠ ܬܡܪ) also known as Tal Tamr or Tal Tamir, is a town in western al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria. It is the administrative ...

and Kobani as of October 2019 after a deal is reached with the SDF{{cite web , title=News Analysis: Russian and Syrian troops take the place of Kurdish forces in key cities , website=Los Angeles Times , date=2019-10-23 , url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-10-23/russian-forces-syrian-border-under-new-accord , access-date=2020-04-28{{cite web, url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/14/c_138471125.htm, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014120837/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/14/c_138471125.htm, url-status=dead, archive-date=14 October 2019, title=Syrian army enters Kurdish-held city, air base to help counter Turkish assault, agency=Xinhua News Agency{{cite web, url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/syrian-army-moves-to-confront-turkish-forces-as-us-withdraws/, title=Syrian army moves to confront Turkish forces as US withdraws, website=The Times of Israel , status = , combatants_header = , combatant1 = {{flag, Russia
{{flag, Iran
{{flag, Syria
{{flag, Armenia
In support of: * {{flagicon image, Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg

(2016{{cite web, url= http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/kurdish-rainmakers-northern-syria-1590231482, title= Syrian Kurds use Russian and US support to make rapid advances, date= 17 February 2016, work= Middle East Eye–2017) ---- {{flag, Russia
In support of: * {{flag, Turkey (2017, against

ISIL An Islamic state is a state that has a form of government based on Islamic law (sharia). As a term, it has been used to describe various historical polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. As a translation of the Arabic term ...

during

Operation Euphrates Shield Operation Euphrates Shield ( tr, Fırat Kalkanı Harekâtı) was a cross-border military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces in the Syrian Civil War which led to the Turkish occupation of northern Syria. Operations were carried out ...

) , combatant2 = {{flagicon image, Flag of Jihad.svg

Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda (; , ) is an Islamic extremism, Islamic extremist organization composed of Salafist jihadists. Its members are mostly composed of Arab, Arabs, but also include other peoples. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military ta ...

* {{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg

Al-Nusra Front Al-Nusra Front or Jabhat al-Nusra ( ar, جبهة النصرة لأهل الشام, Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahl ish-Sham lit. ''Front of the Supporters of the People of Syria/the Levant''), known as Jabhat Fatah al-Sham ( ar, جبهة فتح ال ...

(2013-2016) * {{flagicon image , Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg Jabhat Fath al-Sham (2016-2017) * {{flagicon image , Flag of Jund al-Aqsa.svg

Jund al-Aqsa Jund al-Aqsa ( ar, جند الأقصى ''Jund al-‘Aqṣā'', "Garrison of al-Aqsa"), later known as Liwa al-Aqsa after 7 February 2017, was a Salafist jihadist organization that was active during the Syrian Civil War. Formerly known as Sara ...

(2017-2018) * {{flagicon image}

Guardians of Religion Tanẓīm Ḥurrās ad-Dīn , native_name_lang = ar , war = the Syrian Civil War and the Iraqi insurgency (2017–present) , image = , caption = , active = 27 February 2018–present , ideology ...

(2018-) ---- {{flagicon, Islamic State

, combatant3 = {{flagicon image, Emblem_of_the_Jaish_al-Fatah.svg, border=no

Army of Conquest The Army of Conquest ( ar, جيش الفتح) or Jaish al-Fatah, abbreviated JaF, was a joint command center of Sunni Islamist Syrian rebel factions participating in the Syrian Civil War. The alliance was formed in March 2015 under the supe ...

(2015–2017)
Supported by: * {{flag, Turkey{{cite news , url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-antiassad-jihadists-10242747.html , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513214636/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-antiassad-jihadists-10242747.html , archive-date=13 May 2015 , title=Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria , author=Kim Sengupta , newspaper=The Independent , date=12 May 2015 * {{flag, Saudi Arabia (2015–2017){{cite web, url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/10/8/gulf-states-increase-arms-to-syrian-rebels-over-russian-intervention.html , title= Gulf states increase arms to Syrian rebels in counter to Russia airstrikes , author=Tom Kutsch, date=8 October 2015, publisher=

Al Jazeera Al Jazeera ( ar, الجزيرة, translit-std=DIN, translit=al-jazīrah, , "The Island") is a state-owned Arabic-language international radio and TV broadcaster of Qatar. It is based in Doha and operated by the media conglomerate Al Jazeera ...

, access-date=1 November 2015 * {{flag, Qatar{{cite news , url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/12392/21/Gulf-allies-and-%E2%80%98Army-of-Conquest%E2%80%99.aspx , title=Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest' , author=Gareth Porter , newspaper=

Al-Ahram Weekly ''Al-Ahram Weekly'' is an English-language weekly broadsheet printed by the Al-Ahram Publishing House in Cairo, Egypt. History and profile ''Al Ahram Weekly'' was established in 1991 by the ''Al-Ahram'' newspaper, which also runs a French-langu ...

, date=28 May 2015, author-link=Gareth Porter ---- {{flagicon image, Flag of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.svg, size=23px

(2017–present)
Supported by: * {{flag, Qatar ---- {{flag, Syrian opposition * {{flagicon, Syrian opposition

Free Syrian Army The Free Syrian Army (FSA) ( ar, الجيش السوري الحر, al-jaysh as-Sūrī al-ḥur) is a loose faction in the Syrian Civil War founded on 29 July 2011 by officers of the Syrian Armed Forces with the goal of bringing down the governm ...

{{cite web, url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/09/30/Russia-launches-airstrikes-against-ISIS-in-Syria.html, title=Russia unleashes first wave of airstrikes in Syria, date=30 September 2015, publisher=Al Arabiya * {{flagicon image, Official Flag of Syrian Turkmen.jpg

Syrian Turkmen Brigades Syrian Turkmen Brigades ( tr, Suriye Türkmen Tugayları; ), also called the United Turkmen Army ( tr, Birleşik Türkmen Ordusu; ), are an informal armed opposition structure composed of Syrian Turkmen and Turks that form the military wing of ...

* {{flagicon image, Logo of Jaysh al-Islam.jpg

Jaysh al-Islam ) , successor = , allies = * * * * * Free Syrian Army * Ahrar al-Sham *al-Rahman Legion (sometimes) *1st Brigade of Damascus (sometimes) * Al-Nusra Front (formerly) * Saraya Ahl al-Sham * Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis , opponents ...

{{cite news, last=Fisk , first=Robert , url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/syria-s-moderates-have-disappeared-and-there-are-no-good-guys-a6679406.html , title=Syria's 'moderates' have disappeared... and there are no good guys , work=The Independent, date=4 October 2015 , access-date=8 October 2015
Supported by: * {{flag, Turkey * {{flag, Saudi Arabia (2015–2017) * {{flag, United States (2015–2017){{Ref label, america, a ---- {{flagicon image, Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg

( 2017–2019) , commander1 = {{flagicon, Russia

Vladimir Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin; (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who holds the office of president of Russia. Putin has served continuously as president or prime minister since 1999: as prime min ...

{{flagicon, Russia

Sergey Shoygu Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu, ; tyv, Сергей Күжүгет оглу Шойгу, translit=Sergey Kyzhyget oglu Shoygu, . (russian: Сергей Кужугетович Шойгу; born 21 May 1955) is a Russian politician who has served as ...

{{flagicon, Russia

Valery Gerasimov Valery Vasilyevich Gerasimov ( rus, Валерий Васильевич Герасимов, p=vɐˈlʲerʲɪj vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪdʑ ɡʲɪˈrasʲɪməf; born 8 September 1955) is a Russian army general serving as the Chief of the General Sta ...

{{flagicon, Russia

Viktor Bondarev Viktor Nikolaevich Bondarev (russian: Виктор Николаевич Бондарев; born 7 December 1959) is a Colonel General and former Commander of the Russian Aerospace Forces (1 August 2015 – 26 September 2017), and the former Comm ...

{{flagicon, Russia Sergey Rudskoy
(Chief of Gen Staff. Ops. Dept.)
{{flagicon, Russia Aleksandr Dvornikov
(September 2015 – June 2016)
{{flagicon, Russia

Alexander Zhuravlyov Colonel General Alexander Alexandrovich Zhuravlyov (russian: Александр Александрович Журавлёв; born 5 December 1965) is a Russian Ground Forces officer who has commanded the military force in Syria during the Russ ...

(July–December 2016)
{{flagicon, Russia Andrey Kartapolov
(December 2016 – March 2017)
{{flagicon, Russia Sergey Surovikin
(March–December 2017)
{{flagicon, Russia

(December 2017 – September 2018)
{{flagicon, Russia Sergey Kuralenko
September–October 2018
{{flagicon, Russia Aleksandr Lapin
(October 2018 – January 2019)
{{flagicon, Russia Sergey Surovikin
(January–April 2019)
{{flagicon, Russia

Andrey Serdyukov Andrey Nikolaevich Serdyukov (; born 4 March 1962) is a Russian Armed Forces colonel general and commander of the Russian Airborne Troops from 2016 to 2022. Serdyukov served in the Soviet Airborne Forces as a junior officer and rose to battalion ...

Командующего ВДВ десантировали в Сирию. Российские силы в республике возглавил Андрей Сердюков
Kommersant, 12 April 2019.(April–September 2019)
{{flagicon, Russia Aleksandr ChaikoМинобороны РФ сменило командующего российской группировкой в Сирии
Interfax, 13 November 2019.
(September 2019 – November 2020)
{{flagicon, Russia Sergei Kuzovlev
(November 2020 – February 2021)
{{flagicon, Russia Aleksandr Chaiko
February–June 2021
{{flagicon, Russia Evgeny Nikiforov
(June–October 2021)
{{flagicon, Russia Roman Berdnikov
(since October 2021)
{{flagicon, Russia

Valery Asapov Valery Grigorievich Asapov (russian: Валерий Григорьевич Асапов; 1 January 1966 – 23 September 2017) was a Russian military leader who last served as the Lieutenant General of Russian Ground Forces. According to the R ...

{{KIA
{{flagicon, Russia Vyacheslav Gladich{{KIA , commander2 = Field commanders of

:
{{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg Abul Baha Al-Asfari{{KIA (al-Nusra Front operations chief in Aleppo and Hama){{citation needed, date=November 2020
{{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg Muhammad Helala{{KIA{{citation needed, date=November 2020
{{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg Abu Jaber Harmuja{{KIA{{citation needed, date=November 2020
{{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg Abu Abdollah Jabal{{KIA (al-Nusra Front senior commander in Aleppo)
{{flagdeco, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Abu Muhammad al-Shimali Tarad Mohammad al-Jarba ( ar, طراد محمد آل الجربا), better known by his kunya Abu Muhammad al-Shimali ( ar, أبو محمد الشمالي), was an Iraqi-born citizen of Saudi Arabia and a senior leader of the Islamic State of Ir ...

{{KIA (Senior leader) {{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg Abu Hajer al-Homsi{{KIA (al-Nusra Front top military commander)
{{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg Ahmad al-Ghizai{{KIA (al-Nusra Front security service chief)
{{flagicon image}

Khalid al-Aruri Khalid Mustafa Khalifa al-Aruri ( ar, خالد مصطفى خليفة العاروري), known as Abu al-Qassam, was a Palestinians in Jordan, Palestinian-Jordanian Islamic militant and a member of al-Qaeda who was the leader of the Guardians of ...

{{KIA (

){{cite web, url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2020/06/u-s-reportedly-targets-2-senior-al-qaeda-figures-in-airstrike-in-syria.php, title=U.S. reportedly targets 2 senior al Qaeda figures in airstrike in Syria, website=FDD's Long War Journal, date=14 June 2020, access-date=15 June 2020, archive-date=15 June 2020, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615083541/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2020/06/u-s-reportedly-targets-2-senior-al-qaeda-figures-in-airstrike-in-syria.php, url-status=live
{{flagicon image}

Abu Humam al-Shami Samir Hijazi, known as Abu Humam al-Shami or Faruq al-Suri, is a Syrian militant and soldier who was the military chief of al-Qaeda's Syrian affiliate al-Nusra Front. He became the head of the Guardians of Religion Organization in February 2018, ...

(

){{cite web, url=https://syrianwardaily.wordpress.com/2018/02/28/syrian-war-daily-28th-of-february-2018/, title=Syrian War Daily – 28th of February 2018, work=Syrian War Daily, date=28 February 2018, author=Joško Barić, access-date=1 March 2018, archive-date=1 March 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164331/https://syrianwardaily.wordpress.com/2018/02/28/syrian-war-daily-28th-of-february-2018/, url-status=live
{{flagicon image}

Sami al-Oraydi Sami al-Oraydi (also: ''al-Uraydi''; ar, سامي العريدي, Sāmī al-ʿUraydī) is a senior sharia official for the al-Qaeda affiliated Hurras al-Din and Guardians of Religion Organization, who was the chief religious authority for al-Nus ...

(

)
{{flagicon image}

Saif al-Adel Saif al-Adel ( ar, سيف العدل; born April 11, 1960/63) is a former Egyptian colonel, explosives expert, and a high-ranking member of al-Qaeda who is still at large. Adel is under indictment by the United StatesGuardians of Religion Tanẓīm Ḥurrās ad-Dīn , native_name_lang = ar , war = the Syrian Civil War and the Iraqi insurgency (2017–present) , image = , caption = , active = 27 February 2018–present , ideology ...

)
{{flagicon image} Abu 'Abd al-Karim al-Masri (

) {{flagicon image}

Sari Shihab Sari Shihab was a Jordanian national born in 1973 who was a member of the different groups that were founded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Sari Muhammad Hasan Shihab was also known as Abu Safar and Suhayb. Shihab was one of five al-Qaeda leaders who we ...

{{KIA(

)
{{flagicon image} Abu Adnan al-Homsi {{KIA(former logistics and equipment commander,

)
---- {{flagicon, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi ( ar, أبو إبراهيم الهاشمي القرشي, Abū Ibrāhīm al-Hāshimī al-Qurashī; born Amir Mohammed Abdul Rahman al-Mawli al-Salbi (); 1 or 5 October 1976 – 3 February 2022) was an Iraqi Isla ...

{{KIA (Leader until 3 February 2022)
{{flagicon, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi ( ar, أبو بكر البغدادي, ʾAbū Bakr al-Baḡdādī; born Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim Ali Muhammad al-Badri al-Samarrai ( ar, إبراهيم عواد إبراهيم علي محمد البدري السامرائي, ʾIb ...

{{KIA (Leader until 27 October 2019)
{{flagdeco, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Abu Mohammad al-Adnani Taha Sobhi Falaha ( ar, طٰهٰ صُبْحِيِّ فَلَاحَةٍ, Ṭāhā Ṣobḥī Falāḥa; 1977 – 30 August 2016), known as Abu Muhammad al-Adnani al-Shami ( ar, أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ ٱلْعَدْنَانِيُّ ٱلشَ� ...

{{KIA (Spokesperson)
{{flagdeco, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Abu Suleiman al-Naser Neaman Salman Mansour al-Zaidi ( ar, نيمان سلمان منصور الزيدي), known as Abu Suleiman al-Naser ( ar, أبو سليمان الناصر), was the military commander or "War Minister" of the militant group Islamic State of Iraq ( ...

{{KIA (Replacement Military Chief)
{{flagdeco, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Abu Ali al-Anbari Abdulrahman Mustafa al-Qaduli ( ar, عَبْدُ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ مُصْطَفَى ٱلْقَادُولِيِّ, ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān Musṭafā al-Qādūlī; 1957 or 1959 – March 2016), better known by his noms de guerre Abu Ala al- ...

{{KIA (Deputy, Syria){{citation needed, date=April 2020
{{flagdeco, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Abu Omar al-Shishani Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili ( ka, თარხან ბათირაშვილი; 11 January 1986 – 10 July 2016), known by his '' nom de guerre'' Abu Omar al-Shishani ( ar, أَبُو عُمَرَ ٱلشِّيشَانِيِّ, ...

{{KIA (Senior commander in Syria){{cite news, url=http://www.el-balad.com/1244483, agency=ElBalad, title=Kadyrov Claims Red-Bearded Chechen Militant al-Shishani Dead, date=14 November 2014, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128064913/http://www.el-balad.com/1244483, archive-date=28 January 2015{{cite news, url=http://www.rferl.org/content/kadyrov-syria-shishani-chechen-death-us-batirashvili/26690236.html, publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, title=Kadyrov Says Islamic State's Leader From Georgia Killed, date=14 November 2014
{{flagdeco, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Gulmurod Khalimov Gulmurod Salimovich Khalimov ( tg, Гулмурод Салимович Ҳалимов) (1975–2017) was a Tajik and Islamist military commander. He was a lieutenant-colonel and commander of the police special forces of the Interior Ministry o ...

{{KIA (Minister of war in Syria){{cite web, url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/09/russia-offensive-syria-islamic-state-moscow-washington.html, title=Don't let the Islamic State slip the noose in Syria, access-date=23 September 2017, date=11 September 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912033518/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/09/russia-offensive-syria-islamic-state-moscow-washington.html, archive-date=12 September 2017
{{flagdeco, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Abu Musab al-Masri{{KIA (Minister of war in Syria) , commander3 = {{flagicon, Syrian opposition{{Flagicon image, Flag of the 1st Coastal Division.svg Basil Zamo{{KIA (1st Coastal Division chief of staff)
{{flagicon, Syrian opposition Logo of Ahrar al-Sham

Abu Yahia al-Hamawi Mohannad al-Masri (born 1981), known by the alias Abu Yahia al-Hamawi, (sometimes transliterated Abu Yahya al-Hamawi or Abu Yehya al-Hamawi) was the third leader of the Salafist Ahrar al-Sham during the Syrian Civil War. He served from 12 Septemb ...

(Leader of Ahrar al-Sham)
{{flagicon, Syrian opposition Logo of Ahrar al-Sham

Nimr Al-Shukri{{KIA (Top military commander of Ahrar al-Sham)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Jihad.svg{{flagicon image, Logo of Jaysh al-Islam.jpg

Zahran Alloush Zahran Alloush ( ar, زَهْرَانُ عَلُّوشٍ, Zahrān ʿAlūš, 1971 – 25 December 2015) was a Syrian Islamist leader active in the Syrian Civil War. He was the commander of Jaysh al-Islam (or Army of Islam), a major component of the ...

{{KIA (emir of Jaysh al-Islam)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg{{flagicon image, Flag of the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.svg Abu Rida al-Turkistani{{KIA (Leader of TIP)
---- {{flagicon image, Flag of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.svg, size=23px

Abu Mohammad al-Julani Ahmed Hussein al-Shar’a ( ar, أحمد حسين الشرع, ʾAḥmad Ḥusayn aš-Šarʿ), known by the ''nom de guerre'' Abu Mohammad al-Julani ( ar, أبو محمد الجولاني, ʾAbū Muḥammad al-Jawlānī), is the commander-in-chie ...

(

Emir Emir (; ar, أمير ' ), sometimes transliterated amir, amier, or ameer, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or cerem ...

of Tahrir al-Sham)
{{flagicon image, Emblem of the Jaish al-Fatah.svg, border=no{{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.svg, size=23px

Abdullah al-Muhaysini , english: Abdullah Mohammed al-Shammari , title = , period = , predecessor = , successor = , ordination = , post = , birth_date = , birth_place = Buraida ...

(Top sharia judge of the Army of Conquest and later a senior member of Tahrir al-Sham)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.svg, size=23px

Abu Jaber Hashim al-Shaykh ( ar, هاشم الشيخ), also known by his ''nom de guerre'' Abu Jaber Shaykh ( ar, أبو جابر الشيخ) is a rebel commander during the Syrian Civil War who is a senior leader of Tahrir al-Sham. He had reportedly res ...

(

Shura Shura ( ar, شُورَىٰ, translit=shūrā, lit=consultation) can for example take the form of a council or a referendum. The Quran encourages Muslims to decide their affairs in consultation with each other. Shura is mentioned as a praisewort ...

head of Tahrir al-Sham)
Flag of the Al-Nusra Front

Salahuddin Shishani{{KIA (Former al-Nusra Front and Tahrir al-Sham top military commander)
{{flagicon image, Al-Liwaa.svg Abu Salman al-Belarusi (Abu Rofiq){{KIA (Leader of Malhama Tactical)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.svg, size=23px Abu Ubeidah al-Kansafra{{KIA (Top military commander of Tahrir al-Sham){{Unreliable source?, date=April 2020
{{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.svg 12 unknown military commanders{{KIA

, units1 = {{flagicon image, Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (obverse).svg

Russian Armed Forces The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (, ), commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military forces of Russia. In terms of active-duty personnel, they are the world's fifth-largest military force, with at least two m ...

: * {{flagicon image, Flag of the Air Force of the Russian Federation.svg Aerospace Forces * {{flagicon image, Naval Ensign of Russia.svg Russian Navy **

Black Sea Fleet Chernomorskiy flot , image = Great emblem of the Black Sea fleet.svg , image_size = 150px , caption = Great emblem of the Black Sea fleet , dates = May 13, ...

Caspian Flotilla Kaspiyskaya flotiliya , image = Great emblem of the Caspian Flotilla.svg , image_size = 150px , caption = Great emblem of the Caspian Flotilla , dates = No ...

Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) Main Intelligence Directorate ( rus, Главное разведывательное управление, Glavnoye razvedyvatel'noye upravleniye, ˈglavnəjə rɐzˈvʲɛdɨvətʲɪlʲnəjə ʊprɐˈvlʲenʲɪjə), abbreviated GRU ( rus, ГР ...

* {{flagicon image, Герб ССО.png, border=no

Special operations forces Special forces and special operations forces (SOF) are military units trained to conduct special operations. NATO has defined special operations as "military activities conducted by specially designated, organized, selected, trained and equip ...

Small emblem of Military Police of Russia

Military Police Military police (MP) are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state. In wartime operations, the military police may support the main fighting force with force protection, convoy security, screening, rear recon ...

* {{flagicon image, Flag of Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia) 2009.gif Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) ** {{Interlanguage link multi, Zaslon (SVR), ru, 3=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5), lt=Zaslon * Flag of Federal security service

Federal Security Service (FSB) ** Spetsgruppa "K" advisorsFour FSB special forces officers reportedly killed in Syria
br
4 Russian Special Forces Officers Killed in Syria – Reports
/ref> *

Wagner Group The Wagner Group (russian: Группа Вагнера, Gruppa Vagnera), also known as PMC Wagner ( «Вагнер», ChVK «Vagner»; ), is a Russian paramilitary organization. It is variously described as a private military company (PMC), a ...

{{flagicon image, Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg

Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed (May, 1941–1964) was an American Thoroughbred gelding race horse who was the American Horse of the Year in 1947 and Champion Older Male Horse in both 1946 and 1947. He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in ...

: * {{flagicon image, Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg

IRGC The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC; fa, سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی, Sepāh-e Pāsdārān-e Enghelāb-e Eslāmi, lit=Army of Guardians of the Islamic Revolution also Sepāh or Pasdaran for short) is a branch o ...

Basij The Basij ( fa, بسيج, lit. "The Mobilization"), Niru-ye Moghāvemat-e Basij ( fa, نیروی مقاومت بسیج, "Resistance Mobilization Force"), full name Sâzmân-e Basij-e Mostaz'afin ( fa, سازمان بسیج مستضعفین, "The ...

* {{flagicon image, Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.svg

Iranian Army The Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces ( fa, نیروی زمینی ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران, ''Niroo-ye Zamini-ye Artesh-e Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Iran''), acronymed NEZAJA ( fa, نزاجا, NEZEJA) are the ground forc ...

{{flagicon image, Flag of the Armenian Ministry of Defense, FOTW CRW Flags.png

Armed Forces of Armenia The Armed Forces of Armenia ( hy, Հայաստանի զինված ուժեր, Hayastani zinvats uzher), sometimes referred to as the Armenian Army ( hy, Հայկական Բանակ, Haykakan Banak), is the national military of Armenia. It consist ...

: *

12th Peacekeeping Brigade The 12th Peacekeeping Brigade () is a military unit of the Armed Forces of Armenia. Sometimes referred to as the Blue Berets due to its role (and its similarities to the Armenian Airborne Forces), it solely specializes in peacekeeping in foreign co ...

, units2 = * {{flagicon image, Flag of the Al-Nusra Front (Variant).svg{{flagicon image, Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg

al-Nusra Front Al-Nusra Front or Jabhat al-Nusra ( ar, جبهة النصرة لأهل الشام, Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahl ish-Sham lit. ''Front of the Supporters of the People of Syria/the Levant''), known as Jabhat Fatah al-Sham ( ar, جبهة فتح ال ...

(2015–17) * {{Flagicon image, Flag of the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.svg

Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria The Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria (TIP; ar, الحزب الإسلامي التركستاني في سوريا tr, Türkistan İslam Partisi, zh, 突厥斯坦伊斯兰党) is the Syrian branch of the Turkistan Islamic Party, an armed Uyghur ...

* {{Flagicon image}

---- {{flagdeco, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Military of IS , units3 = {{flagicon, Syrian opposition

Levant Front The Levant Front ( ar, الجبهة الشامية, al-Jabhat aš-Šāmiyya, Jabhat al-Shamiyah, also translated as the Sham Front or the Levantine Front) is a Syrian rebel group based around Aleppo involved in the Syrian Civil War. It was for ...

* {{Flagicon image, Logo of the Free Idlib Army.svg

Free Idlib Army The Free Idlib Army ( ''Jaysh ʾIdlib al-Ḥarr'') is a Syrian rebel coalition consisting of 3 armed groups from northwestern Syria affiliated with the Free Syrian Army: the 13th Division, the Northern Division, and the Mountain Hawks Brigad ...

** {{flagicon image, Alternate flag of the Mountain Hawks Brigade.png

Mountain Hawks Brigade The Mountain Hawks Brigade ( ar-at, لواء صقور الجبل, Liwa’ Suqour al-Jabal), known as the Hawks of Mount Zawiya Brigade ( ar, لواء صقور جبل الزاويه, Liwa' Suqour Jabal al-Zawiya) between 2012 and 2015 and the Moun ...

{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-russia-syria-idUSKCN0RV41O20151001, title=Iran troops to join Syria war, Russia bombs group trained by CIA, work=Reuters, date=1 October 2015 ** {{flagicon image, Insignia of the 13th Division.svg 13th Division ** {{flagicon image, Flag of the Northern Division (Syrian rebel group).jpg Northern Division * {{flagicon image, Logo of the Army of Glory.png

Jaish al-Izzah The Army of Glory ( ar, جيش العزة, Jaysh al-Izza), formerly the Union of Glory ( ar, تجمع العزة, Tajamu‘ al-‘Izza, links=no), is a Syrian rebel group affiliated with the Free Syrian Army active in northwestern Syria, mainly i ...

* {{flagicon image, Flag of the Jaysh al-Nasr.svg

Jaysh al-Nasr The Army of Victory ( ar, ; Jaysh al-Nasr) is an armed opposition faction participating in the Syrian Civil War. Founded in August 2015 as a joint operations room of 16 member groups, three of the groups later fully merged into Jaysh al-Nasr ...

* {{flagicon image, Al-Liwaa.svg

Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki The Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement ( ar, حركة نور الدين الزنكي ''Ḥaraka Nūr ad-Dīn az-Zankī'') was a Sunni Islamist rebel group involved in the Syrian Civil War. In 2014, it was reportedly one of the most influential factio ...

(2015–19) * {{flagicon image, Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg

Ahrar ash-Sham Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya ( ar-at, حركة أحرار الشام الإسلامية, Ḥarakat Aḥrāru š-Šām al-Islāmiyah, lit=Islamic Movement of the Freemen of the Levant), commonly referred to as Ahrar al-Sham, is a coalition ...

---- {{flagicon image, Emblem of the Jaish al-Fatah.svg, border=no

(2015–17)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.svg, size=23px

(2017–present) * Liwa al-Haqq {{flagicon image, Flag of Jund al-Aqsa.svg

(2015–17){{cite web, url=http://syriadirect.org/news/search-for-the-dead-begins-in-idlib-after-islamic-state-linked-brigade-leaves-for-raqqa/, title=Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa, website=Syria Direct, date=22 February 2017
{{flagicon image, Flag of Ajnad al-Sham.png Ajnad al-Sham (2015–17)
{{Flagicon image, Flag of the Sham Legion.svg

Sham Legion The Sham Legion ( ar, فَيْلَق الشَّام, ''Faylaq al-Shām'') is an alliance of Sunni Islamist rebel groups formed in March 2014, during the Syrian Civil War. The alliance was formed from 19 different groups, some of which were previ ...

Malhama Tactical Malhama Tactical is a private military contractor operating in the Syrian Civil War. The group, founded by a pseudonymous Uzbeki jihadist called Abu Rofiq, is closely allied with Jabhat Fateh al-Sham and its successor group Tahrir al-Sham. Its a ...

(since 2017) , strength1 = Troop strength
4,300 personnel{{cite news , last1=Isachenkov , first1=Vladimir , title=Key moments in Russia's campaign, involvement in Syrian war, url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/key-moments-russias-campaign-involvement-syrian-war-48083114, access-date=17 June 2017, date=16 June 2017, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616170148/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/key-moments-russias-campaign-involvement-syrian-war-48083114, archive-date=16 June 2017Russia's Defense Ministry never said how many troops it has in Syria, but turnout figures in voting from abroad in the September 2016 parliamentary elections indicated that Russian military personnel in the Arab nation at the time likely exceeded 4,300.

Naval ship A naval ship is a military ship (or sometimes boat, depending on classification) used by a navy A navy, naval force, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval warfare, naval and amph ...

s
3 Buyan-M-class corvettes{{citation needed, date=February 2020
1 {{sclass2, Gepard, frigate, 2{{citation needed, date=February 2020
2 {{sclass, Admiral Grigorovich, frigate, 2{{citation needed, date=November 2020
2 {{sclass2, Vishnya, intelligence ship, 2
4 Improved Kilo-class submarines
1 {{sclass, Slava, cruiser, 2
Kuznetsov aircraft carrier battlegroup
1 {{sclass, Kuznetsov, aircraft carrier, 2
1 {{sclass, Kirov, battlecruiser, 2
2 {{sclass, Udaloy, destroyer, 2s
support vessels

Strategic bomber A strategic bomber is a medium- to long-range penetration bomber aircraft designed to drop large amounts of air-to-ground weaponry onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating the enemy's capacity to wage war. Unlike tactical bombers, ...

s
14

Tu-22M3 The Tupolev Tu-22M (russian: Туполев Ту-22М; NATO reporting name: Backfire) is a supersonic, variable-sweep wing, long-range strategic and maritime strike bomber developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the 1960s. According to some s ...

{{cite news, url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/11/17/russia-pounds-isis-with-biggest-bomber-raid-in-decades.html, title=Russia Pounds ISIS With Biggest Bomber Raid in Decades, work=The Daily Beast, date=17 November 2015, access-date=20 November 2015, last1=Axe, first1=David
6 Tu-95MSM
5

Tu-160 The Tupolev Tu-160 (russian: Туполев Ту-160 Белый лебедь, translit=Belyj Lebeď, translation= White Swan; NATO reporting name: Blackjack) is a supersonic, variable-sweep wing heavy strategic bomber designed by the Tupolev Des ...

Tactical bomber Tactical bombing is aerial bombing aimed at targets of immediate military value, such as combatants, military installations, or military equipment. This is in contrast to strategic bombing, or attacking enemy cities and factories to cripple fut ...

s
12

Su-24 The Sukhoi Su-24 (NATO reporting name: Fencer) is a supersonic, night fighter, all-weather attack aircraft developed in the Soviet Union. The aircraft has a variable-sweep wing, Twinjet, twin-engines and a side-by-side seating arrangement for it ...

M2
8

Su-34 The Sukhoi Su-34 (russian: Сухой Су-34; NATO reporting name: Fullback) is a Soviet-origin Russian twin-engine, twin-seat, all-weather supersonic medium-range fighter-bomber/strike aircraft. It first flew in 1990, intended for the Sovie ...

Attack bombers
4

Su-25 The Sukhoi Su-25 ''Grach'' (russian: Грач (''rook''); NATO reporting name: Frogfoot) is a subsonic, single-seat, twin-engine jet aircraft developed in the Soviet Union by Sukhoi. It was designed to provide close air support for Soviet Gro ...

Fighter aircraft Fighter aircraft are fixed-wing military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat. In military conflict, the role of fighter aircraft is to establish air superiority of the battlespace. Domination of the airspace above a battlefield ...

Su-27 The Sukhoi Su-27 (russian: Сухой Су-27; NATO reporting name: Flanker) is a Soviet-origin twin-engine supermaneuverable fighter aircraft designed by Sukhoi. It was intended as a direct competitor for the large US fourth-generation jet ...

SM
4

Su-30 The Sukhoi Su-30 (russian: Сухой Су-30; NATO reporting name: Flanker-C/G/H) is a twin-engine, two-seat supermaneuverable fighter aircraft developed in the Soviet Union by Russia's Sukhoi Aviation Corporation. It is a multirole fighter ...

SM
4

Su-35 The Sukhoi Su-35 (russian: link=no, Сухой Су-35; NATO reporting name: Flanker-E) is the designation for two improved derivatives of the Su-27 air-defence fighter. They are single-seat, twin-engine, supermaneuverable aircraft, designed ...

S
4

MiG-29SMT The Mikoyan MiG-29M (russian: Микоян МиГ-29M; NATO reporting name: Fulcrum-E) is a Russian multirole combat aircraft, multirole fighter developed in 2005. It is based on unified platform together with Mikoyan MiG-29K. The predecessor o ...

Su-57 The Sukhoi Su-57 (russian: Сухой Су-57; NATO reporting name: Felon) is a twin-engine stealth multirole fighter aircraft developed by Sukhoi. It is the product of the PAK FA (russian: ПАК ФА, russian: label=short for, Перспек ...

Interceptor aircraft An interceptor aircraft, or simply interceptor, is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically for the defensive interception role against an attacking enemy aircraft, particularly bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. Aircraft that are cap ...

MiG-31 The Mikoyan MiG-31 (russian: link=no, Микоян МиГ-31; NATO reporting name: Foxhound) is a supersonic interceptor aircraft that was developed for use by the Soviet Air Forces. The aircraft was designed by the Mikoyan design bureau as a ...

BM{{citation needed, date=February 2020

Reconnaissance aircraft A reconnaissance aircraft (colloquially, a spy plane) is a military aircraft designed or adapted to perform aerial reconnaissance with roles including collection of imagery intelligence (including using photography), signals intelligence, as ...

A-50U
Il-20M1
Tu-214R

Attack helicopter An attack helicopter is an armed helicopter with the primary role of an attack aircraft, with the offensive capability of engaging ground targets such as enemy infantry, military vehicles and fortifications. Due to their heavy armament they ...

12 Mi-24P/35M{{cite web, url=https://www.stratfor.com/sample/analysis/russian-fighter-aircraft-arrive-syria, title=Russian Fighter Aircraft Arrive in Syria, work=Stratfor, access-date=8 October 2015, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015222707/https://www.stratfor.com/sample/analysis/russian-fighter-aircraft-arrive-syria, archive-date=15 October 2015
6

Mi-28 The Mil Mi-28 (NATO reporting name "Havoc") is a Russian all-weather, day-night, military tandem, two-seat anti-armor attack helicopter. It is an attack helicopter with no intended secondary transport capability, better optimized than the Mil M ...

N{{cite web, url=http://rg.ru/2015/11/30/vertolet-site-anons.html, title=В Сирии заметили Ка-52 и Ми-28Н, author=Илья Щеголев, work=

Rossiyskaya Gazeta ' (russian: Российская газета, lit. Russian Gazette) is a Russian newspaper published by the Government of Russia. The daily newspaper serves as the official government gazette of the Government of the Russian Federation, publishi ...

, date=30 November 2015, access-date=26 March 2016
4

Ka-52 The Kamov Ka-50 "Black Shark" (russian: Чёрная акула, translit=Chyornaya akula, English: kitefin shark, NATO reporting name: Hokum A) is a Soviet/Russian single-seat attack helicopter with the distinctive coaxial rotor system of the ...

Utility helicopter A utility helicopter is a multi-purpose helicopter capable of fulfilling many different roles. Civil Many civilian helicopters are made for utility work such as agricultural aircraft. Many police and fire departments maintain and operate utili ...

Mi-8 The Mil Mi-8 (russian: Ми-8, NATO reporting name: Hip) is a medium twin-turbine helicopter, originally designed by the Soviet Union in the 1960s and introduced into the Soviet Air Force in 1968. It is now produced by Russia. In addition to ...

AMTSh

UAV An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), which includes adding a ground-based controller ...

Orlan-10 The Orlan-10 (russian: Орлан-10) is a reconnaissance, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by the Special Technology Center (STC) in Saint Petersburg for the Russian Armed Forces. The Orlan-10 features a composite hull that reduces its ...

Forpost The IAI Searcher (also known by the Hebrew name מרומית ''Meyromit'' - "Marsh tern", or officially in Israel as the חוגלה ''Hugla'' - "Alectoris") is a reconnaissance UAV developed in Israel in the 1980s. In the following decade, it re ...

Ground arms and equipment

UGV An unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) is a vehicle that operates while in contact with the ground and without an onboard human presence. UGVs can be used for many applications where it may be inconvenient, dangerous, or impossible to have a human op ...

Uran-6

MRAP Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP; ) is a term for United States Armed Forces, United States military light tactical vehicles produced as part of the MRAP program that are designed specifically to withstand improvised explosive device (IE ...

Kamaz Typhoon Kamaz Typhoon (russian: Камаз-63968 Тайфун) is a family of Russian multi-functional, modular, armoured MRAP vehicles manufactured by the Russian truck builder Kamaz. The Typhoon family is part of Russia's Typhoon program. As of 202 ...

{{citation needed, date=February 2020
IMV
GAZ Tigr{{citation needed, date=November 2020
Iveco Rys'

SRBM A short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) is a ballistic missile with a range (aeronautics), range of about or less. In past and potential regional conflicts, these missiles have been and would be used because of the short distances between some coun ...

(presumed)
2

9K720 Iskander The 9K720 Iskander (russian: «Искандер»; NATO reporting name SS-26 Stone) is a mobile short-range ballistic missile system produced and deployed by the Russian military. The missile systems () are to replace the obsolete OTR-21 ''Toc ...

(SS-26) missile launchers
SAM
3

SA-22 The Pantsir (russian: Панцирь, translation="Carapace") missile system is a family of self-propelled, medium-range surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft artillery systems. Starting with the Pantsir-S1 (russian: Панцирь-С1, NATO r ...

, other anti-aircraft and anti-missile weapons, including

S-400 The S-400 Triumf (russian: link=no, C-400 Триумф – Triumf; translation: Triumph; NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler), previously known as the S-300 PMU-3, is a mobile, surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed in the 1990s by Russ ...

S-300VM The S-300VM "Antey-2500" ( Russian: С-300ВМ Антеӣ-2500, NATO reporting name SA-23 Gladiator\Giant) is a Russian anti-ballistic missile system. The system is designed to target short- and medium-range ballistic missiles, aeroballistic ...

, and Vityaz (S-350E) (unconfirmed officially) , strength2 = Islamic State:
30,000–100,000 fighters (per the

CIA The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian intelligence agency, foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gat ...

and the

Iraqi Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan or Southern Kurdistan ( ku, باشووری کوردستان, Başûrê Kurdistanê) refers to the Kurdish-populated part of northern Iraq. It is considered one of the four parts of "Kurdistan" in Western Asia, which also incl ...

Chief of Staff){{cite news, url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/war-with-isis-islamic-militants-have-army-of-200000-claims-kurdish-leader-9863418.html, title=Islamic State has 200,000 fighters, claims Kurdish leader, first=Patrick, last=Cockburn, location=Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan, newspaper=

The Independent ''The Independent'' is a British online newspaper. It was established in 1986 as a national morning printed paper. Nicknamed the ''Indy'', it began as a broadsheet and changed to tabloid format in 2003. The last printed edition was publis ...

, date=16 November 2014, access-date=22 December 2014
Small numbers of tanks and assorted armored vehicles{{cite web, url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/01/08/U-S-led-forces-drop-nearly-5-000-bombs-on-ISIS-.html, title=US-led forces drop nearly 5,000 bombs on ISIS, publisher=Al Arabiya, date=8 January 2015, access-date=8 January 2015 , strength3 = Free Syrian Army:
Between 45,000 and 60,000 fighters (disputed)
Islamic Front : (2015 only)
40,000–70,000{{cite web, url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/03/04/front-to-back/, title=Front to Back, work=Foreign Policy ---- Tahrir al-Sham:
ca. 31,000{{cite web, url=http://english.aawsat.com/2017/01/article55366551/syria-surfacing-haiat-tahrir-al-sham-threatens-truce, title=Syria: Surfacing of 'Hai'at Tahrir al-Sham' Threatens Truce – ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English, first=Asharq, last=Al-awsat, date=30 January 2017, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215122504/http://english.aawsat.com/2017/01/article55366551/syria-surfacing-haiat-tahrir-al-sham-threatens-truce, archive-date=15 February 2017
Ahrar al-Sham:
10,000–21,000{{cite web, url=https://asiatimes.com/article/syrias-idlib-groomed-islamist-killing-ground/, title=Is Syria's Idlib being groomed as Islamist killing ground?, date=29 January 2017, work=Asia Times "''Last January, Idlib sank into a "rebel civil war" as fighting broke out between Jabhat al-Nusra and the Turkish-backed Ahrar al-Sham, a militia in the Syrian north that boasts of a powerbase of at least 20,000 fighters.''" , casualties1 = {{flagicon, Russia 117 servicemen killed (officially per Russia′s MoD)Russia lost 112 servicemen over three years of counter-terror operation in Syria – MP
br
Russian soldier killed in attack by Turkish-backed rebels
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806231627/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-soldier-killed-in-attack-by-turkish-backed-rebels/ , date=6 August 2020

March 25, 2019.
2

lost
1

MiG-29K The Mikoyan MiG-29K (russian: Микоян МиГ-29K; NATO reporting name: Fulcrum-D) is a Russian all-weather carrier-based multirole fighter aircraft developed by the Mikoyan Design Bureau. The MiG-29K was developed in the late 1980s from t ...

lost
1 Su-30SM lost
1

Su-33 The Sukhoi Su-33 (russian: Сухой Су-33; NATO reporting name: ''Flanker-D'') is an all-weather carrier-based twin-engine air superiority fighter designed by Sukhoi and manufactured by Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association, ...

lost
1

An-26 The Antonov An-26 (NATO reporting name: Curl) is a twin-engined turboprop civilian and military transport aircraft, designed and produced in the Soviet Union from 1969 to 1986.Gordon, Yefim. Komissarov, Dmitry & Sergey. "Antonov's Turboprop Twins ...

lost
1

Ilyushin Il-20 The Ilyushin Il-18 (russian: Илью́шин Ил-18; NATO reporting name: Coot) is a large turboprop airliner that first flew in 1957 and became one of the best known and most durable Soviet aircraft of its era. The Il-18 was one of the wor ...

lost
2 Mi-8AMTsh lost
1 Mi-28N lost
2

Mi-35 The Soviet and later Russian Mil Mi-24 helicopter has been produced in many variants, as described below. History In 1966, Soviet aircraft designer Mikhail Mil created a mock-up design of a new helicopter (derived from the Mil Mi-8) which was m ...

lost
1

lost For probable Russian PMCs killed

see here See or SEE may refer to: * Sight - seeing Arts, entertainment, and media * Music: ** ''See'' (album), studio album by rock band The Rascals *** "See", song by The Rascals, on the album ''See'' ** "See" (Tycho song), song by Tycho * Television * ...

