Romuald Giedroyć (; ; 7 February 1750 – 15 October 1824) was a
Polish-Lithuanian prince from the Lithuanian
prince
A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. T ...
ly
Giedraičiai family, who fought in the
Bar Confederation,
War of 1792 and the
Uprising of 1794 as part of the
Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army. From mid-1812 to early 1813, Giedroyć was also the commander of the Lithuanian regiments raised during the
French invasion of Russia. In early 1813, he was captured by the Russians and exiled to
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (, ; rus, Арха́нгельск, p=ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk), also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near ...
. In 1815,
Alexander I of Russia
Alexander I (; – ) was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first King of Congress Poland from 1815, and the Grand Duke of Finland from 1809 to his death. He was the eldest son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.
The son o ...
amnestied Giedroyć and made him a
Lieutenant general
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the ...
of the
Army of Congress Poland
Army of the Congress Poland refers to the military forces of the Kingdom of Poland that existed in the period 1815–1831.
History
The army was formed even before the Congress Poland, in 1814, and was based on the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw. Its ...
.
Biography
He came from a Lithuanian princely family. His father was Józef Giedroyć,
starosta of , his mother was Józefa Kiełpsz. He was born on 7 February 1750 in .
Bar Confederation
From 1765, he was in the
Corps of Cadets in
Warsaw
Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...
. Giedroyć began his military career in 1765 as a
cadet in the 2nd Foot Regiment of the
Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army, part of the
Polish-Lithuanian military forces. The regiment in which he served followed
Casimir Pulaski
Kazimierz Michał Władysław Wiktor Pułaski of the Ślepowron coat of arms (; ''Casimir Pulaski'' ; March 4 or March 6, 1745 Makarewicz, 1998 October 11, 1779) was a Polish nobleman, soldier, and military commander who has been called, tog ...
. In it, Giedroyć reached the rank of major. In 1771, he served in the unit led by
Michał Kazimierz Ogiński
Michał Kazimierz Ogiński ( – ) was a Polish nobleman, politician, musician, composer and military officer.
Biography
He began his political career at the age of 18, when he became the Field Writer of Lithuania, a mid-level position in the a ...
. At the
battle of Stołowicze in 1771, Giedraitis was distinguished by his valour and was wounded eight times.
After a long recovery he became vice-commander of the
1st Lithuanian National Cavalry Brigade
1st Lithuanian National Cavalry Brigade, also known as Hussar or Kaunas Brigade was an 18th-century National Cavalry Brigade of the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army. It was formed in 1776.
This regiment was garrisoned at Kaunas, Minsk, Minskas (1789) ...
in 1778. In 1784 he was delegate to the
Grodno Sejm
Grodno Sejm ( pl, Sejm grodzieński; be, Гарадзенскі сойм; lt, Gardino seimas) was the last Sejm (session of parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Grodno Sejm, held in autumn 1793 in Grodno, Grand Duchy of Li ...
.
War of 1792
Giedroyć fought in the
War of 1792, during it he was elevated to the rank of
major general
Major general (abbreviated MG, maj. gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of ...
. When
Stanisław August Poniatowski signed the
Targowica Confederation
The Targowica Confederation ( pl, konfederacja targowicka, , lt, Targovicos konfederacija) was a confederation established by Polish and Lithuanian magnates on 27 April 1792, in Saint Petersburg, with the backing of the Russian Empress Cather ...
, Giedroyć wrote a letter to the king demanding to be released from military service.
Uprising of 1794
In 1794, he was one of the organizers of the
Kościuszko Uprising in the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The state was founded by Lit ...
. On April 16 in
Šiauliai
Šiauliai (; bat-smg, Šiaulē; german: Schaulen, ) is the fourth largest city in Lithuania, with a population of 107,086. From 1994 to 2010 it was the capital of Šiauliai County.
Names
Šiauliai is referred to by various names in different la ...