, casualties2 = 6,179 killed (according to

SOHR , image = Syrian Observatory for Human Rights Logo.jpg , image_size = 200px , caption = The logo of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights , type = NGO , founded_date = , founder ...

)
85,000 killed (Unidentified faction. Listed as 'terrorists' according to Russia′s MoD) , casualties3 = 6,225 killed (according to SOHR){{cite web , url=http://www.syriahr.com/?p=371683 , script-title=ar:على الرغم من وقف إطلاق النار المتواصل منذ 26 يوماً.. استشهاد 27 مدنياً بضربات جوية روسية خلال شهر آذار/مارس 2020 , work=SOHR , date=July 1, 2020 , access-date=July 1, 2020
{{flagicon, Turkey 39 soldiers killed{{cite web , title=Russian air strike kills Turkish soldiers , website=BBC News , date=2017-02-09 , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38919426 , access-date=2018-01-23{{cite news , title=Three Turkish soldiers killed by Russian military jet in Syria air strike , website=The Independent , date=2017-02-09 , url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/turkish-soldiers-syria-russia-air-strike-military-jet-vladimir-putin-erdogan-a7571936.html , access-date=2018-01-23 , casualties4 = 4,311–6,395 civilians killed (according to

Airwars Airwars is a London, UK-based not-for-profit company that tracks and archives the international air war against Islamic State and other groups in Iraq, Syria and Libya, and assesses and follows up on credible allegations of civilian casualties fr ...

)
8,690 civilians killed (according to SOHR) , notes = , campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Syrian civil war , conflict = The Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war began in September 2015, after an official request by the

Syrian government Government of the Syrian Arab Republic is the union government created by the constitution of Syria where by the president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Syr ...

for

military aid Military aid is aid which is used to assist a country or its people in its defense efforts, or to assist a poor country in maintaining control over its own territory. Many countries receive military aid to help with counter-insurgency efforts. Mi ...

against

rebel A rebel is a participant in a rebellion. Rebel or rebels may also refer to: People * Rebel (given name) * Rebel (surname) * Patriot (American Revolution), during the American Revolution * American Southerners, as a form of self-identification; s ...

and

jihadist Jihadism is a neologism which is used in reference to "militant Islamic movements that are perceived as existentially threatening to the West" and "rooted in political Islam."Compare: Appearing earlier in the Pakistani and Indian media, Wes ...

groups.{{cite web, url=https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-kremlin-oks-troops-20150930-story.html, title= Russia launches airstrikes in Syria amid U.S. concern about targets, date=30 September 2015, access-date=7 October 2015, work=Los Angeles Times, author1=Patrick J. McDonnell, author2=W.J. Hennigan, author3=Nabih Bulos The intervention initially involved air strikes by Russian aircraft deployed to the Khmeimim base against targets primarily in north-western

, and against

Syrian opposition The Syrian opposition ( ar, المعارضة السورية ', ) is the political structure represented by the Syrian National Coalition and associated Syrian anti-Assad groups with certain territorial control as an alternative Syrian gover ...

militant groups opposed to the Syrian government, including the

, the

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant An Islamic state is a State (polity), state that has a form of government based on sharia, Islamic law (sharia). As a term, it has been used to describe various historical Polity, polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. As a t ...

(ISIL),

(

al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda (; , ) is an Islamic extremism, Islamic extremist organization composed of Salafist jihadists. Its members are mostly composed of Arab, Arabs, but also include other peoples. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military ta ...

in Syria) and the

. In addition,

Russian special operations forces The Special Operations Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, commonly known as the Special Operations Forces (SOF; rus, Силы специальных операций; ССО, Sily spetsial’nykh operatsiy; SSO) are strategic-l ...

military advisor Military advisors, or combat advisors, advise on military matters. Some are soldiers sent to foreign countries to aid such countries with their military training, organization, and other various military tasks. The Foreign powers or organizations m ...

s and

private military contractors A private military company (PMC) or private military and security company (PMSC) is a private company providing armed combat or security services for financial gain. PMCs refer to their personnel as "security contractors" or "private military ...

like ChVk Wagner were also deployed to Syria inorder to support the

Assad regime Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...

, which was on the verge of an imminent collapse. Prior to the intervention,

Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War Russia has supported the administration of incumbent President Bashar al-Assad of Syria since the beginning of the Syrian conflict in 2011: politically, with military aid, and (since September 2015) with direct military involvement. The 20 ...

had mainly consisted of supplying the

with arms and equipment.{{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16797818, title=Russian arms shipments bolster Syria's embattled Assad, first=Richard, last=Galpin, date=10 January 2012, access-date=4 February 2012, work=BBC News At the end of December 2017, the Russian government announced that its troops would be deployed to Syria permanently. Shortly after the operation began, Russian officials were cited as saying that, apart from fighting "

terrorist Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror or fear, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violen ...

" organisations such as the Islamic State, Russia′s goals include helping the Syrian government retake territory from various anti-government groups that are labelled by the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

and the

American-led intervention in Syria The American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War refers to the American-led support of Syrian rebels and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) during the course of the Syrian civil war, including Operation Inherent Resolve, the active mil ...

as "moderate opposition", with a broader geopolitical objective being to roll back U.S. influence. In a televised interview in October 2015, Russian president

said that the military operation had been thoroughly prepared in advance. He defined Russia′s goal in Syria as "stabilising the legitimate power in Syria and creating the conditions for political compromise".{{cite news, url=http://www.interfax.ru/russia/472593, script-title=ru:Путин назвал основную задачу российских военных в Сирии, agency=

Interfax Interfax (russian: Интерфакс) is a Russian news agency. The agency is owned by Interfax News Agency joint-stock company and is headquartered in Moscow. History As the first non-governmental channel of political and economic informatio ...

, date=11 October 2015, language=ru By the end of 2017, the intervention produced significant gains for the Syrian government, including the recapture of Palmyra from the Islamic State in March 2016, retaking the major city of Aleppo in December 2016, and breaking the three-year-long siege of Deir ez-Zor and securing control over that city in November 2017. In early January 2017, the

Chief Chief may refer to: Title or rank Military and law enforcement * Chief master sergeant, the ninth, and highest, enlisted rank in the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force * Chief of police, the head of a police department * Chief of the boa ...

of the

General Staff A military staff or general staff (also referred to as army staff, navy staff, or air staff within the individual services) is a group of officers, enlisted and civilian staff who serve the commander of a division or other large military un ...

of the

said that, overall, the

Russian Air Force " Air March" , mascot = , anniversaries = 12 August , equipment = , equipment_label = , battles = , decorations = , bat ...

had carried out 19,160 combat missions and delivered 71,000 strikes on "the infrastructure of terrorists". At the end of December 2017, the Russian defence minister said that the Russian military had eliminated several thousand terrorists, while 48,000 Russian armed forces members had "gained combat experience" during the Russian operation in Syria. The intervention also swelled Russia's position in its great-power competition with the

; granting it permanent access to the

Eastern Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean is a loose definition of the eastern approximate half, or third, of the Mediterranean Sea, often defined as the countries around the Levantine Sea. It typically embraces all of that sea's coastal zones, referring to communi ...

and achieving capacity to conduct military operations across the wider region, such as the

Red Sea The Red Sea ( ar, البحر الأحمر - بحر القلزم, translit=Modern: al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar, Medieval: Baḥr al-Qulzum; or ; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ ''Phiom Enhah'' or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ''Phiom ǹšari''; T ...

and

Libya Libya (; ar, ليبيا, Lībiyā), officially the State of Libya ( ar, دولة ليبيا, Dawlat Lībiyā), is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya bo ...

. The

Syrian Network for Human Rights The Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR, ar, الشبكة السورية لحقوق الإنسان) is a UK-based independent monitoring group,Chotiner, Isaac (May 13, 2019)"A Times Reporter Documents the Horror of Syria’s Torture Sites" ''T ...

(SNHR) and the Violations Documentation Centre (VDC) stated that from the inception of the intervention in September 2015 until the end of February 2016, Russian air strikes killed at least 2,000 civilians. SNHR's report stated that Russian attacks have killed more civilians than either the Islamic State or the Syrian Army.Russian airstrikes in Syria killed 2,000 civilians in six months
''The Guardian'', 15 March 2016.{{cite web, url=http://www.newsweek.com/russia-has-killed-more-syrian-civilians-assad-or-isis-last-month-report-426775, title=In January, Russia topped a dark league table, a Syria watchdog reports., website=

Newsweek ''Newsweek'' is an American weekly online news magazine co-owned 50 percent each by Dev Pragad, its president and CEO, and Johnathan Davis (businessman), Johnathan Davis, who has no operational role at ''Newsweek''. Founded as a weekly print m ...

, date=15 February 2016{{cite web , url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/2016/03/31/45570, title=Russian warplanes kill 5081 civilians 40% of them were civilians, website=sohr.com, date=31 March 2016{{cite web, url=http://news.sky.com/story/1645573/russia-guilty-of-syria-war-crimes-says-amnesty , title=Russia Guilty Of Syria War Crimes, Says Amnesty , publisher=Sky News , date=21 February 2016 , access-date=28 February 2016 The UK-based pro-opposition

Syrian Observatory for Human Rights , image = Syrian Observatory for Human Rights Logo.jpg , image_size = 200px , caption = The logo of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights , type = NGO , founded_date = , founder ...

(SOHR) issued a slightly lower estimate: at least 1,700 civilians, including more than 200 children. Weapons used included

unguided bombs An unguided bomb, also known as a free-fall bomb, gravity bomb, dumb bomb, or iron bomb, is a conventional or nuclear aircraft-delivered bomb that does not contain a guidance system and hence simply follows a ballistic trajectory. This describe ...

cluster bombs A cluster munition is a form of air-dropped or ground-launched explosive weapon that releases or ejects smaller submunitions. Commonly, this is a cluster bomb that ejects explosive bomblets that are designed to kill personnel and destroy vehicl ...

, incendiaries similar to

white phosphorus Elemental phosphorus can exist in several allotropes, the most common of which are white and red solids. Solid violet and black allotropes are also known. Gaseous phosphorus exists as diphosphorus and atomic phosphorus. White phosphorus White ...

and

thermobaric weapons A thermobaric weapon, also called an aerosol bomb, a vacuum bomb or a fuel air explosive (FAE), is a type of explosive that uses oxygen from the surrounding air to generate a high-temperature explosion. The fuel–air explosive is one of the be ...

. By the end of September 2017, the SOHR stated that Russian airstrikes killed around 5,703 civilians, about a quarter of them children, along with 4,258 ISIL fighters and 3,893 militants from the al-Nusra Front and other rebel forces.{{cite web, url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=90825, title=More than 7700 civilian casualties are the victims of Russian bombardment in 31 months and regime's warplanes kill about 25500 civilians since the start of the Syrian revolution • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights, date=30 April 2018 The campaign is criticised by numerous international bodies for indiscriminate Russian aerial bombings across Syria that target

schools A school is an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes compulsor ...

and civilian infrastructures;

carpet bombing Carpet bombing, also known as saturation bombing, is a large area bombardment done in a progressive manner to inflict damage in every part of a selected area of land. The phrase evokes the image of explosions completely covering an area, in th ...

of cities like

Aleppo )), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_caption = , image_map1 = ...

and various

scorched earth tactics A scorched-earth policy is a military strategy that aims to destroy anything that might be useful to the enemy. Any assets that could be used by the enemy may be targeted, which usually includes obvious weapons, transport vehicles, communi ...

like attacking underground facilities. Findings of

BMJ Global Health ''BMJ Global Health'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes research articles and reviews about global health issues. The journal was founded in 2016 and is published by BMJ Publishing Group. , its editor-in-chief is Seye Abimb ...

and a UN investigation report published in 2020 revealed that the RuAF also "weaponized health-care" through a deliberate strategy of bombing ambulances, clinical facilities and

hospitals A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized health science and auxiliary healthcare staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which typically has an emerge ...

. The intervention polarized governments along predictable lines. Countries with close diplomatic and economic ties to Russia, including

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...

and

Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by R ...

, have generally supported the intervention, while reactions by governments close to the US were usually critical, with many governments denouncing Russia for its role in the war and highlighting its complicity in the Syrian regime's reported war crimes.

Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization, headquartered in New York City, that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures governments, policy makers, companies, and individual human r ...

and

Amnesty International Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. The organization says it has more than ten million members and sup ...

have stated that Russia is committing war crimes and deliberately targeting civilians. The United States government has condemned the intervention and imposed

economic sanctions Economic sanctions are commercial and financial penalties applied by one or more countries against a targeted self-governing state, group, or individual. Economic sanctions are not necessarily imposed because of economic circumstances—they may ...

against Russia for supporting the Syrian government. Officials at the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and international security, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be ...

have condemned the Russian intervention and said that Russia was committing war crimes.{{cite web, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/25/russia-accused-war-crimes-syria-un-security-council-aleppo, title=Russia accused of war crimes in Syria at UN security council session, work=The Guardian, date=26 September 2016 Russian authorities have dismissed this denunciation, including accusations of "barbarism", as false and politically motivated, thereby eliciting even stronger condemnation from governments which support the rebel groups.

Background and preparation phase

{{See also, Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war, Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war, Vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions on Syria The Syrian civil war has been waged since 2011 between multiple opposition (anti-government) groupings and the government as well, as their local and foreign support bases. Since 2014, a significant part of Syria′s territory had been

claimed "Claimed" is the eleventh episode of the The Walking Dead (season 4), fourth season of the Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction, post-apocalyptic Horror fiction, horror television series ''The Walking Dead (TV series), The Walking Dead'', wh ...

by the

, an entity internationally recognised as terrorist. In the north-west of the country, the main opposition faction is the

-affiliated

, allied with numerous other smaller Islamist groups, some of which operated under the umbrella of the

(FSA) that was supported and armed by the United States and its regional allies. Since September 2014, the U.S.-led coalition had conducted

airstrikes An airstrike, air strike or air raid is an offensive operation carried out by aircraft. Air strikes are delivered from aircraft such as blimps, balloons, fighters, heavy bombers, ground attack aircraft, attack helicopters and drones. The offici ...

in Syria against

, which was widely seen as unsuccessful in achieving their goals.{{cite news, url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/15/british-planes-syria-military-putin-diplomacy, title=If British planes fly in Syria it will be for political, not military, reasons , work=The Guardian, date=15 October 2015 , access-date=27 October 2015 According to Russian and Syrian officials, in July 2015, the Syrian President

Bashar al-Assad Bashar Hafez al-Assad, ', Levantine pronunciation: ; (, born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who is the 19th president of Syria, since 17 July 2000. In addition, he is the commander-in-chief of the Syrian Armed Forces and the ...

made a formal request to Russia for air strikes combating

international terrorism Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror or fear, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violen ...

, while laying out Syria's military problems.{{cite news, url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=56454, title=Syria's ambassador to Russia urges all countries to join Syria and Russia against terrorism, author=Manal, agency=Syrian Arab News Agency, access-date=28 October 2015 According to media reports with reference to anonymous sources,{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-soleimani-insigh-idUSKCN0S02BV20151006, title=How Iranian general plotted out Syrian assault in Moscow, work=Reuters, access-date=14 October 2015, date=6 October 2015 after a series of major setbacks suffered by the Syrian government forces in the first half of 2015, a political agreement was reached between Russia and Syria to intensify the Russian involvement;

Qasem Soleimani Qasem Soleimani ( fa, قاسم سلیمانی, ; 11 March 19573January 2020) was an Iranian military officer who served in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). From 1998 until his assassination in 2020, he was the commander of the Quds F ...

, commander of the Iran′s

Quds Force The Quds Force ( fa, نیروی قدس, niru-ye qods, Jerusalem Force) is one of five branches of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) specializing in unconventional warfare and military intelligence operations. U.S. Army's Iraq War ...

visited

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

in July to work out the details of the joint campaign (Soleimani′s visit was denied by Russian officials). In August 2015, Russia began to send Russian-operated warplanes, T-90 tanks and artillery, as well as combat troops to an

airbase An air base (sometimes referred to as a military air base, military airfield, military airport, air station, naval air station, air force station, or air force base) is an aerodrome used as a military base by a military force for the operation ...

near the port city of

Latakia , coordinates = , elevation_footnotes = , elevation_m = 11 , elevation_ft = , postal_code_type = , postal_code = , area_code = Country code: 963 City code: 41 , geocode ...

in Syria.{{cite magazine, url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/2836487, title=Россия в Сирии: вид сверху, magazine=Kommersant, date=3 October 2015, access-date=26 October 2015{{cite web, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/14/russia-sends-artillery-and-tanks-to-syria-as-part-of-continued-military-buildup, title=Russia sends artillery and tanks to Syria as part of continued military buildup , author=Alec Luhn, work=The Guardian, access-date=9 October 2015, date=14 September 2015 On 26 August 2015, a treaty was signed between Russia and Syria that stipulated terms and conditions of use by Russia of Syria's Hmeimim airport, free of charge and with no time limit. The treaty, ratified by Russia′s parliament in October 2016, grants Russia′s personnel and their family members jurisdictional immunity and other privileges as envisaged by

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 is an international treaty that defines a framework for diplomatic relations between independent countries. Its aim is to facilitate "the development of friendly relations" among governments ...

. In September 2015, Russia′s warships of the Black Sea Fleet reached the area of eastern Mediterranean. At the end of September, a joint information centre in Baghdad was set up by Iran, Iraq, Russia and Syria to coordinate their operations against ISIL{{citation needed, date=February 2020 (in the newsmedia the centre is also referred to as "Joint Operations Room in Baghdad known as the 4 + 1" implying the Lebanese Shia militia

Hezbollah Hezbollah (; ar, حزب الله ', , also transliterated Hizbullah or Hizballah, among others) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and militant group, led by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah since 1992. Hezbollah's parami ...

, in addition to the 4 states{{cite web, url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/15/middleeast/russia-syria-hardware-lister/, title=Why Russia is pressing the 'accelerate' pedal in Syria, publisher=CNN, access-date=17 October 2015, date=15 October 2015). According to Russian foreign minister

Sergey Lavrov Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov (russian: Сергей Викторович Лавров, ; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian diplomat and politician who has served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia), Foreign Minister of Russia since 2004. ...

′s statement made in mid-October 2015, prior to the start of its operations in Syria, Russia invited the United States to join the Baghdad-based information center but received what he called an "unconstructive" response. According to Alexander Yakovenko, Ambassador of Russia to the United Kingdom, the Russian government received a similar rebuttal from the UK government. In late December 2015, Turkey′s president Recep Erdogan said that he had declined Russian president′s offer to join this alliance as he "could not sit alongside a president ssadwhose legitimacy" was dubious to him".{{cite news , url= https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/12/26/Erdogan-warns-against-Mideast-sectarian-divisions-.html, title=Erdogan warns against Mideast sectarian divisions , publisher= Al Arabiya , date=26 December 2015 , access-date=26 December 2015 On 30 September 2015, the

upper house An upper house is one of two Debate chamber, chambers of a bicameralism, bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house.''Bicameralism'' (1997) by George Tsebelis The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smalle ...

of the Russian Federal Assembly, the

Federation Council The Federation Council (russian: Сове́т Федера́ции – ''Soviet Federatsii'', common abbreviation: Совфед – ''Sovfed''), or Senate (officially, starting from July 1, 2020) ( ru , Сенат , translit = Senat), is th ...

, granted the request by Russian President

to deploy the

Russian Air Force " Air March" , mascot = , anniversaries = 12 August , equipment = , equipment_label = , battles = , decorations = , bat ...

in Syria.{{cite web, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/30/russian-parliament-grants-vladimir-putin-right-to-deploy-military-in-syria, title=Russian parliament grants Vladimir Putin right to deploy military in Syria, author=Shaun Walker, work=The Guardian, access-date=30 September 2015, date=30 September 2015 On the same day, the Russian representative to the joint information centre arrived at the

U.S. Embassy in Baghdad The Embassy of the United States of America in Baghdad is the diplomatic mission of the United States of America in the Iraq, Republic of Iraq. Ambassador Alina Romanowski is currently the Head of mission, Chief of Mission. At , it is the lar ...

and requested that any United States forces in the targeted area in Syria leave immediately. An hour later, the Russian aircraft based in the government-held territory began conducting airstrikes ostensibly against ISIL and other rebel targets. Prior to the start of the Russian operation in Syria as well as afterwards, Russian analysts said that Russia′s military build-up in Syria was aimed ''inter alia'' at ending the ''de facto'' political and diplomatic isolation that the West had imposed on Putin in connection with the situation in Ukraine.

Prevention of Qatar-Turkey pipeline

{{Main, Qatar–Turkey pipeline In an October 2016 TV interview, General

Leonid Ivashov Leonid Grigoryevich Ivashov (russian: Леонид Григорьевич Ивашов; born 31 August 1943) is a Russian military and public official. He is a former President of the Academy for Geopolitical Problems and a retired Colonel-Genera ...

said that Russia's engagement in the conflict would allow it to block proposed pipelines between the Middle East and Europe, and thus ensure the dominance of

Gazprom PJSC Gazprom ( rus, Газпром, , ɡɐzˈprom) is a Russian majority state-owned multinational energy corporation headquartered in the Lakhta Center in Saint Petersburg. As of 2019, with sales over $120 billion, it was ranked as the larges ...

. Involvement of Qatar and Turkey in the opposition to Assad was also interpreted as driven the plans to construct a pipeline through Syria in 2012 while Syrian government explicitly rejected it "to protect the interests of tsRussian ally, which is Europe's top supplier of natural gas."

Operations by Russian military forces

September–October 2015

{{see also, Northwestern Syria offensive (October 2015) The first series of

air strikes An airstrike, air strike or air raid is an offensive operation carried out by aircraft. Air strikes are delivered from aircraft such as blimps, balloons, fighters, heavy bombers, ground attack aircraft, attack helicopters and drones. The offic ...

took place on 30 September 2015 in areas around the cities of

Homs Homs ( , , , ; ar, حِمْص / ALA-LC: ; Levantine Arabic: / ''Ḥomṣ'' ), known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa ( ; grc, Ἔμεσα, Émesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. It is Metres above sea level ...

and

Hama , timezone = EET , utc_offset = +2 , timezone_DST = EEST , utc_offset_DST = +3 , postal_code_type = , postal_code = , ar ...

, targeting the mainstream opposition. Russian warplanes attacked rebel positions "in

al-Rastan Al-Rastan ( ar, الرستن) is the third largest city in the Homs Governorate, located north of its administrative capital Homs and from Hama. Nearby localities include Talbiseh and al-Ghantu to the south, al-Zaafaraniyah and al-Mashrafah t ...

Talbiseh Talbiseh ( ar, تلبيسة, also spelled Talbisa, Tell Bisa, Talbeesa) is a large town in northwestern Syria administratively part of the Homs Governorate, about 10 kilometers north of Homs. Nearby localities include al-Rastan to the north, al-Gha ...

and Zafaraniya in Homs province; Al-Tilol al-Hmer in Quneitra province; Aydoun, a village on the outskirts of the town of

Salamiyah A full view of Shmemis (spring 1995) Salamieh ( ar, سلمية ') is a city and district in western Syria, in the Hama Governorate. It is located southeast of Hama, northeast of Homs. The city is nicknamed the "mother of Cairo" because it was t ...

; Deer Foul, between

Hama , timezone = EET , utc_offset = +2 , timezone_DST = EEST , utc_offset_DST = +3 , postal_code_type = , postal_code = , ar ...

and

; and the outskirts of

". In total, 20 flights were made.{{citation needed, date=February 2020 Most of the initial airstrikes targeted positions of the Chechen fighters, Islamic Front's

(Army of Islam), and

. According to

media outlet

Al Mayadeen Al Mayadeen (Arabic: الميادين; The Plazas) is a pan-Arabist satellite news television channel launched on 11 June 2012 in Beirut, Lebanon. Its programming is predominantly news. It has news reporters in most Arab countries. In the pan-Ara ...

, the Saudi/Turkish-backed

around Jisr ash-Shugour was bombed on 1 October by Russian planes; at least 30 air strikes were carried out. Another series of Russian airstrikes carried out that same day hit

positions in Raqqa governorate.{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-raqqa-idUSKCN0RV4UV20151001, title=Russia jets strike Islamic State in northern Syria: al-Mayadeen TV, work=Reuters, access-date=1 October 2015, date=1 October 2015 Al-Masdar reported that in the morning of 2 October, the Russian Air Force launched four airstrikes on ISIL in the ancient

Syriac Syriac may refer to: *Syriac language, an ancient dialect of Middle Aramaic *Sureth, one of the modern dialects of Syriac spoken in the Nineveh Plains region * Syriac alphabet ** Syriac (Unicode block) ** Syriac Supplement * Neo-Aramaic languages a ...

city of

Al-Qaryatayn Al-Qaryatayn ( ar, ٱلْقَرْيَتَين, syr, ܩܪܝܬܝܢ), also spelled Karyatayn, Qaratin or Cariatein, is a town in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate located southeast of Homs. It is situated on an oasis in t ...

, and the T4-Palmyra highway, Homs province. An ISIL command and control center was destroyed in a single airstrike in Al-Qaryatayn, while an ISIL convoy on their way to the Teefor-Palmyra highway was attacked. Following the airstrikes, the

and

National Defence Forces The National Defence Forces (NDF) ( ar, قوات الدفاع الوطني ''Quwāt ad-Difāʿ al-Watanī'') is a pro-government militia, that was formed on 1 November 2012 and organized by the Syrian government during the Syrian Civil War as a ...

pushed ISIL out of the town of Mheen towards Al-Qaryatayn after a two-hour engagement that killed 18 militants and destroyed two technicals mounted with

ZU-23-2 The ZU-23-2, also known as ZU-23, is a Soviet towed 23×152mm anti-aircraft twin-barreled autocannon. ZU stands for ''Zenitnaya Ustanovka'' (Russian: Зенитная Установка) – anti-aircraft mount. The GRAU index is 2A13. Developm ...

s. Syrian forces then launched a counter-attack south-west of Al-Qaryatayn to recover the main road. On the same day, the Russian Air Force began bombing

positions in al-Rastan and Talbiseh in the Homs province. Later, they proceeded with bombing Al-Nusra in

Kafr Zita Kafr Zita ( ar, كفر زيتا, Kafr Zaytā, also spelled Kfar Zita, Kafr Zayta, Kfar Zeita, Keferzita or Kafr Zeita) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located 30 kilometers north of Hama. Nearby localitie ...

, Al-Ghaab Plains,

Kafr Nabl Kafr Nabl ( ar, كَفْرنَبِل, Kafr Nabil, also spelled Kafranbel or Kafr Nabil) is a town administratively belonging to the Idlib Governorate and Ma'arrat al-Numan District in northwestern Syria. It is situated above sea level. In the 2 ...

, Kafr Sijnah, and Al-Rakaya in the Hama province. The Syrian Air Force and the Russian Air Force jointly bombed Al-Nusra in

Jisr al-Shughur Jisr ash-Shughūr ( ar, جِسْرُ ٱلشُّغُورِ, jisr aš-šuġūr, , also rendered as ''Jisser ash-Shughour'' and other spellings), known in antiquity as Seleucobelus ( el, Σελευκόβηλος, translit=Seleukóbēlos), is a city i ...

. At night, the Russian Air Force targeted ISIL with 11 airstrikes over

while targeting electrical grids outside it, two airstrikes over Shadadi-Hasakah highway, and three airstrikes in

Mayadin Mayadin ( ar, ٱلْمِيَادِين/ALA-LC: ''al-Miyādīn'') is a town in eastern Syria. It is the capital of the Mayadin District, part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate. Mayadin is about 44 kilometers southeast of Deir ez-Zor. The Euphrates Riv ...

, Deir ez-Zor province. The primary ISIL military base in Tabaqa Military Airport was also attacked, with the barracks being destroyed in two airstrikes. Near the Military Airport, an ISIL weapons supply depot in Al-'Ajrawi Farms was also bombed. At the same time, the ISIL primary headquarters in Tabaqa National Hospital was heavily damaged in a Russian airstrike, according to pro-government sources. In Al-Hasakah province, the Russian Air Force targeted ISIL in Al-Shadadi and Al-Houl, while the Syrian Air Force attacked an ISIL convoy along the Deir ez-Zor-Hasakah highway.{{cite web, url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-rocked-in-al-raqqa-russian-air-force-strikes-tabaqa-airport/, title=ISIS Rocked in Al-Raqqa: Russian Air Force Strikes Tabaqa Airport, author=Leith Fadel, work=Al-Masdar News, date=2 October 2015, access-date=3 October 2015, archive-date=9 June 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609013302/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-rocked-in-al-raqqa-russian-air-force-strikes-tabaqa-airport/, url-status=dead On 3 October, reports indicated that Hezbollah and Iranian fighters were preparing major ground offensives to be coordinated with Russian airstrikes. According to CNN, the Russian defense ministry said its soldiers bombed nine ISIL positions near the group's de facto capital in Raqqa. At least 11 were killed in a reported double strike by Russia in Syria's Idlib province, according to opposition groups. During the day, according to pro-government sources, the Russian Air Force made four airstrikes over Al-Nusra controlled Jisr al-Shughur, and additional ones in Jabal Al-Zawiya, and

Jabal al-Akrad Jabal al-Akrad ( ar, جبل الأكراد ''Jabal al-Akrād'', ''Mountain of the Kurds'') is a rural mountainous region with an elevation that ranges from 400 to 1,000 meters above sea level, in northwestern Syria along the Syrian Coastal Moun ...

.{{cite web, url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-russian-air-force-strikes-al-qaeda-in-jisr-al-shughour-and-northeast-latakia/, title=Breaking: Russian Air Force Strikes Al-Qaeda in Jisr Al-Shughour and Northeast Latakia, author=Leith Fadel, work=Al-Masdar News, date=3 October 2015, access-date=5 October 2015, archive-date=4 October 2015, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004164637/http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-russian-air-force-strikes-al-qaeda-in-jisr-al-shughour-and-northeast-latakia/, url-status=dead One of the targets was an Al-Nusra reinforcement convoy heading from Jisr al-Shughur to the northeast countryside of Latakia province. On the morning of 7 October 2015, according to the Russian officials, four warships from the Russian Navy's

Caspian Flotilla Kaspiyskaya flotiliya , image = Great emblem of the Caspian Flotilla.svg , image_size = 150px , caption = Great emblem of the Caspian Flotilla , dates = No ...

launched 26 3M-14T from Kalibr-NK system cruise missiles that hit 11 targets within Syrian territory. The missiles passed through Iranian and Iraqi airspace in order to reach their targets at a distance of well over about 1,500 kilometers (930 miles). The same day, Syrian ground forces were reported to carry out an offensive under Russian air cover. According to

CNN CNN (Cable News Network) is a multinational cable news channel headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the M ...

citing unnamed United States military and intelligence officials, 4 of 26 cruise missiles on 8 October crashed in Iran, well before reaching their targets in Syria. Russia said all of its missiles hit their targets. Iran also denied any missile crash on its territory.{{cite web, url=http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13940716001057, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009224040/http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13940716001057, archive-date=9 October 2015, title=URGENT: Iran Rejects Russian Missile Crash, work=Farsnews, access-date=14 October 2015 Iranian defence ministry rejected any reports alleging that four of the 26 cruise missiles crashed in Iran saying the CNN reports are part of the West's "psychological warfare". On 8 October 2015, the number of air raids increased significantly up to over 60 sorties a day, a tempo maintained for the next 2 days. The Russian defense ministry announced on 9 October that up to sixty ISIL targets were hit in the past 24 hours, reportedly killing 300 militants in the most intense strikes so far. One of the raids targeted a Liwa al-Haqq base in the

Raqqa Governorate Raqqa Governorate ( ar, مُحافظة الرقة, Muḥāfaẓat ar-Raqqah) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in the north of the country and covers an area of 19,618 km2. The capital is Raqqa. The Islamic State of ...

using

KAB-500KR The KAB-500Kr (Correctable air bomb - 500 kg) is an electro-optical TV-guided fire and forget bomb developed by the Soviet Air Force in the 1980s. It remains in service with the CIS and various export customers. The KAB-500Kr is analogous t ...

precision-guided bombs, in which reportedly two senior ISIL commanders and up to 200 militants were killed, despite the lack of any connection between Liwa al-Haqq and ISIL. Another assault destroyed a former prison near Aleppo that was used by ISIL as a base and munitions depot, also killing scores of militants. Rebel training sites in the Latakia and Idlib provinces were reportedly hit as well. Meanwhile, ISIL militants made advances in the Aleppo area on 9 October, seizing several villages, including Tal Qrah, Tal Sousin, and Kfar Qares, in what the

Associated Press The Associated Press (AP) is an American non-profit news agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. It produces news reports that are distributed to its members, U.S. newspa ...

called a "lightning attack". The attacks were unencumbered by either Russian or United States-led coalition airstrikes. The ISIL advance came at the expense of rebel groups also targeted by Russian and Syrian forces. In mid-October 2015, a joint Russian-Syrian-Iranian-Hezbollah offensive targeting rebels in Aleppo went ahead. According to citizen journalist group

Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently (RSS or RBSS) is a citizen journalist group reporting Syrian war news and human rights abuses by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and other forces occupying the northern Syrian city of Raqqa which I ...

, who started out opposing the Syrian Government, Russia lied about targeting ISIL in the early airstrikes and missiles around Raqqa. Between 17 September and 13 October they counted 36 Russian strikes against only 2 ISIL targets (with 4 ISIL deaths) and 22 civilian targets (with 70 civilian deaths plus injuries) included hospitals, a fire hall, at least one school and a highway fueling station.

November 2015

{{main, Homs offensive (November–December 2015) Russian military action in Syria in November 2015

On 17 November 2015, in the wake of the Russian jet crash over Sinai{{cite news , last1=Oliphant , first1=Roland , last2=Akkoc , first2=Raziye , last3=Steafel , first3=Eleanor , date=17 November 2015 , title=Paris attacks: Cameron to make case for Syria military action as EU troops could be sent to France , url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11999927/Paris-France-terror-attacks-isil-Belgium-Molenbeek-suspects-Syria-Raqqa-bombing-live.html , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117090022/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11999927/Paris-France-terror-attacks-isil-Belgium-Molenbeek-suspects-Syria-Raqqa-bombing-live.html , url-status=dead , archive-date=17 November 2015 , newspaper=The Daily Telegraph , location=Online , access-date=17 November 2015 and the Paris attacks, according to the Russian defence minister′s public report to the president of Russia Vladimir Putin, Russia employed the Russia-based

Tu-95 The Tupolev Tu-95 (russian: Туполев Ту-95; NATO reporting name: "Bear") is a large, four-engine turboprop-powered strategic bomber and missile platform. First flown in 1952, the Tu-95 entered service with the Long-Range Aviation of the ...

MSM, and

Tu-22M The Tupolev Tu-22M (russian: Туполев Ту-22М; NATO reporting name: Backfire) is a supersonic, variable-sweep wing, long-range strategic and maritime strike bomber developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the 1960s. According to some s ...

3 long-range

strategic bomber A strategic bomber is a medium- to long-range penetration bomber aircraft designed to drop large amounts of air-to-ground weaponry onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating the enemy's capacity to wage war. Unlike tactical bombers, ...

s firing

air-launched cruise missile An air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) is a cruise missile that is launched from a military aircraft. Current versions are typically standoff weapons which are used to attack predetermined land targets with conventional, nuclear or thermonuclear p ...

s to hit what he said were the IS targets in Raqqa, Deir ez-Zor as well as targets in the provinces of Aleppo and Idlib. The Russian minister of defence said that, pursuant to Putin′s orders, the Russian aviation group - which, at the time, comprised more than 50 aircraft - begun further intensifying their campaign. In addition, Putin said he had issued orders for the cruiser ''Moskva'' that had been in eastern Mediterranean since the start of the Russian operations to "work as with an ally",{{cite web, url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34849063 , title=Russia steps up attacks against IS with missile bombardment, publisher=BBC, date=18 November 2015, access-date=19 November 2015 with the French naval group led by flagship {{ship, French aircraft carrier, Charles de Gaulle, , 2 that had been on its way to the eastern Mediterranean since early November. The following day, according to the Russian Defence ministry, strikes by long-range bombers firing cruise missiles in the same areas in Syria continued.{{cite web, url=http://ria.ru/syria_mission/20151118/1323723657.html, title=Авиация РФ нанесла второй массированный удар по объектам ИГ в Сирии, agency=RIA Novosti, date=18 November 2015, access-date=19 November 2015 The mass cruise missile strikes carried out against ISIS in Deir Ezzor province on 20 November resulted in the death of more than 600 militants according to the ministry. A Russian

Sukhoi Su-24 The Sukhoi Su-24 ( NATO reporting name: Fencer) is a supersonic, all-weather attack aircraft developed in the Soviet Union. The aircraft has a variable-sweep wing, twin-engines and a side-by-side seating arrangement for its crew of two. It wa ...

strike aircraft was shot down by a Turkish Air Force F-16 on 24 November 2015.{{cite news, title = Warplane crashes near Syria-Turkey border - CNN, url = http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/24/middleeast/warplane-crashes-near-syria-turkey-border/index.html, publisher = CNN, access-date = 24 November 2015 The pilot was shot and killed by Syrian rebels while descending by parachute, and the weapon systems officer was later rescued by Russian forces. A Russian marine was injured during the rescue operation and later died en route to a medical center. In the video the rebels shout "''

Allah Akbar The Takbir ( ar, تَكْبِير, , "magnification f God) is the name for the Arabic phrase ' (, ), meaning "God is the greatest". It is a common Arabic expression, used in various contexts by Muslims and Arabs around the world: in formal Sala ...

''" over the dead body of a Russian pilot. According to Turkey's statements presented to the UN Security Council, two planes, whose nationalities were unknown to them at the time, violated Turkish airspace over the

Yayladağı Yayladağı (), formerly Ordu, ( ar, اوردو, translit=ʾŪrdū; ) is a town and district of Hatay Province in southern Turkey, on the border between Turkey and Syria, south of the city of Antakya. History The district has a long history ...

province up to {{convert, 1.36, mi, km, order=flip, abbr=on for 17 seconds.{{cite web, title = Turkey's statement to the United Nations Security Council, url = http://live.aljazeera.com/Event/Turkey_downs_Russian_jet/207503335, publisher = Al Jazeera, access-date = 24 November 2015 According to Turkey, the planes disregarded the multiple warnings and were subsequently fired upon by Turkish F-16s patrolling the area. After the Turkish fire, one of the planes left Turkish airspace and the other crashed into Syrian territory. The Russian Ministry of Defense denied that any of their planes had violated Turkey's airspace, stating they had been flying south of the

province and provided two maps showing two different stated routes of the airplane (one of them with "impossible" turns and maneuvers). The incident followed incremental tensions between Russia and Turkey over reported repeated violations of Turkish airspace by Russian military jets (one of which Russia admitted{{citation needed, date=February 2020) and the Turkish prime minister′s statement of 17 October that Turkey would not hesitate to shoot down airplanes violating its airspace. Russia in response announced it would deploy additional air defense weapons in the area and accompany its bombers with fighter jets. On 26 November 2015, deployment of S-300 and

anti-aircraft systems was reported by Russia′s official news media,{{cite web , url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/2862671, title=Россия развернула в Сирии ЗРК С-400, publisher=Kommersant , date=26 November 2015 , access-date=26 November 2015 to Latakia and on board the cruiser ''Moskva''. At around the same time, Russia announced that it was preparing for more jet fighters and a new Russian combat brigade to be stationed at

Shayrat Airbase Shayrat Airbase is home to the Syrian Air Force 50th Air Brigade located in Homs. It has two runways and around 40 hardened aircraft shelters. Squadrons The brigade consists of three fighter squadrons: * 675th Fighter Squadron ( MIG-23s) * 677 ...

in Homs once in service for aiding the Syrian government troops in their ongoing

offensive Offensive may refer to: * Offensive, the former name of the Dutch political party Socialist Alternative * Offensive (military), an attack * Offensive language ** Fighting words or insulting language, words that by their very utterance inflict inj ...

against ISIL. On 29 November 2015, Russian aircraft were reported to have struck targets in the Syrian Idlib province, including the town of

Ariha Ariha ( ar, أَرِيحَا, ʾArīḥā, also called Rīḥā, ) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located south of Idlib. Nearby localities include Urum al-Jawz to the southwest, Sarjah to the sout ...

that had been captured by the

6 months prior, causing multiple casualties on the ground.{{cite web, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/20-killed-russian-air-strike-syrian-market-151129082103978.html, title=Deadly 'Russian airstrike' hits market in Syria's Idlib, publisher=Al Jazeera, date=29 November 2015, access-date=29 November 2015{{cite web, url= http://newsru.com/world/29nov2015/ariha.html, title=Российская авиация в Сирии разбомбила овощной рынок: минимум 40 погибших, work=

NEWSru NEWSru.com was a Russian online news site, based in Moscow, which had a government-critical orientation. History NEWSru.com was originally launched in 2000 at the address ntv.ru. When the government took over the NTV network in 2000, with the n ...

, date=29 November 2015, access-date=29 November 2015 Other targets hit included the

Turkistan Islamic Party The Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) or the Turkistan Islamic Movement (TIM), formerly known as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) and other names, is a Uyghur Islamic extremist organization founded in Western China. Its stated goals ar ...

's office in

and a relief office of

group in the town of

Saraqib Saraqib ( ar, سَرَاقِب, Sarāqib also spelled Saraqeb) is a city in northwestern Syria, administratively belonging to the Idlib Governorate, located east of Idlib. During the course of the Syrian Civil War, the city fell into rebel forces ...

December 2015 – February 2016

{{main, 2015–16 Latakia offensive, Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015), Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–16), Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016) On 1 December 2015, ''

The Times ''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' (fou ...

'', citing local sources and news media, reported that Russia was preparing to expand its military operations in Syria by opening the al-Shayrat airbase near the city of Homs, already home to Russian attack helicopters and a team that had arrived about a month prior.{{cite news , url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/article4628231.ece , title=Russia builds new base for more jets in Syria , work=The Times, date=1 December 2015 , access-date=1 December 2015, last1=Trew , first1=Tom Parfitt {{cite web , url=http://newsru.com/world/01dec2015/base.html, title=The Times: Россия готовится развернуть в Сирии вторую авиабазу, увеличив число самолетов и военных, publisher=NEWSru, date=1 December 2015 , access-date=1 December 2015 On 8 December, the Russian defence minister announced that a

Kilo-class submarine The Kilo class, Soviet designation Project 877 ''Paltus'' (russian: Па́лтус, meaning "halibut"), NATO reporting name Kilo, is a class of diesel-electric attack submarines originally designed in the 1970s and built in the Soviet Uni ...

, ''Rostov-on-Don'', had launched 3M14K cruise missiles while submerged, against ISIL targets in

, the first such strike from the Mediterranean Sea.{{cite web , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35041656 , title= Russia hits targets in Syria from Mediterranean submarine , publisher=BBC, date=8 December 2015 , access-date=9 December 2015 He also reported to the president that pursuant to Putin′s order, since 5 December the Russian military had intensified airstrikes in Syria: it was reported that over the 3 days, Russian aircraft, including Tu-22M3 strategic bombers, had performed over 300 sorties engaging over 600 targets of different type. On 11 December, in a televised meeting at the Defence ministry Vladimir Putin ordered the military in Syria to destroy any threatening targets: "I order you to act as tough as possible. Any target that poses a threat to Russian military grouping or ground infrastructure has to be destroyed immediately."{{cite web , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35070354 , title= Putin vows 'extremely tough' action on Syria threats, publisher=BBC, date=11 December 2015 , access-date=12 December 2015 He also appeared to suggest that the Russian military was now supporting the anti-government

forces; however, the Kremlin spokesman later said that Russia was only supplying weapons to "the legitimate authorities of the Syrian Arab Republic". On 16 December, Russia′s Defence minister

Sergey Shoigu Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu, ; tyv, Сергей Күжүгет оглу Шойгу, translit=Sergey Kyzhyget oglu Shoygu, . (russian: Сергей Кужугетович Шойгу; born 21 May 1955) is a Russian politician who has served as ...

speaking to the members of the

State Duma The State Duma (russian: Госуда́рственная ду́ма, r=Gosudárstvennaja dúma), commonly abbreviated in Russian as Gosduma ( rus, Госду́ма), is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, while the upper house ...

behind closed doors, mentioned a possible option of the Russian forces "reaching the

Euphrates The Euphrates () is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Tigris–Euphrates river system, Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia ( ''the land between the rivers'') ...

" in Syria.{{cite web , url= http://www.rbc.ru/politics/16/12/2015/56714d8b9a79475891a6cd5a, title=Шойгу рассказал депутатам о плане "дойти до Евфрата" в Сирии , publisher= RBC, date=16 December 2015 , access-date=16 December 2015 On 19 December, Russian president Putin commended the performance of the Russian armed forces in Syria; he said that "so far not all of our capabilities have been used" and that "more military means" might be employed there "if deemed necessary". On 21 December, the longest

of the year since Russian forces got involved back in September yielded important gains. According to pro-government sources and social media accounts, these included the recapture of the strategic Khanasser–Ithriya Highway from ISIL and capturing of the main rebel strongholds of Al-Hader and

Khan Tuman Khan Tuman ( ar, خان طومان) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Mount Simeon District of Aleppo Governorate, located southwest of Aleppo. Nearby localities include Urum al-Kubrah, Urum al-Sughrah, al-Shaykh Al ...

, cutting the Aleppo–Damascus highway and leaving them in control of three-quarters of the southern Aleppo countryside.{{cite web, url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/israeli-army-high-alert-hezbollah-promises-retaliate/, title=Hezbollah, Syrian Army control 3/4 of southern Aleppo after completing phase 2 of the offensive, author=Leith Fadel, work=Al-Masdar News, date=22 December 2015, access-date=23 December 2015, archive-date=13 August 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813115013/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/israeli-army-high-alert-hezbollah-promises-retaliate/, url-status=dead Heavy Russian airstrikes facilitated the pace of the Syrian Army which also saw the deployment of Russian special forces of the GRU for the first time in the war as military advisors, proving to be instrumental and effective against both ISIL and the rebels and their respective allies.{{citation needed, date=November 2020 On 25 December 2015, Chief of the Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces Lt. Gen. Sergey Rudskoy said that since 30 September 2015 Russian air force had conducted 5,240 sorties in Syria, including 145 sorties by long-range aviation. On 27 December 2015, Chief Commander of the Russian Aerospace Force Col. Gen. Viktor Bondarev stated that Russian pilots had never once attacked civilian targets in Syria. On 30 December 2015, heavy fighting was reported as the Syrian government forces backed by Russian air strikes advanced into the southern city of

Al-Shaykh Maskin Al-Shaykh Maskin ( ar, الشيخ مسكين, Al-Sheikh Meskīn), also spelled Sheikh Maskīn, Sheikh Miskeen, is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Daraa Governorate, located north of Daraa. Nearby localities include Ibta' and ...

, which had been held by the rebel Southern Front since the

First Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin The Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin ( ar, معركة الشيخ مسكين الأولى) started with a Syrian Arab Army attempt, during the Syrian Civil War, Syrian civil war in Daraa Governorate, to capture Al-Shaykh Maskin and thus secure the ...

in December 2014. The Syrian government′s offensive operation that had started on 28 December 2015 and completed by the end of January 2016 was said to be the government's first major assault in southern Syria since Russia joined the fight.{{cite web, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-syria-idUSL8N14J17C20151230 , title=Syrian army backed by jets clashes with rebels holding southern town, date=30 December 2015, work=Reuters, access-date=31 December 2015 In early January 2016, regional diplomats who had assumed Moscow had an understanding with Jordan and Israel not to extend into their sphere of influence were reported to be surprised by the growing Russian role in Syria′s south; so were rebels from Syria's Southern Front alliance whose forces were directly supplied by the Military Operations Command, an operations room staffed by Arab and Western military forces, including the US.{{cite web , url= http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/69cb93de-b552-11e5-8358-9a82b43f6b2f.html, title=Russia helps shift balance against rebels in southern Syria , work=Financial Times, date=7 January 2016 , access-date=8 January 2016 On 9 January 2016, Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that Russian air strikes in the northwestern town of

Maarrat al-Nu'man , timezone = EET , utc_offset = +3 , timezone_DST = EEST , utc_offset_DST = +2 , blank_name = Climate , blank_info = BSk , coordinates= , e ...

had killed about 60 persons, including 23 members of the

Nusra Front Al-Nusra Front or Jabhat al-Nusra ( ar, جبهة النصرة لأهل الشام, Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahl ish-Sham lit. ''Front of the Supporters of the People of Syria/the Levant''), known as Jabhat Fatah al-Sham ( ar, جبهة فتح ال ...

. In January 2016, the cruiser ''Varyag'' was deployed off Syria′s shore replacing

sister ship A sister ship is a ship of the same class or of virtually identical design to another ship. Such vessels share a nearly identical hull and superstructure layout, similar size, and roughly comparable features and equipment. They often share a ...

{{ship, Russian cruiser, Moskva, , 2 and was named

flagship A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the fi ...

of the Russian naval task force positioned in the eastern Mediterranean. On 14 January 2016, the Russian defence ministry said that the first joint bombing mission had been performed by Russian air force Su-25 fighters and Syrian air force

MiG-29 The Mikoyan MiG-29 (russian: Микоян МиГ-29; NATO reporting name: Fulcrum) is a twin-engine fighter aircraft designed in the Soviet Union. Developed by the Mikoyan design bureau as an air superiority fighter during the 1970s, the Mi ...

aircraft. Russia′s role was said to be essential in the government′s capture, on 24 January 2016, of the town of

Rabia Rabia or Rabiah is the transliteration of two Arabic names written differently in Arabic text however they may be written similarly in the Latin script: * An Arabic, usually male name (' ) meaning "Spring" * An Arabic, female name (' ) meaning " ...

, the last major town held by rebels in western Latakia province.{{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35395328 , title= Syria conflict: Major rebel town 'seized' in boost for Assad, publisher= BBC, access-date=24 January 2016, date=24 January 2016 The capture of Rabia, part of the government′s Latakia offensive, was said to threaten rebel supply lines from Turkey. At the end of January 2016, Russia, for the first time, deployed four Su-35S fighter jets, presumably equipped with the ''Khibiny'' electronic countermeasures (ECM) systems, to the Khmeimim base; on 1 February the Russian defence ministry said the aircraft had begun conducting missions in Syria.{{cite news, url= http://www.rg.ru/2016/02/01/istrebitel-site.html , script-title=ru:Россия перебросила в Сирию новейшие Су-35С , last=Птичкин, first= Сергей , date=1 February 2016, publisher=

, access-date=1 February 2016, language=ru A Russian military adviser died in a hospital in Syria on 1 February after suffering severe wounds when a Syrian army training center in Homs Province was shelled. Speaking shortly after the formal start of the UN-mediated Geneva Syria peace talks on 1 February, Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov said Russia would not stop its air strikes until Russia truly defeated "such terrorist organisations as Jabhat al-Nusra and ISIL″.{{cite news, url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-lavrov-idUKKCN0VC0SM , title= Lavrov: Russia won't stop Syria strikes until 'terrorists' defeated, work= Reuters, access-date=4 February 2016, date=3 February 2016 In early February 2016, intensive Russian strikes contributed to the success of the Syrian army and its allies′ offensive operation to the northwest of Aleppo that severed a major rebel supply line to Turkey.{{cite news, url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/backed-by-russian-jets-syrian-army-closes-in-on-aleppo_us_56b37778e4b08069c7a63e09, title= Backed By Russian Jets, Syrian Army Closes In On Aleppo, agency= Reuters, access-date=5 February 2016, date=4 February 2016{{cite web, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0VC169, title=Russia and Turkey trade accusations over Syria, author=Tom Perry, Jack Stubbs and Estelle Shirbon, website=

Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency was estab ...

, date=5 February 2016, agency=Reuters UK, access-date=5 February 2016

March 2016 – mid-October 2016

{{main, Palmyra offensive (March 2016), 2016 Aleppo summer campaign, Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016) On 1 March 2016, Russian foreign minister

said that the truce, formally referred to as a "

cessation of hostilities A ceasefire (also known as a truce or armistice), also spelled cease fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a temporary stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions. Ceasefires may be between state act ...

", that had been in effect from 27 February 2016 at 00:00 (Damascus time),{{cite news , work=Reuters, date=26 February 2016, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-un-idUSKCN0VZ2WM , title=U.N. demands Syria parties halt fighting, peace talks set for March 7 was largely holding and becoming more stable. According to the state–run

RIA Novosti RIA Novosti (russian: РИА Новости), sometimes referred to as RIAN () or RIA (russian: РИА, label=none) is a Russian state-owned domestic news agency. On 9 December 2013 by a decree of Vladimir Putin it was liquidated and its asse ...

′s report of 1 March 2016, all the planes at the Russian Khmeimim base had been grounded for four days. On 1 March, the Russian defense ministry said it had deployed to the Khmeimim base additional radars and drones: three sets of surveillance equipment which included drones and two radar stations. On 14 March 2016, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced that the mission which he had set for the Russian military in Syria was "on the whole accomplished" and ordered withdrawal of the "main part" of the Russian forces from Syria.{{cite news , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35807689 , title=Syria conflict: Russia's Putin orders 'main part' of forces out , work=

BBC World Service The BBC World Service is an international broadcasting, international broadcaster owned and operated by the BBC, with funding from the Government of the United Kingdom, British Government through the Foreign Secretary, Foreign Secretary's o ...

, date=14 March 2016 , access-date=14 March 2016 The move was announced on the day when peace talks on Syria resumed in Geneva.{{cite news , last=Dyomkin , first=Denis , url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-pullout-idUSKCN0WG23C , title=Putin orders start of Russian forces' withdrawal from Syria , work=

, date=14 March 2016 , access-date=14 March 2016 The Russian leader, however, did not give a deadline for the completion of the withdrawal. He also said that both Russian military bases in Syria ( naval base in Tartus and airbase in Khmeimim) will continue to operate in "routine mode", as the Russian servicemen there will be engaged in monitoring the ceasefire regime. International Mine Action Center in Syria (2016-04-07) 10

International Mine Action Center in Syria (2016-04-07) 10

In mid-March 2016, intensive operations by the Russian forces resumed to support the Syrian government′s bid to recapture the city of

Tadmur Palmyra (; ar, تَدْمُر, Tadmor; Palmyrene: ''Tadmor'') is a city in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate. It is located in an oasis in the middle of the Syrian Desert northeast of Damascus and southwest of the Eu ...

that includes the

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...

World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for h ...

Palmyra Palmyra (; Palmyrene: () ''Tadmor''; ar, تَدْمُر ''Tadmur'') is an ancient city in present-day Homs Governorate, Syria. Archaeological finds date back to the Neolithic period, and documents first mention the city in the early second ...

, which were fully recaptured from ISIS on 27 March. Following the recapture of the city, Russian de-mining teams engaged in the clearing of mines planted by ISIS in the ancient site of Palmyra. In early May 2016, news media reported that Russian ground forces had set up what

Jane's Information Group Jane's Information Group, now styled Janes, is a global open-source intelligence company specialising in military, national security, aerospace and transport topics, whose name derives from British author Fred T. Jane. History Jane's Informatio ...

called a ″forward operating base″ (officially a base for the mining crews) just to the west of the city of Tadmur, and installed an air-defence system to protect the site. In mid-May 2016,

Stratfor Strategic Forecasting Inc., commonly known as Stratfor, is an American geopolitics publisher and consultancy founded in 1996. Stratfor's business model is to provide individual and enterprise subscriptions to Stratfor Worldview, its online public ...

reported that a Russian air base was attacked and four Russian attack helicopters, 20 supply trucks and one Syrian Mig-25 were destroyed.{{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36368346, title=Syria conflict: IS 'destroyed helicopters' at Russian base, publisher=BBC, date=24 May 2016, access-date=24 May 2016{{cite news, last1=Eremenko, first1=Alexey, last2=Ortiz, first2=Erik, url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/blasts-hit-syria-s-strategic-tiyas-base-used-russians-stratfor-n579471, title=Blasts Hit Syria's Strategic Tiyas Base Used by Russians: Stratfor, publisher=NBC News, date=24 May 2016, access-date=24 May 2016 However, United States media cited intelligence community sources as believing the destruction was caused by an accidental fuel tank explosion, that the Stratfor analysis was wrong and that there were no indications of an ISIS attack on the airport.{{cite web, url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/05/25/russian-attack-helicopters-destroyed-in-syria-us-officials-say-accident-to-blame.html, title=Russian attack helicopters destroyed in Syria; US officials say 'accident' to blame, publisher=Fox News, date=25 May 2016, access-date=25 May 2016 Russian firebombs in northern Aleppo

On 8 July 2016, a Syrian

Mi-25 The Mil Mi-24 (russian: Миль Ми-24; NATO reporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship, attack helicopter and low-capacity troop transport with room for eight passengers. It is produced by Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant and has been op ...

(a Russian

, according to other unofficial military sources) was destroyed on the ground from a United States-made

BGM-71 TOW The BGM-71 TOW ("Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided") is an American anti-tank missile. TOW replaced much smaller missiles like the SS.10 and ENTAC, offering roughly twice the effective range, a more powerful warhead, and a greatly ...

east of Palmyra, with two Russian pilots confirmed dead. A few days after, Russia announced it had employed strategic Tu-22M3 bombers, for the first time since the partial ceasefire came into force, to deliver airstrikes on terrorist targets east of the towns of Palmyra and Al-Sukhnah, and the village of Arak.{{citation needed, date=February 2020 On 1 August 2016, a Russian Mi-8AMTSh transport helicopter was shot down on its way back to the Khmeimim base from a humanitarian mission to Aleppo by ground fire over

Jabhat Fateh al-Sham Al-Nusra Front or Jabhat al-Nusra ( ar, جبهة النصرة لأهل الشام, Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahl ish-Sham lit. ''Front of the Supporters of the People of Syria/the Levant''), known as Jabhat Fatah al-Sham ( ar, جبهة فتح ال ...

-controlled area in Idlib province. Three crew members and two officers from the

Russian Reconciliation Center for Syria The Russian Reconciliation Center for Syria, officially known as the Centre for Reconciliation of Opposing Sides and Refugee Migration Monitoring in the Syrian Arab Republic, founded 23 February 2016, states that it is a "peace monitoring center an ...

were killed in the crush, then their corpses were desecrated by the rebels arrived on the scene. On 16 August 2016, Russian Tu-22M bombers and Su-34 strike fighters began to use Iran′s Hamedan Airbase for conducting raids over Syria. For a period of time, from late June until the end of the Summer Aleppo campaign on 11 September, Russian Aerospace Forces and the

Russian naval infantry The Russian Naval Infantry (MPR; ), often referred to as Russian Marines in the West, operate as the naval infantry of the Russian Navy. Established in 1705, they are capable of conducting amphibious operations as well as operating as more tradit ...

advisors were heavily involved in the various battles against the rebels and their allies throughout the campaign.{{cite web, url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-troops-head-aleppo-city/, title=Russian troops head to Aleppo City, first=Leith, last=Fadel, date=29 August 2016, publisher=

Al-Masdar News ''Al-Masdar News'' (sometimes abbreviated ''AMN'') ( ar, المصدر نيوز) is an online newspaper founded by Leith Abou Fadel. Al-Masdar is Arabic for "the source". ''Al-Masdar''s coverage focuses largely on conflict zones in the Middle E ...

, access-date=30 August 2016, archive-date=9 October 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009120836/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-troops-head-aleppo-city/, url-status=dead Russia′s air force took active part in the Syrian government′s re-newed Aleppo offensive that began in late September 2016, one of the consequences being the U.S. government in early October suspending talks on Syria with Russia.{{cite web, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/syria-war-aleppo-hospital-hit-time-161003154906472.html, publisher=Al Jazeera, title=Syria′s war:US suspends, date=4 October 2016 The Russian tactics and weapons used in the offensive have been compared to those used in Grozny against Chechen separatists.{{cite news, title=The agony of Aleppo, url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21707937-americas-ceasefire-deal-russia-never-stood-chance-agony-aleppo, access-date=12 October 2016, newspaper=

The Economist ''The Economist'' is a British weekly newspaper printed in demitab format and published digitally. It focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, technology, and culture. Based in London, the newspaper is owned by The Econo ...

, date=1 October 2016{{cite news, title=Putin Is Playing by Grozny Rules in Aleppo, url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/29/putin-is-playing-by-chechen-rules-in-aleppo-syria-russia/, access-date=12 October 2016, work=FP{{cite news, author1=David Gardner, title=Russia aims to turn Aleppo into another Grozny, url=https://www.ft.com/content/5f59f6ee-84a4-11e6-8897-2359a58ac7a5, access-date=12 October 2016, work=Financial Times, date=28 September 2016{{cite news , first1=Alan , last1=Philps, title=Memories of Grozny drive Putin's Aleppo campaign, url=http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/memories-of-grozny-drive-putins-aleppo-campaign, access-date=12 October 2016, work=The National, date=29 September 2016 The U.S. government publicly stated that Russia was committing ″flagrant violations of international law″ in Syria and urged investigation of war crimes.US-Russian Feud Over Syria Escalates with Talk of War Crimes
VOA, 7 October 2016.

Mid-October 2016 – December 2016

{{main, Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016), Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016) Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier

International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_(Aleppo)_45

On 15 October 2016, the

aircraft carrier An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a ...

{{ship, Russian aircraft carrier, Admiral Kuznetsov, , 2 sailed from

Kola Bay Kola Bay (russian: Кольский залив) or Murmansk Fjord is a 57-km-long fjord of the Barents Sea that cuts into the northern part of the Kola Peninsula. It is up to 7 km wide and has a depth of 200 to 300 metres. The Tuloma, Rosta ...

at the centre of a task group, which included the ''Kirov''-class missile cruiser {{ship, Russian battlecruiser, Pyotr Velikiy, , 2, a pair of {{sclass, Udaloy, destroyer, 1s and other vessels, to deploy to the Mediterranean in support of Russian forces operating in Syria. ''Admiral Kuznetsov''{{'s jets were reported to be flying off the Syrian coast on 8 November. On 14 November, a MiG-29K crashed en route back to the carrier following a planned mission over Syria, while an Su-33 crashed, again while trying to recover to ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' following a sortie on 5 December. On 17 November 2016, the Russian ministry of defence said that three "well-known" commanders of Al-Qaeda's Syria affiliate formerly known as Al-Nusra Front, among other "terrorists", had been killed in Russian strikes fired by Su-33 fighter jets based on ''Admiral Kuznetsov'', in the province of Idlib.{{citation needed, date=February 2020 Other ships as well as

K-300P Bastion-P The K-300P ''Bastion-P'' (NATO reporting name SS-C-5 Stooge) is a Russian mobile coastal defence missile system. The system was developed together with the Belarusian company '' Tekhnosoyuzproekt''. Design The main role of the Bastion-P is to eng ...

were also reported to have taken part in a renewed bombing campaign, after a partial hiatus in the raids since 18 October. In late November, satellite images emerged showing several of ''Admiral Kuznetsov''{{'s fixed wing aircraft operating from Hmeimim Air Base in

Latakia , coordinates = , elevation_footnotes = , elevation_m = 11 , elevation_ft = , postal_code_type = , postal_code = , area_code = Country code: 963 City code: 41 , geocode ...

, with suggestions made that the number of

sortie A sortie (from the French word meaning ''exit'' or from Latin root ''surgere'' meaning to "rise up") is a deployment or dispatch of one military unit, be it an aircraft, ship, or troops, from a strongpoint. The term originated in siege warfare. ...

s flown from the carrier is less than has been suggested by the Russian

Ministry of Defence {{unsourced, date=February 2021 A ministry of defence or defense (see spelling differences), also known as a department of defence or defense, is an often-used name for the part of a government responsible for matters of defence, found in states ...

. Problems with the ship's

arrestor cables An arresting gear, or arrestor gear, is a mechanical system used to rapidly decelerate an aircraft as it lands. Arresting gear on aircraft carriers is an essential component of naval aviation, and it is most commonly used on CATOBAR and STOB ...

was cited as being part of the reason for the crash of the MiG-29K, which was circling the ship when it suffered an engine failure. At around the same time, an image was released by the

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

frigate {{HNLMS, De Ruyter, F804, 6 showing the {{sclass2, Nanuchka, corvette, 2 ''Mirazh'' being towed back to the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Roma ...

. By mid-December 2016 the Syrian government, with the help of its allies including

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

, re-established control of Aleppo.

January 2017 – June 2017

{{see also, Syrian Civil War ceasefires#Third ceasefire attempt (December 2016 – February 2017), Palmyra offensive (2017), East Aleppo offensive (January–April 2017), Eastern Homs offensive (2017), Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017) On 1 January 2017, Russian and Turkish warplanes conducted joint airstrikes against ISIL as part of the

Battle of al-Bab The Battle of al-Bab was a battle for the city of al-Bab in the Aleppo Governorate that included a military offensive launched by Syrian rebel groups (including groups affiliated with the Free Syrian Army) and the Turkish Armed Forces north of a ...

.{{cite web, url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-russia-continue-joint-airstrikes-against-isil-near-al-bab.aspx?pageID=238&nID=108021&NewsCatID=352, title=Turkey, Russia continue joint airstrikes against ISIL near al-Bab, work=

Hürriyet Daily News The ''Hürriyet Daily News'', formerly ''Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review'' and ''Turkish Daily News'', is the oldest current English-language daily in Turkey, founded in 1961. The paper was bought by the Doğan Media Group in 2001 and ...

, date=2 January 2017 On 6 January, the Russian Defense Ministry, with a reference to a Moscow/Ankara-brokered ceasefire effective as of 30 December 2016, announced the start of a drawdown of its forces from Syria, pursuant to a decision taken by President Putin; the first element scheduled to depart the region was announced to be the ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' battle group. However, five days afterwards, a

Fox News The Fox News Channel, abbreviated FNC, commonly known as Fox News, and stylized in all caps, is an American multinational conservative cable news television channel based in New York City. It is owned by Fox News Media, which itself is owne ...

report cited ″two U.S. officials″ as saying that additional attack aircraft had been deployed by Russia to its airbase in Syria, namely four Su-25 jets had arrived on 9 January. On 13 January, the

Syrian Arab Army The Syrian Army, officially the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) ( ar, الْجَيْشُ الْعَرَبيُّ السُّورِيُّ, al-Jayš al-ʿArabī as-Sūrī), is the army, land force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces. It is the dominant military ...

launched an offensive against

in the Eastern

Homs Governorate Homs Governorate ( ar, مُحافظة حمص / ALA-LC: ''Muḥāfaẓat Ḥimṣ'') is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in central Syria. Its area differs in various sources, from to . It is thus geographical ...

with the goal of recapturing

and its surrounding countryside. ISIL forces had retaken the city in a sudden counterattack. On 2 March 2017, the city of Palmyra was captured with the aid of Russian airstrikes and special operations forces according to Sergey Rudskoy, the chief of the

’s operations department.{{citation needed, date=November 2020 On 5 March, a brand new

was launched which captured more than 230 square miles of territory around the city in a bid to expand the buffer zone around Palmyra. On 20 March, it was reported that Russia set up a training base in

Afrin Canton Afrin Canton ( ku, Kantona Efrînê, ar, مقاطعة عفرين, syc, ܦܠܩܐ ܕܥܦܪܝܢ, translit=Pelqā dha-ʻAfrin) was one of the cantons of Rojava. Syria's Afrin District fell under the control of the People's Protection Units (YPG) arou ...

to train

YPG The People's Defense Units (YPG), (YPG) ; ar, وحدات حماية الشعب, Waḥdāt Ḥimāyat aš-Šaʽb) also called People's Protection Units, is a mainly-Kurds in Syria, Kurdish militia in Syria and the primary component of the ...

units in order to combat terrorism, however there were conflicting reports about where this base was set up, with

reporting it was in

Jandairis Jindires ( ar, جنديرس, also spelled, Jandairis, Jandires, Jendires, Jendeires, or Jandarus; Kurdish: Cindirês or Cindirêsê) is a town in northern Syria in the Afrin District of the Aleppo Governorate. It is located on the Afrin River, no ...

and pro-government

Al Masdar News ''Al-Masdar News'' (sometimes abbreviated ''AMN'') ( ar, المصدر نيوز) is an online newspaper founded by Leith Abou Fadel. Al-Masdar is Arabic for "the source". ''Al-Masdar''s coverage focuses largely on conflict zones in the Middle E ...

locating it in the village of Kafr Jannah. At various times, Afrin was the target of artillery shelling by Islamist rebel groups as well as by

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

.{{cite web , url=https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/community/2016/02/24/afrin-and-the-race-for-the-azaz-corridor , title=Afrin and the Race for the Azaz Corridor, author=Thomas Schmidinger, publisher=Newsdeeply, date=24 February 2016 , access-date=23 October 2016 In response, Russian troops reportedly stationed themselves in Afrin as part of an agreement to protect the YPG from further Turkish attacks. Russia scaled back its airstrikes in Syria in January and February, so that for the first time casualties due to US-led Coalition airstrikes in Syria and Iraq began to exceed casualties of Russian strikes in Syria. However, strikes increased in March 2017, with a reported 114 incidents with 165–292 reported non-combatant deaths, primarily in Idlib province, Hama and the Damascus eastern suburbs.{{cite web , title=International airstrikes and civilian casualty claims in Iraq and Syria: March 2017 , website=Airwars , date=13 April 2017 , url=https://airwars.org/report/international-airstrikes-and-civilian-casualty-claims-in-iraq-and-syria-march-2017/ , access-date=4 January 2019 In response to the downing of a Syrian government Su-22 plane by a U.S. fighter jet near the town of Tabqah in Raqqa province on 18 June 2017, Russia announced that U.S.-led coalition warplanes flying west of the Euphrates would be tracked by Russian anti-aircraft forces in the sky and on the ground and treated as targets; furthermore, the Russian military said they suspended the hotline with their U.S. counterparts based in Al Udeid. In the wake of the announcement, Australia suspended its military flights in Syria, while media reports stated that the U.S. might be edging towards a full-on confrontation with Russia and Iran in Syria. Nevertheless, on 27 June 2017, U.S. Secretary of Defense

Jim Mattis James Norman Mattis (born September 8, 1950) is a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general who served as the 26th US secretary of defense from 2017 to 2019. During his 44 years in the Marine Corps, he commanded forces in the Persia ...

reassured the press: ″We deconflict with the Russians; it is a very active

deconfliction line A deconfliction line is an official line of communications established between militaries who are or could be hostile, to avoid dangerous misunderstandings and miscalculations based on ignorance. The ultimate aim is to avoid accidents and conflict ...

. It is on several levels, from the

chairman The chairperson, also chairman, chairwoman or chair, is the presiding officer of an organized group such as a board, committee, or deliberative assembly. The person holding the office, who is typically elected or appointed by members of the grou ...

of the

Joint Chiefs The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is the body of the most senior uniformed leaders within the United States Department of Defense, that advises the president of the United States, the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council and the ...

and the secretary of state with their counterparts in Moscow, General Gerasimov and Minister Lavrov. Then we've got a three-star deconfliction line that is out of the Joints Chiefs of Staff, out of the J5 there. Then we have battlefield deconfliction lines. One of them is three-star again, from our field commander in Baghdad, and one of them is from our

CAOC Combined Air Operations Centres (CAOCs) are multinational headquarters for tactical and operational control of NATO Air Forces below the Joint Force Command level''. They operate within the NATO Integrated Air Defense System (NATINADS) framework. ...

, our Combined Air Operations Center, for real-time deconfliction.″

July 2017 – December 2017

{{see also, Central Syria campaign (July–October 2017), Hama offensive (September 2017), Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017) On 24 July, the Russian military announced that Russia had begun to deploy

military police Military police (MP) are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state. In wartime operations, the military police may support the main fighting force with force protection, convoy security, screening, rear recon ...

to Syria to monitor a cease-fire in two new safe (de-escalation) zones that had been envisaged in the plan on four safe zones, tentatively agreed upon by Russia, Iran, and Turkey in May, and mapped out in early July by Russia, the U.S, and Jordan: checkpoints and monitoring posts around safe zones in southwest Syria and in Eastern Ghouta were said to have been set up. Another such deployment was effected in early August — north of the city of Homs. In August 2017, the Russian military announced that Al-Sukhnah town was captured from ISIS in early August with support of the Russian Aerospace Forces. Russian aviation said they had conducted 28,000 combat missions, and about 90,000 strikes as of late August 2017 during the operation in Syria. On 5 September 2017, the Russian defence ministry said that the breaking of the three-year siege of Deir ez-Zor had been effected with active participation of Russian aviation and navy. President Putin congratulated both President Bashar Assad and the Russian commanders on "a very important strategic victory" (in his spokesman′s words). Humanitarian aid was delivered to pro-government inhabitants of the city by the Russian servicemen. The Russian aviation continued active support of the Syrian forces operating in Deir ez-Zor.Syrian forces break ISIS siege of Deir ez-Zor airfield after Russian air strike

TASS The Russian News Agency TASS (russian: Информацио́нное аге́нтство Росси́и ТАСС, translit=Informatsionnoye agentstvo Rossii, or Information agency of Russia), abbreviated TASS (russian: ТАСС, label=none) ...

, 9 September 2017. The Russian military on 12 September said that 85 percent of Syria's territory had been ″liberated from illegal armed formations″ and the operation would continue. On 16 September, the U.S.-led coalition officials said Russian warplanes had bombed U.S.-backed militants in Deir ez-Zor, U.S. Special Operations Forces advising the SDF being "at most a couple of miles" away from where the bomb struck; the statement was denied by the Russian defence ministry. According to the Russian defence ministry, the Military Police platoon (29 servicemen) deployed as part of the de-escalation observation forces in the Idlib de-escalation zone was on 19 September encircled by rebels, including Jabhat al-Nusra, as a result of their

against the Syrian troops positioned north and northeast of Hama; the encirclement was breached by Russian forces in a special operation leaving three servicemen of the Russian Special Operations Forces were wounded. The Russian ministry stated that according to their intelligence, the rebels′ ″offensive was initiated by the US special agencies in order to stop successful advance of the Syrian Arab Army to the east from Deir ez-Zor″. The Russian ministry′s statement on the U.S.′ role in the rebels′ offensive was the following day endorsed by president Vladimir Putin′s

spokesman A spokesperson, spokesman, or spokeswoman, is someone engaged or elected to speak on behalf of others. Duties and function In the present media-sensitive world, many organizations are increasingly likely to employ professionals who have receiv ...

. On 21 September, the Russian MoD, in connection with what it called the U.S.-supported SDF having twice attacked positions of the Syrian Army in the Deir ez-Zor governorate with mortar and rocket fire, said: "Russia unequivocally told the commanders of U.S. forces in

Al Udeid Air Base Al Udeid Air Base ( ar, قاعدة العديد الجوية) is one of two military bases southwest of Doha, Qatar, also known as Abu Nakhlah Airport (). It houses the Qatar Emiri Air Force, United States Air Force, Royal Air Force, and othe ...

(Qatar) that it will not tolerate any shelling from the areas where the SDF are stationed. Fire from positions in regions ontrolled by the SDFwill be suppressed by all means necessary." In early October, the Russian MoD continued to state that the U.S. forces were disguisedly supporting of the ISIL′s attacks on Syrian government forces, especially from the area at

Al-Tanf Al-Waleed border crossing ( ar, نقطة الوليد الحدودية العراقية, also spelled al-Walid), known in Syria as al-Tanf, is one of three official border crossings between Iraq and Syria. It is located in the Ar-Rutba District ...

, and stated: "If the United States views such operations as unforeseen 'coincidences,' then the Russian air force in Syria is prepared to begin the complete destruction of all such 'coincidences' in the zones under their control." The MoD statement of 6 October referred to ″unlawful establishment by the U.S. of l-Tanfmilitary base″ and called it ″a 100-kilometer black hole" on the Syria-Jordan border. On 11 December, days after declaring Syria had been "completely liberated" from ISIL and with the campaign liberating the western bank of the Euphrates in its final days, Russian president

visited the Russian base in Syria, where he announced that he had ordered the partial withdrawal of the forces deployed to Syria. Several hours later, Sergei Shoigu said the troops had already begun to return. On 26 December, defence minister Sergey Shoigu said that Russia had set about ″forming a permanent grouping" at the Tartus naval facility and the Hmeymim airbase, after president Putin approved the structure and the personnel strength of the Tartus and Hmeymim bases.Россия начала формировать постоянную группировку в Тартусе и Хмеймиме
TASS, 26 December 2017.{{Cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-bases/russia-establishing-permanent-presence-at-its-syria-bases-ria-cites-minister-idUSKBN1EK0HD, title=Russia establishing permanent presence at its Syria bases: RIA, date=26 December 2017, work=Reuters On the same day, the upper chamber of parliament approved the ratification of an agreement between Russia and Syria on expanding the Tartus naval facility, which envisages turning it into a full-fledged naval base.

January 2018 – August 2018

{{main, Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017 – February 2018), Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018), 2018 Southern Syria offensive In January—February 2018, the Russian air force continued to provide combat support to the Syrian Army in its offensive operations in the

Hama Governorate Hama Governorate ( ar, مُحافظة حماة / ALA-LC: ''Muḥāfaẓat Ḥamā'') is one of the 14 Governorates of Syria, governorates of Syria. It is situated in western-central Syria, bordering Idlib Governorate, Idlib and Aleppo Governorates ...

and the

Idlib Governorate Idlib Governorate ( ar, مُحافظة ادلب / ALA-LC: ''Muḥāfaẓat Idlib'') is one of the 14 governorates of Syria. It is situated in northwestern Syria, bordering Turkey's Hatay province to the north, Aleppo Governorate to the east, Hama ...

. The Russian forces stationed in Syria

lost Lost may refer to getting lost, or to: Geography *Lost, Aberdeenshire, a hamlet in Scotland * Lake Okeechobee Scenic Trail, or LOST, a hiking and cycling trail in Florida, US History *Abbreviation of lost work, any work which is known to have bee ...

a Su-25SM in the

Idlib province Idlib Governorate ( ar, مُحافظة ادلب / ALA-LC: ''Muḥāfaẓat Idlib'') is one of the 14 governorates of Syria. It is situated in northwestern Syria, bordering Turkey's Hatay province to the north, Aleppo Governorate to the east, Hama ...

on 3 February 2018. Following reports about multiple Russian private contractor casualties in the U.S. air and artillery strike on pro-government forces near the town of

Khasham Khasham ( ar, خِشَام, Khišām) is a Syrian town located in Deir ez-Zor District, Deir ez-Zor , population_urban = , population_density_urban_km2 = , population_density_urban_sq_mi = , population_blank1_title = Ethnicities ...

in the

Deir ez-Zor Governorate Deir ez-Zor Governorate ( ar, مُحافظة دير الزور / ALA-LC: ''Muḥāfaẓat Dayr az-Zawr'') is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in eastern Syria, bordering Iraq. It has an area of 33,060 km2 ( ...

that occurred on 7 February 2018, the contingent of regular Russian forces stationed in Syria appeared to have been reinforced,В Сирии замечены новейшие российские истребители – на фоне активизации армии Асада и недовольства действиями США

, 22 February 2018. though numerous witnesses of the strike dismissed the reports as untrue and did not confirm Russian mercenary participation. Namely, in mid-February, several Russian newest fifth generation

Sukhoi Su-57 The Sukhoi Su-57 (russian: Сухой Су-57; NATO reporting name: Felon) is a Twinjet, twin-engine stealth Multirole combat aircraft, multirole fighter aircraft developed by Sukhoi. It is the product of the PAK FA (russian: ПАК ФА, russ ...

fighter aircraft were deployed to the

Khmeimim air base Khmeimim Air Base (Russian: Хмеймим), also Hmeimim Air Base, is a Syrian airbase currently operated by Russia, located south-east of the city of Latakia in Hmeimim, Latakia Governorate, Syria. The airbase shares some airfield faciliti ...

in Syria; the deployment was interpreted by commentators as a possible response to the deployment of U.S. fifth-generation

Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor The Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor is an American single-seat, twin-engine, all-weather stealth tactical fighter aircraft developed for the United States Air Force (USAF). As the result of the USAF's Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program, th ...

, which took part in the 7 February strike.СМИ сообщили о прибытии еще двух истребителей Су-57 в Сирию‍
RIA Novosti, 24 February 2018. In June and July 2018, Russian forces actively supported the Syrian Army in the successful execution of the Southern Syria offensive, which resulted in the Syrian government′s complete control of

Daraa Daraa ( ar, دَرْعَا, Darʿā, Levantine Arabic: , also Darʿā, Dara’a, Deraa, Dera'a, Dera, Derʿā and Edrei; means "''fortress''", compare Dura-Europos) is a city in southwestern Syria, located about north of the border with Jordan ...

and

Quneitra , ''Qunayṭrawi'' or ''Qunayṭirawi'' , population_density_metro_sq_mi = , population_urban = , population_density_urban_km2 = , population_density_urban_sq_mi = , population_blank1_title = , population_bla ...

provinces. In August, Russia began to set up observation posts in Quneitra, along the UN-patrolled

demilitarised zone A demilitarized zone (DMZ or DZ) is an area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities, or personnel. A DZ often lies along an established frontier or bounda ...

in the

Golan Heights The Golan Heights ( ar, هَضْبَةُ الْجَوْلَانِ, Haḍbatu l-Jawlān or ; he, רמת הגולן, ), or simply the Golan, is a region in the Levant spanning about . The region defined as the Golan Heights differs between di ...

; plans for eight such Russian-manned posts were announced. By mid-August, four such

-manned posts along the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, Bravo line were set up. At the end of August, the Russian media reported Russia was building up the largest ever naval grouping in eastern Mediterranean that included the Russian cruiser Marshal Ustinov, cruiser ''Marshal Ustinov'' and all the three {{sclass, Admiral Grigorovich, frigate, 4 frigates in service, including the latest Russian frigate Admiral Makarov, ''Admiral Makarov''. Speaking after talks with the Saudi Arabian foreign minister Adel al-Jubeir in Moscow on 29 August, Russia′s foreign minister, in a reference to the Idlib rebel-held enclave, said, "[T]his festering abscess needs to be liquidated.″ Additionally, the Embassy of Russia in Washington, D.C., Russian Embassy in Washington, D.C. published ambassador Anatoly Antonov′s warning to the U.S. against ″yet another unprovoked and illegal aggression against Syria" on the pretext of a staged chemical attack. On 30 August, the Russian MoD said it would conduct large-scale drills in eastern Mediterranean that would involve 25 ships and 30 planes. The drills would take place from 1 September until 8 September and the area would be closed for other countries′ vessels and aircraft. The announcement was made amidst reports of the impending Syrian government′s offensive in the Idlib province and anticipated military reaction on the part of the U.S.

September 2018 – March 2019

{{main, As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018) On 17 September 2018, during Syria missile strikes (September 2018), multiple missile strikes by Israeli F-16 jets at targets in western Syria, Russia′s Ilyushin Il-18V, Il-20 ELINT reconnaissance plane returning to Khmeimim Air Base, with 15 Russian servicemen on board, was inadvertently downed by a Syrian S-200 (missile), S-200 surface-to-air missile. Russia′s defence minister the following day blamed Israel′s military for the accidentШойгу: Россия не оставит без ответа действия Израиля, приведшие к гибели экипажа Ил-20: Глава Минобороны РФ заявил, что израильские истребители нанесли удары без предупреждения
TASS, 18 September 2018. and re-affirmed its stance in a minute-by-minute report presented on 23 September.Минобороны РФ предоставило факты, указывающие на вину Израиля в крушении Ил-20 в Сирии: В ведомстве отметили, что действия израильских летчиков-истребителей говорят как минимум о преступной халатности

, 23 September 2018.Создали угрозу: Российские военные целиком возложили вину за гибель самолета Ил-20 на Израиль

, 23 September 2018. Early on 20 September, Russia′s government-run news agency reported Russia had announced multiple areas of eastern Mediterranean ″near Syria, Lebanon, and Cyprus" shut for air and sea traffic until 26 September, due to the Russian Navy′s drills in the area. Following the shoot down incident, Shoigu on 24 September said that within two weeks, the Syrian army would receive S-300 missile system, S-300 air-defense missile systems to strengthen Syria′s combat air defence capabilities; a series of other military measures were announced such as radio-electronic jamming of "satellite navigation, onboard radars and communications systems used by military aircraft attacking targets in Syrian territory", in the areas of the Mediterranean off the Syrian coast.Syria to get Russia's S-300 air-defense missile system within two weeks
TASS, 24 September 2018.Россия передаст Сирии С-300 в течение двух недель
Kommersant, 24 September 2018. On 8 November, according to the Ministry of Defence (Russia), Russian MOD, Russian special forces stationed at the Russian Reconciliation Center for Syria, Russian Reconciliation Center either directly participated or guided the Syrian Arab Army in a successful special operation which rescued all the 19 remaining hostages alive, held by ISIL north-east of

. Some reports stated the possibility of Russian special forces being covertly deployed in the province of al-Suwayda to support the Syrian Army advance on ISIS positions in the al-Safa area for the As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018), remainder of the offensive.
{{cite news , last=Frantzman , first=Seth J. , title=ISIS releases six Druze hostages , publisher=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com , date=20 October 2018 , url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/ISIS-releases-six-Druze-hostages-569832 , access-date=29 October 2018{{cite news , title=ISIS releases six of 27 Druze hostages in Syria , work=The National , url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/isis-releases-six-of-27-druze-hostages-in-syria-1.782383 , access-date=29 October 2018{{cite news , title=Islamic State releases six Syrian hostages who were kidnapped in July , work=Haaretz , date=20 October 2018 , url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/isis/islamic-state-releases-six-syrian-hostages-who-were-kidnapped-in-july-1.6574416 , access-date=29 October 2018{{cite news , title=ISIS 'releases six' of 27 Druze hostages in exchange for prisoner swap, ransom , publisher=Al Arabiya English , date=20 October 2018 , url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2018/10/20/ISIS-releases-six-of-27-Druze-hostages-in-exchange-for-prisoner-swap-ransom.html , access-date=29 October 2018 The Russian Ministry of Defense reported that 68,000 Russian army servicemen had so far taken part in the Syrian intervention by 3 January 2019. On 8 January 2019, Russian military units began patrolling areas in and around the vicinity of

, including Arima, Syria, Arima.{{cite news , last=Sly , first=Liz , title=Turkey and the Kurds turn to Russia to solve problems sparked by U.S. exit from Syria , newspaper=The Washington Post , date=2019-01-09 , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/turkey-and-the-kurds-turn-to-russia-to-solve-problems-sparked-by-us-exit-from-syria/2019/01/09/7328cbba-142a-11e9-ab79-30cd4f7926f2_story.html , access-date=2020-04-28 On 13 March 2019, the Russian defence ministry said its jets had bombed Hayat Tahrir al-Sham′s targets in the Idlib, city of Idlib, the operation having been cleared with Turkey. According to mass media reports, a displacement camp, as well as a prison were hit.

April 2019 – September 2019

{{main, Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019) Fighting intensified in Idlib and nearby areas at the end of April 2019, Syrian and Russian forces striking the rebel targets. On 13 June, the Russian military said fighting in the Idlib de-escalation zone had subsided as a result of a ceasefire agreement reached on Russia’s initiative that came into force the day prior. By 10 July 2019, the government offensive in Idlib was judged to have reached a standstill, Russia’s ties with Turkey cited as the main brake on any full-scale attempt to take the entire northwest. On 18 July, rebel commanders were cited by

as saying that Russia had sent special forces to fight alongside Syrian army troops in northwestern Syria; Russia's defense ministry said these were false allegations. On 29 August, the warplanes of Assad regime and Russia killed seven civilians in attacks in northwestern Syria. The region had been under cease-fire. Officially, the campaign ended the next day on 30 August after a ceasefire was agreed upon by both the Syrian Arab Army and the rebels that would take effect on 31 August. Some skirmishes have taken place since September as fighting is still reported. Overall, it was a major advance in the Idlib demilitarization (2018–present), Idlib deescalation zone for the Syrian Army after the complete liberation of Southern

October 2019

On 13 October 2019, Russian ground forces, along with the Syrian army entered and took the SDF-held areas on northeastern Syria following an agreement reached between the SDF and the Syrian government, shortly after

commenced its 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, cross-border incursion into the Rojava, Kurdish-dominated region and the American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War#October 2019: U.S. withdrawal from northeastern Syria, U.S. troops withdrew from the area.{{cite web, url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/10/13/syria-government-russia-kobani-manbij-sdf/, title=Syrian government forces set to enter Kobani and Manbij after SDF deal, date=13 October 2019, website=The Defense Post, language=en-US, access-date=13 October 2019 Russia′s military police units began patrolling the town of

November 2019 – September 2020

{{main, Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020), 2020 Balyun airstrikes Vladimir Putin in Syria (2020-01-07) 01

On 2 November 2019, Russian aviation struck a concentration of militants in the area of

in the Idlib province. The massive bombing came two days after Bashar al-Assad issued an ultimatum to the militants in the area demanding that they leave or surrender. On 24 November 2019, the Syrian Arab Army, supported by Russian airstrikes, launched "phase one" of the offensive against the rebels′ stronghold in the Idlib province, which was officially announced on 19 December following the collapse of ceasefire agreements. The Russian-supported Syrian government offensive successfully continued into 2020, achieving, among other objectives, the Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–present)#Army captures the M5 highway and continued Turkish clashes, establishment of full government control of the area along the entire Transport in Syria#Motorways, M5 highway for first time since 2012. Meanwhile, relations between Russia and Turkey, which was sending heavy armour and thousands of its regular troops to fight on the side of the rebels in a bid to stem the government offensive, strained significantly and direct Russian strikes on regular Turkish forces were reported, Turkey′s president Erdogan announcing an imminent Turkish intervention in the area. On 20 February, Turkish defence minister Hulusi Akar told the news media there should be "no doubt" that Turkey would activate the S-400 missile systems it had bought from Russia in 2019. On 27 February 2020, according to reports from the scene, two Russian

s Balyun strikes (February 2020), conducted an airstrike on a Turkish military convoy killing at least 34 Turkish regular troops. Turkey did not officially blame Russia for the airstrike while Russia denied responsibility saying that the Syrian Air Force was likely behind the strike.{{Cite news, url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/27/syrian-rebel-forces-recapture-key-town-blow-assad/ , archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/27/syrian-rebel-forces-recapture-key-town-blow-assad/ , archive-date=12 January 2022 , url-access=subscription , url-status=live, title=Airstrike kills 33 Turkish soldiers in Syria while Russia says troops were amongst 'terrorists', date=2020-02-28, website=The Telegraph, access-date=2020-03-01, last1=Rose, first1=David G.{{cbignore According to Russia′s defence ministry, Turkish service people "were in the battle formations of terrorist groups" when they came under the fire of Syrian troops. Meanwhile, Russia ratcheted up efforts through both official statements and state-sponsored mass media aiming to drive home the message that Turkey itself was to blame for its fatalities as Turkish forces were not supposed to be in Syria in the first place.{{cite web, url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-turkey-tensions-idlib-syria-pundits-past-and-potential-bloodshed/30464903.html, title=As Tensions Rise Over Idlib, Russian Pundits Blame Turkey For Past And Potential Bloodshed , date=2020-03-02, publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, access-date=2020-03-03 On 2 March, Russian military announced that Russia′s Military Police (Russia), Military Police forces had been deployed to

following weeks of heavy fighting for control of this strategic town that saw it change hands several times; the declared objective was to secure safe passage of vehicles and civilians travelling along the M4 and M5 highways.Российская военная полиция введена в Саракиб: Российские военные будут обеспечивать безопасность при передвижении автотранспорта и мирных граждан по трассам М4 – М5

On 15 March, Russian and Turkish forces started joint-patrols on the M4 highway as a part of a ceasefire agreement between Russia and Turkey. According to Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu, Russian military forces will patrol the southern side while Turkey's military will patrol to the north of the highway. On 18 August, a Russian major general was killed and two servicemen were injured by a roadside bomb in Syria while en route to Hmeimim Air Base from Deir ez-Zor. In mid-September, Russian news media published officially unverified reports about "most powerful strikes" carried out on 15 September by Russian aviation as well as 9K720 Iskander, Iskander missiles against "terrorists", including

, near the town of Maarrat Misrin.

Since October 2020

{{main, 2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike On 26 October 2020, the 2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike, Russian airstrike on a training base run by Sham Legion, Faylaq al-Sham, a major rebel group backed by Turkey, in the town of Kafr Takharim was reported to have killed at least 78 Turkish-backed militia fighters. On 19 April 2021, Russian warplanes executed airstrikes on militant facilities in central Syria, northeast the city of Palmyra (modern), Palmyra according to the Russian Reconciliation Center for Syria, Russian Reconciliation Center in Syria. The Russian Defence Ministry claimed that some 200 militants along with 24 vehicles with weapons and 500 kilograms of ammunitions and explosives were destroyed in the operation without specifying the affiliation of the militants. The UK-based

SOHR , image = Syrian Observatory for Human Rights Logo.jpg , image_size = 200px , caption = The logo of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights , type = NGO , founded_date = , founder ...

confirmed the airstrikes but stated that only 26 ISIS militants were killed in the region. In May 2021, three Tu-22Ms became the first bombers deployed to the Khmeymim airbase in Syria with the aim of enhancing the stability in the region. On 17 May 2022, a Russian operated S-300 missile system, S-300 missile system is said to have fired a missile at a F-16 operated by the IAF. If confirmed it would be the first time Russian forces have fired on Israeli jets. It is also possible Russian forces have handed the missile system over to Syrian forces. In late May 2022, amid growing concerns of a new Turkish military incursion into northern Syria, Russia sent military reinforcements to Qamishli Airport including the deployment of a Russian Pantsir-S1 air defense system, reaffirming Russia's role in Syria amid the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 10 June 2022, Russia had conducted joint military exercises with the Syrian Army south of Idlib. Russia had also dispatched an additional eight military helicopters to Abu al-Duhur Military Airbase, south of Aleppo. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia is reported to be withdrawing (since May) its troops from Syria as reinforcements to its dwindling forces in Ukraine; according to Moscow Times (16 September 2022), the re-deployment of Russia's last reserves in Syria is under way.

Assessments of tactics and effectiveness

By late February 2016, the Russian Air Force conducted around 60 airstrikes daily, while the American-led coalition averaged seven. Pro-government website

said that these Russian airstrikes have proven particularly effective against the ISIS oil trade and supply routes in the Syrian Desert. An estimated 209 oil facilities were destroyed by the airstrikes, along with over 2,000 petroleum transports. By the time of the withdrawal of the "main part" of its forces in mid-March, Russia had conducted over 9,000 sorties over the course of five and a half months, while helping the Syrian Army capture 400 towns and regain 10,000 square kilometers of territory. The Russian military followed the Chechnya Counter-Insurgency model, and "a revanchist Russia, even with a stagnated mono-industrial economy surprised the international community with the pace of attack and will to sustain the operation." In January 2016, a few months after the start of Russia's involvement in Syria, diplomat Ranjit Gupta (diplomat), Ranjit Gupta wrote in ''The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs'', that the Russian reinforcement was a "godsend for Assad, greatly boosting the regime's sagging morale and that of its armed forces." Gupta continued: {{blockquote, With robust air cover provided by Russian airstrikes Assad's forces can start liberating and holding territory, particularly in the extremely strategically vital corridor connecting Damascus and Aleppo. Russian help provides Assad's military the distinct possibilities to regain the upper hand in the conflict, particularly in northwestern and western Syria at least.{{cite journal, last1=Gupta, first1=Ranjit, title=Understanding the War in Syria and the Roles of External Players: Way Out of the Quagmire?, journal=The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, date=Jan 2016, volume=105, issue=1, page=6, doi=10.1080/00358533.2016.1128630, s2cid=155974687 In February 2016, Professor Fawaz Gerges, Fawaz A. Gerges of the London School of Economics opined the Russian military intervention had turned out to be a game-changer in the Syrian Civil War:{{cite news , first=Fawaz A. , last=Gerges , author-link=Fawaz Gerges , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35562943 , title=Syria war: Tide turns Assad's way amid ceasefire push , work=

, date=13 February 2016 , access-date=15 March 2016 ″Mr Putin's decision to intervene in Syria and shore up Mr Assad with new fighter jets, military advisers and advanced weapons stopped the bleeding of the Syrian army and allowed it to shift from defence to offence.″ Vincent R. Stewart, Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, stated in February 2016 that the "Russian reinforcement has changed the calculus completely" and added that Assad "is in a much stronger negotiating position than he was just six months ago". Western media and analysts conclude that Russia’s intervention in Syria kept Assad in power and even turned the tide of the war in his favour. In the week following the start of combat missions, the website RealClear Defense, part of the RealClearPolitics group, published an assessment of the effectiveness of the ''Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, Admiral Kuznetsov'' as a platform for airstrikes, noting the small size of its air group (estimated at a total of eight Su-33 and four MiG-29K aircraft), the difficulties with the MiG-29K, which is seen as the more effective platform for strike missions, the smaller amounts of Precision-guided munition, smart weapons for the Su-33 (which is primarily a fleet air defence aircraft), and the lack of aircraft catapults on the carrier, which limits the take-off weight of its aircraft. The Russian tactics and weapons used in the offensive have been compared to those used in the Battle of Grozny (1999–2000) against Chechen separatists.

Weapons and munitions employed

Russian forces in Syria were reported to have used a mix of precision-guided munitions and Unguided bomb, unguided weapons.{{cite web, url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-half-baked-air-war-syria-14022 , title=Russia's Half-Baked Air War in Syria , last1=Majumdar , first1=Dave , date=6 October 2015 , website=The National Interest , access-date=20 October 2015{{cite web, title = Syria: Russia's shameful failure to acknowledge civilian killings {{! Amnesty International, date=23 December 2015 , url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/12/syria-russias-shameful-failure-to-acknowledge-civilian-killings/, publisher = Amnesty International, access-date = 25 December 2015 The October 2015 airstrikes were Russia's first operational use of precision-guided munitions, whose development in Russia lagged behind other major powers. The majority of weapons employed, however, were unguided.{{cite web, last=Bodner, first=Matthew, title=Russia Shows Early Success, New Capabilities in Syria, publisher=Defense News, date=18 October 2015, access-date=21 October 2015, url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/policy-budget/warfare/2015/10/18/russia-shows-early-success-new-capabilities-syria/74041722/ Most Russian jets employ the SVP-24 guidance system, which allows them to use unguided munitions with high precision, close to the precision of guided ones, with substantially smaller costs. Russia also used cruise missiles launched from corvettes, {{sclass, Admiral Grigorovich, frigate, 4 frigates, and

s, as well as artillery in the form of howitzers and multiple rocket launchers. The air campaign was estimated to cost between $2.3 and $4 million a day in its early phase. The 3M-14T cruise missiles, that Russia has used extensively, cost roughly $1.2 million per unit. Russian defense minister Sergei Shoigu said in August 2021 that Russia had tested more than 300 weapons over the course of its campaign in Syria.{{cite news , title=All of Russia's latest weapons tested in Syria, says defense chief , url=https://tass.com/defense/1331715 , publisher=TASS , date=30 August 2021

Reports of civilian casualties and war crimes

{{see also, April 2016 Idlib bombings, Atarib market massacre, Siege of Eastern Ghouta, Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016), Ma'arrat al-Numan market bombing According to

, in late February 2016 Russian warplanes deliberately targeted civilians and rescue workers during their bombing campaign. The human rights group has documented attacks on schools, hospitals and civilian homes. Amnesty International also said that "Russia is guilty of some the most egregious war crimes" it had seen "in decades". The director of Amnesty's crisis response program, Tirana Hassan, said that after bombing civilian targets, the Russian warplanes "loop around" for a second attack to target the humanitarian workers and civilians who are trying to help those have been injured in the first sortie.{{cite news, author=Peter Yeung , url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-civilians-war-crimes-amnesty-international-a6887096.html , title=Russia committing war crimes by deliberately bombing civilians and aid workers, says Amnesty International , newspaper=

, access-date=28 February 2016 In February 2016,

(HRW) reported extensive use of cluster munitions by Syria and Russia, in violation of United Nations resolution 2139 of 22 February 2014, which demanded that all parties end "indiscriminate employment of weapons in populated areas". HRW said that "Russian or Syrian forces were responsible for the attacks" and that the munitions were "manufactured in the former Soviet Union or Russia" and that some were of a type that had "not been documented as used in Syria" prior to Russia's involvement in the war, which they said, suggested that "either Russian aircraft dropped them or Russian authorities recently provided the Syrian government with more cluster munitions, or both".{{cite web, url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/20/russia/syria-extensive-recent-use-cluster-munitions , title=Russia/Syria: Extensive Recent Use of Cluster Munitions , publisher=Human Rights Watch , date=20 December 2015 , access-date=28 February 2016 HRW also said that while neither Russia nor Syria are parties to the Cluster Munitions Convention, the use of such munitions contradicts statements issued by the Syrian government that they would refrain from using them. In February 2016, Médecins Sans Frontières has said that either "Syrian regime" or Russian warplanes deliberately attacked a hospital in Ma'arrat al-Nu'man. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights stated that it was Russian warplanes that destroyed the hospital. In 2016, opposition activists and local witnesses have reported that Russia has used white phosphorus against targets in

and Idlib, causing civilian casualties with the weapons.{{cite news, last1=Withnall, first1=Adam, title=Chemical weapon white phosphorous [sic] 'being used in Raqqa air strikes', url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/is-russia-or-france-deploying-chemical-weapons-against-isis-in-raqqa-a6745171.html, access-date=6 January 2016, work=The Independent, date=23 November 2015 U.S. officials repeatedly stated that hospitals in Syria were attacked by Russian forces.{{cite news , first=Michael R. , last=Gordon , title=Report Rebuts Russia's Claims of Restraint in Syrian Bombing Campaign , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/12/us/politics/russia-syria-aleppo-bombing-campaign-restraint.html, work=The New York Times , date=12 February 2017 , access-date=31 March 2017 The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that by mid-February 2016, Russian air strikes had killed 1,000 civilians, including 200 children, since the initiation of the intervention in September 2015. In March 2016,

reported "compelling evidence" of at least six such attacks. These reports, including the bombing of two hospitals by Russian Air Force planes, have been denied by Russian officials.{{cite web, url=http://ria.ru/syria_chronicle/20160211/1372793019.html, title=Минобороны России: штурмовики США в среду нанесли удары по Алеппо, website=РИА Новости, date=11 February 2016 , access-date=3 March 2016 In May 2016 the Russian delegation to the UN Security Council vetoed a statement condemning the air strikes on a refugee camp in Idlib on 5 May. In June 2016, RT (TV network), Russia Today, while reporting minister Shoigu's visit to Hmeymim air base, showed incendiary cluster bombs being loaded onto Russian airplanes, identified as RBK-500, RBK-500 ZAB-2.5SM due to clearly visible markings. After this information, inconsistent with official Russian statements, the video was removed but later reinstated and uploaded by RT. An editorial note below the video made no mention of the weapon, saying a frame in the video has caused "concern for personnel safety" because of a pilot's close-up. "Upon re-evaluation it was deemed that the frame did not pose any risks; it had since been restored and the video is up in its original cut," the RT statement said.{{cite web, url=https://citeam.org/russia-today-covering-up-war-crimes-in-syria/, title=Russia Today covering up war crimes in Syria {{! Conflict Intelligence Team, website=citeam.org, access-date=20 June 2016, archive-date=26 June 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626122641/https://citeam.org/russia-today-covering-up-war-crimes-in-syria/, url-status=dead By the end of 2018,

, which monitors reports of casualties of all airstrikes, had documented 2,730–3,866 civilian deaths in Syria in some 39,000 Russian strikes, including 690–844 children and 2,017 named victims, although Russia officially confirmed none of these.{{cite web , title=Russian Military in Syria , website=Airwars , date=December 2018 , url=https://airwars.org/conflict/russian-military-in-syria/ , access-date=4 January 2019 Russia stated it had flown 39,000 ''sorties'' (not strikes) as of late 2018. The annual total for 2018 according to Airwars was 730 strikes killing 2,169 civilians.https://airwars.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2019-Annual-Report-Web.pdf {{Bare URL PDF, date=March 2022 In May 2019 United Nations officials said the Russian and Syrian governments intentionally bombed eight hospitals in Idlib whose GPS coordinates were passed to Russia as part of agreed "deconfliction mechanism" with hope to prevent "accidental bombing" which was previously used as an excuse by the governments. In August 2019, over 19 civilians were killed within two days after Russian forces carried out air-raids on a “displaced persons camp” near Hass village in southern Idlib. Also in August, the UN has opened an investigation into the bombing of hospitals. In October 2019, ''The New York Times'' published further evidence of coordinated attacks of Russian aviation against hospitals on the "deconfliction list", consisting of airplane sightings, intercepted radio conversations of pilots and air control exchanging GPS coordinates of specific hospitals which were bombed soon after. The Airwars report for 2019 recorded 710 claimed Russian casualty events in Syria – a 3% fall on 2018 – killing between 1,099 and 1,745 civilians. 81% of the events were in Idlib, 13% in Hama, and 5% in Aleppo. The strikes mainly occurred during the Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019), Idlib offensive of May to September, with the single worst incident being the Ma'arrat al-Numan market bombing, July 22nd strikes in Ma'arrat al-Numan which killed up to 42 civilians. A ''New York Times'' investigation confirmed Russia's culpability in the latter. The investigation also detailed Russian attacks on the Martyr Akram Ali Ibrahim Al-Ahmad School in Qalaat al-Madiq on 28 April 2019.{{cite news , title=Hospitals and Schools Are Being Bombed in Syria. A U.N. Inquiry Is Limited. We Took a Deeper Look. , website=The New York Times , date=2020-01-01 , url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/31/world/middleeast/syria-united-nations-investigation.html , access-date=2020-08-04 A 2020 report by UN United Nations Human Rights Council, Human Rights Council for the first time directly laid responsibility on

Russian Air Force " Air March" , mascot = , anniversaries = 12 August , equipment = , equipment_label = , battles = , decorations = , bat ...

of indiscriminate attacks on civilian targets "amounting to a war crime" referring specifically to extensive evidence on bombing of refugee shelter in Haas and market place in Ma’arrat al-Nu’man in summer 2019. By August 2022, Airwars estimated 4,308-6,386 civilians killed from Russian airstrikes since 2015, including 1,151-1,403 children, 627-760 women, and 3,192 named victims. The Russian military has denied that any of its strikes have caused any civilian casualties in Syria. Russian bombing has also injured 6,508-10,169 people.

Cooperation with Iran

{{See also, Iranian involvement in the Syrian Civil War, Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Vladimir Putin and Hassan Rouhani (2015-09-28) 02

Iran continues to officially deny the presence of its combat troops in Syria, maintaining that it provides military advice to President Assad's forces in their fight against terrorist groups.{{cite news, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/iranian-commanders-killed-syria-151013192529038.html, title=Two more Iranian commanders killed in Syria, publisher=Al Jazeera, access-date=15 October 2015, date=14 October 2015 It is stated that the Syrian Arab Army receives substantial support from the

; in June 2015, some reports suggested that the Iranian military were effectively in charge of the Syrian government troops on the battlefield. After the Second Battle of Idlib, loss of Idlib province to a Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015), rebel offensive in the first half of 2015, the situation was judged to have become critical for Assad's survival. High level talks were held between Moscow and Tehran in the first half of 2015 and a political agreement was achieved; on 24 July, ten days after the signing of the nuclear agreement between Iran and the P5+1, P5+1 countries, General

visited Moscow to devise the details of the plan for coordinated military action in Syria. In mid-September 2015, the first reports of new detachments from the Iranian Revolutionary Guards arriving in Tartus and Latakia in western Syria were made. With much of the Syrian Arab Army and National Defence Force units deployed to more volatile fronts, Naval Infantry (Russia), Russian Marines and the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) have relieved their positions by installing military checkpoints inside the cities of Slunfeh (east Latakia Governorate), Masyaf (East Tartus Governorate) and Ras al-Bassit (Latakia coastal city). There were also further reports of new Iranian contingents being deployed to Syria in early October 2015. After the start of the Russian operation, it was generally thought that Iran will be playing a leading role in the ground operations of Syria's army and allies, whilst Russia will be leading in the air in conjunction with the Syrian Arab Air Force, thereby establishing a complementary role.{{cite news, url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/khamenei-calls-for-stronger-iranian-military-to-deter-enemies/article26610890/ , title=Iranian troops join ground offensive in Syria , work=The Globe and Mail , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005173807/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/khamenei-calls-for-stronger-iranian-military-to-deter-enemies/article26610890/ , archive-date=5 October 2015 After the meeting between Vladimir Putin and Ali Khamenei in Tehran on 23 November 2015, Iran was said to have made a decision to unify its stance vis-a-vis the Syrian leadership with Russia's.{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-russia-iran-idUSKBN0U12OM20151218 , title=Exclusive: Iran to match stance with Russia in push for Syria deal, work=Reuters, access-date=20 December 2015, date=18 December 2015 The use of Iran′s Hamadan Airbase by Russian military aircraft that began in mid-August 2016 marked a new level of cooperation between the countries in their support for the Syrian government

Reactions

{{For, further Russian comments on Syria and Russian initiatives since 30 September 2015 not part of this military operation, Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War

Syria

{{flagu, Syria: * On 1 October 2015, the Syrian Ambassador to Russia, Riyad Haddad, stated that the Russian air force is acting in full coordination with the Syrian army. He added that Syria's position is that the Russian intervention is the only legitimate intervention under international law and called for other countries to join the "non-criminal" Russian intervention in Syria.

International

Supranational

– On 31 October 2015, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said in an interview with Spanish daily El Mundo (Spain), El Mundo "The future of Assad must be decided by the Syrian people," and "The Syrian government states that President Assad takes part (in any transitional government) but others, especially Western countries, say there is no place for him, but because of that we have lost three years, there have been more than 250,000 dead, more than 13 million displaced within Syria... more than 50 percent of hospitals, schools and infrastructure have been destroyed. There's no time to lose." In 2016, retired war crimes prosecutor Carla Del Ponte, who was researching rights abuses in Syria as part of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, told an interviewer "I think the Russian intervention is a good thing, because finally someone is attacking these terrorist groups", but added that Russia is not distinguishing enough between terrorist and other groups. In 2017, she complained that Russia was using its UN Security Council veto to prevent prosecution of war crimes in Syria, leading her to resign from her role in Syria. {{flagu, NATO – NATO has condemned Russian air strikes and urged Russia to stop supporting Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. On 8 October 2015, they renewed assurances to defend the allies in view of the "escalation of Russian military activities."{{cite web, url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34471849, title=Syria crisis: Nato renews pledge amid Russia 'escalation', date=8 October 2015, publisher=BBC, access-date=8 October 2015 Military intervention against ISIL#3 December 2014, U.S.-led coalition – On 1 October 2015, participants in the United States-led anti-ISIL coalition called on Russia to curtail its air campaign in Syria, saying the airstrikes had hit Syrian opposition groups and civilians. Such strikes would "only fuel more extremism", the statement issued by the United States, UK, Turkey and other coalition members declared. "We call on the Russian Federation to immediately cease its attacks on the Syrian opposition and civilians and to focus its efforts on fighting ISIL." United States President Barack Obama, at a news conference on 2 October, underscored the coalition statement by saying the Russian action was driving moderate opposition groups underground, and would result in "only strengthening" ISIL. In 2017, the Inter-parliamentary Assembly of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations, an international organization consisting of the only partially recognized republics Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria, adopted a joint statement in which supported the policy of the Russian Federation in Syria.

National governments

{{flagu, Armenia provides support for the Russian operations in Syria by providing operational and logistical support.{{cite news, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/12/resurgent-russia-takes-tenacious-turkey-151209071618920.html, title=Resurgent Russia takes on tenacious Turkey, publisher=

, date=9 December 2015, access-date=24 December 2015Armen Grigoryan: ''Russia Expands Military Presence in Armenia, Deepens Confrontational Rhetoric'', Jamestown Foundation, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Volume: 12, Issue: 222, 11 December 2015. As a member of the CSTO, Armenia supports the Russian military intervention. {{flagu, Belarus, also a member of the CSTO, supports the Russian military intervention in Syria, said the country's acting foreign minister Vladimir Makei in October 2015.{{citation needed, date=November 2020 {{flagu, China has reacted positively to Russia's military intervention in Syria. The Chinese government perceives it as an element of the global fight against terrorism. China has no interest in getting involved militarily in Syria, but China's special envoy for the crisis in Syria praised Russia's military role in the war. In August 2016, Guan Youfei, director of the Office for International Military Cooperation of China's Central Military Commission, was in Damascus and said that "China and Syria's militaries have a traditionally friendly relationship, and China's military is willing to keep strengthening exchanges and cooperation with Syria's military". {{flagu, Egypt voiced support of the Russian air operation. On 3 October 2015, Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry said the Russian entry into war in Syria was bound "to have an effect on limiting terrorism in Syria and eradicating it." {{flagu, Iraq supports the Russian intervention in Syria and has permitted Russia to fly over Iraq with its war planes.''NRC Handelsblad'', 22 October 2015. Vladimir Putin and Benyamin Netanyahu (22-09-2015) 02

Vladimir Putin and Benyamin Netanyahu (22-09-2015) 02

{{flagu, Israel – Shortly prior to the Russian intervention, the Israel Defense Forces and Russian military had set up a joint working group to coordinate their Syria-related activities in the aerial, naval, and electromagnetic arenas.{{cite web, url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Defense-sources-Russia-gave-Israel-advance-notice-of-its-airstrikes-in-Syria-419514, title=Russia gave Israel advance notice of its airstrikes in Syria, work=The Jerusalem Post – JPost.com The Israeli government was primarily concerned about ensuring that the potential alliance between

and Russia is not detrimental to its security. According to Zvi Magen, former ambassador to Moscow, "Israel made clear to him [Putin] that we have no real problem with Assad, just with Iran, Hezbollah and ISIS, and that message was understood." An Israeli military official stated that Israel would not shoot down any Russian aircraft which accidentally overflew Israeli territory because "Russia is not an enemy". {{flagu, Jordan – On 23 October 2015, Jordan agreed to set up a "special working mechanism" in Amman to coordinate military actions with Russia in Syria. Russian foreign minister,

called for continued expansion of the alliance, saying "We think that other states that participate in the anti- terrorist fight can join this mechanism as well." {{flag, Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz President Almazbek Atambayev said that his country (also a member of the CSTO) supports the intervention. {{flagu, Saudi Arabia – On 1 October 2015, Saudi Arabia′s senior diplomat at the UN demanded that Russia cease its intervention, repeating statements made by Western diplomats that Russia was targeting the unnamed "moderate" anti-government opposition rather than ISIL. Erdoğan and Putin

{{flagu, Turkey – President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, after a series of reported violations of the country′s airspace by Russian military aircraft in early October 2015, warned that Russia's military operation in Syria could Russia-Turkey relations, jeopardise the bilateral ties between the countries. On 23 December, co-leader of Turkey's pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey), Peoples' Democratic Party Selahattin Demirtaş criticized Ankara's stance regarding a Russian jet shot down by Turkey in November 2015. {{flagu, United Arab Emirates – Initially, the UAE did not comment on the Russian intervention. Foreign Minister Anwar Mohammed Qarqash later expressed support for the intervention, saying they were against a "common enemy". {{flagu, United Kingdom – Prime Minister David Cameron said "It's absolutely clear that Russia is not discriminating between ISIL and the legitimate Syrian opposition groups and, as a result, they are actually backing the butcher Assad and helping him". British troops will be sent to the Baltic states and Poland following Russia's intervention in Syria "to respond to any further provocation and aggression". Sergey Lavrov, Vladimir Putin and John Kerry

Sergey Lavrov, Vladimir Putin and John Kerry

{{flagu, United States – In early October 2015, President Barack Obama was reported to have authorised the resupply—against ISIL—of 25,000 Syrian Kurds and 5,000 of the armed-

, emphasising that the United States would continue this support now that Russia had joined the conflict.{{cite web, url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/05/politics/russia-ground-campaign-syria-isis/, title=Obama authorizes resupply of Syrian opposition, date=5 October 2015, publisher=CNN, access-date=8 October 2015 :The U.S. ruled out military cooperation with Russia in Syria.{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-cooperation-idUSKCN0S11EH20151007, title=As Russia escalates, U.S. rules out military cooperation in Syria , work=Reuters, date=7 October 2015, access-date=9 October 2015 Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter and other senior U.S. officials said Russia's campaign was primarily aimed at propping up Assad, whom Obama has repeatedly called upon to leave power.{{cite news, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/world/europe/russia-airstrikes-syria.html, title=Russians Strike Targets in Syria, but Not ISIS Areas, date=30 September 2015, access-date=9 October 2015, work=The New York Times On 8 October 2015, he said, at a meeting of NATO defence ministers in Brussels, that Russia would soon start paying the price for its military intervention in Syria in the form of reprisal attacks and casualties. He added that he expected "in the next few days the Russians will begin to lose in Syria." He further said Russia's campaign was primarily aimed at propping up Assad. :On 9 October, the Obama administration abandoned its efforts to build up a new rebel force inside Syria to combat the Islamic State, acknowledging the failure of its $500 million campaign to train thousands of fighters and announcing that it will instead use the money to provide ammunition and some weapons for groups already engaged in the battle. Repatriation of Oleg Peshkov's body at Chkalovsky Airport (6)

Repatriation of Oleg Peshkov's body at Chkalovsky Airport (6)

:On 24 November, Obama said that Turkey "has a right to defend its territory and its airspace" after it 2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown, shot down a Russian bomber for reportedly violating Turkish airspace for 17 seconds, near the Syrian border. Obama also said "[Russians] are going after moderate opposition that are supported by not only Turkey but a wide range of countries." Syrian government forces supported by the Russian air force were fighting against an alliance that included the Turkish-backed

and

's Syrian affiliate the

.{{cite news , url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/11/turkey-russia-syria-best-worse-case-scenarios-russian-jet.html , title=After shooting down Russian jet, what's next for Turkey? , work=Al-Monitor , date=26 November 2015 , access-date=1 January 2016 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231181717/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/11/turkey-russia-syria-best-worse-case-scenarios-russian-jet.html , archive-date=31 December 2015 , url-status=dead

Militias and religious agents

Representatives of the Kurds in Syria, Kurdish

and Democratic Union Party (Syria), PYD expressed their support for Russian air strikes against Islamic State, al-Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham. They also asked for Russian help in weaponry and for the cooperation with Russia in the fight against Islamic State.PYD leader: Russia will stop Turkey from intervening in Syria
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010034506/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/turkey-syria-russia-pyd-leader-muslim-moscow-prevent-ankara.html , date=10 October 2015 ". Al-Monitor. 1 October 2015. Shortly after the Russian air strikes started, Salih Muslim, co-chair of the PYD, has said in an interview that "America will object because [Jabhat] al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham are no different than Daesh. They are all terrorist organizations and share the same radical mentality." On 30 September, Russian Orthodox Church spokesman Vsevolod Chaplin, said the fight against terrorism was a "moral fight, a holy fight if you will". According to ''The Washington Post'', "Russian Muslims are split regarding the intervention in Syria, but more are pro- than anti-war." Over 40 anti-government groups, including factions such as Ahrar al-Sham,

and the

, were reported, on 5 October, to have vowed to attack Russian forces in retaliation for Moscow's air campaign. Flag of the Al-Nusra Front

's Syrian affiliate

has set a reward for the seizure of Russian soldiers of Syrian pound, LS 2,500,000 (approximately US$13,000). Abu Ubaid Al-Madani, who speaks Russian, released a video addressed to the Russians warning that they would massacre Russian soldiers.

called for Russian civilians to be attacked by former Soviet Muslims and called for attacks on Alawites, Alawite villages in Syria. The Syria-based, Al-Qaeda linked Saudi cleric Abdallah Muhammad Al-Muhaysini threatened that Syria would be a "tomb for its invaders" or "graveyard for invaders" in response to the Russian intervention and brought up the Soviet–Afghan War. Muhaysini had foreign fighters of multiple backgrounds repeated the phrase "The Levant is the graveyard of the Russians", in a video message. The

declared Jihad upon the Russians in a recorded vocal communiqué by Abu Mohammed al-Adnani. On 12 November, ISIL published via its media branch, al-Hayat Media Center a music video in which they threatened that they would attack Russia very soon and "blood would spill like an ocean". The Muslim Brotherhood of Syria issued a statement declaring Jihad against Russia obligatory (Fard 'ayn) upon all who are able to carry weapons.{{cite web, url=http://www.dw.com/en/syrian-rebel-groups-call-for-unity-attacks-on-russia/a-18762524, title=Syrian rebel groups call for unity, attacks on Russia, publisher=Deutsche Welle, date=5 October 2015 They cited the Russian Orthodox Church's call of the operation as a Holy War. Fifty-five Saudi religious scholars signed a statement against the Russian intervention, first addressing the Russians as "Oh Russians, oh extremist people of the Cross", reminding them of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and addressing Orthodox Russia as the heir of the Soviet Communists, stating they were "supporting the Nusayri regime" and invading "Muslim Syria", stating the leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church were declaring a "Crusade" and telling them they will meet the fate of the Soviet Union and suffer "a shameful defeat in the Levant". The statement also addressed "Our people in the Levant", telling the able-bodied and those who are able to contribute to join the "Jihad" instead of emigrating. The statement also called for all factions against the government in Syria to unite. Further, addressing "Arab and Muslim countries", telling them that there is a "real war against Sunnis and their countries and identity" at the hands of the "Western-Russian and Safavid and Nusayri alliance", calling for the termination of all relations with Iran and Russia with Muslim countries and to "protect the land and people of the Levant from the influence of the Persians and Russians", especially calling upon Qatar, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia to support the Levant. The

's "Homs Liberation Movement" threatened Suicide attack, suicide bombings against Russians in Syria. Photos of Uyghurs, Uyghur fighters of the

were released with captions in Arabic that said "standing up strongly to the Nusayri army and the Russians." (المجاهدين التركستانيين يتصدى بقوة للجيش النصيري ومن قبل الروس). A Turkmen opposition group allied with the Free Syrian Army and al-Nusra Front stated that Russian air forces conducted simultaneous air strikes against Syrian Turkmen, Turkmen villages and positions in the Turkmen Mountain area. More than 40 civilian casualties were reported in one incident.{{cite news, url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/arts_n_ideas/news/article/syrian-turkmen-group-russian-airstrikes-kill-over-40-civilians/536413.html, title=Syrian Turkmen Group: Russian Airstrikes Kill Over 40 Civilians – Arts and Ideas, work=The Moscow Times, access-date=20 November 2015

References

{{Reflist, 30em

External links

* {{Commons category-inline
Russian Ministry of Defence Syria
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027063509/http://eng.syria.mil.ru/ , date=27 October 2016 {{Military intervention against ISIL {{Syrian civil war {{Russian Conflicts{{Russia–United States relations{{Portal bar, Asia, War Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war, Military intervention 2015 in Russia 2015 in the Syrian civil war Russia–Turkey military relations Iran–Russia military relations Articles containing video clips Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Syrian government Russia–Syria military relations Naval history of Russia

Background and preparation phase

Prevention of Qatar-Turkey pipeline

Operations by Russian military forces

September–October 2015

November 2015

December 2015 – February 2016

March 2016 – mid-October 2016

Mid-October 2016 – December 2016

January 2017 – June 2017

July 2017 – December 2017

January 2018 – August 2018

September 2018 – March 2019

April 2019 – September 2019

October 2019

November 2019 – September 2020

Since October 2020

Assessments of tactics and effectiveness

Weapons and munitions employed

Reports of civilian casualties and war crimes

Cooperation with Iran

Reactions

Syria

International

Supranational

National governments

Militias and religious agents

See also

References

Further reading

External links