, together with
Antoni Prozor, and
Franciszek Niesiołowski, announced the first act of uprising in Lithuania. On April 18, Giedryoć with 200 cavalrymen advanced to , where he fought against
Kossakowski's regiment which supported the Russians. From April 24, he was a member of the . On April 30 he arrived to
Vilnius
Vilnius ( , ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of 592,389 (according to the state register) or 625,107 (according to the municipality of Vilnius). The population of Vilnius's functional urb ...
.
From June to August, he commanded the
Samogitian Division's right wing. Together with
Tomasz Wawrzecki, they took over
Liepāja
Liepāja (; liv, Līepõ; see other names) is a state city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea. It is the largest-city in the Kurzeme Region and the third-largest city in the country after Riga and Daugavpils. It is an important ice-f ...
. In July, Giedroyć took over Salistrovski's command of a corps, and on July 3, fought with the
Imperial Russian Army near
Pušalotas. A week later, on July 10, the Russians attacked him once more. After a fortnight and a few more days, on July 28, Giedraitis won a battle near
Vaiškai. On July 29, he won the
battle of Sałaty. In the battle, he dealt a heavy defeat to the stronger Russian unit of Lieutenant General .
Thanks to this victory, southern
Courland came under the control of the insurrectionary forces.
Tadeusz Kościuszko
Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko ( be, Andréj Tadévuš Banavientúra Kasciúška, en, Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciuszko; 4 or 12 February 174615 October 1817) was a Polish military engineer, statesman, and military leader who ...
promoted him to the rank of
Lieutenant general
Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the ...
. Moreover, Kościuszko gave Giedroyć the permission to raise a regiment named Sałaty. Following the victorious fight on July 29, he went towards
Johaniszkiele.
On 8 September 1794, he took over the command of the Lithuanian army in the Kościuszko Uprising from
Antoni Chlewiński. At the time, he marched to
Orany. From there, he retreated towards the
Kingdom of Poland
The Kingdom of Poland ( pl, Królestwo Polskie; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a state in Central Europe. It may refer to:
Historical political entities
* Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom existing from 1025 to 1031
* Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom exi ...
. On November 3, near Stara Wieś, he joined
Jan Henryk Dąbrowski
Jan Henryk Dąbrowski (; also known as Johann Heinrich Dąbrowski (Dombrowski) in German and Jean Henri Dombrowski in French; 2 August 1755 – 6 June 1818) was a Polish general and statesman, widely respected after his death for his patri ...
. At the time, Romuald Giedroyć had 2,000 infantrymen, 700 cavalrymen and 17 cannons under his command. On November 4, already after the
battle of Praga
The Battle of Praga or the Second Battle of Warsaw of 1794 was a Russian assault on Praga, the easternmost suburb of Warsaw, during the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794. It was followed by a massacre (known as the Massacre of Praga) of the civilia ...
, he was recalled to Warsaw. However, on November 5, he stopped near
Tarczyn
Tarczyn is a town in central Poland, seat of Gmina Tarczyn, in the Piaseczno County, in Masovian Voivodeship, about south of Warsaw. There were 3,869 inhabitants living there in 2004. This town became famous for the eponymous juices that were ...
, and received Wawrzecki on November 10, who was retreating from Warsaw. After his soldiers began dispersing, Giedroyć and others surrendered to the Russians at
Radoszyce, being the last of the rebels to surrender.
From 1795 to 1812
After the uprising's defeat, he emigrated to
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...
. He went there together with
Tadeusz Mostowski
Tadeusz Antoni Mostowski (19 October 1766, Warsaw - 6 December 1842, Paris) was a Polish people, Polish writer, journalist, literary critic and politician.
Biography
He was the son of , a noted military commander. He was raised in an intellectu ...
, both being part of the , committee that sought the support of the French government. In Paris, Giedroyć acquainted with
Josephine Beauharnais
Josephine may refer to:
People
* Josephine (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name)
* Josephine (singer), a Greek pop singer
Places
*Josephine, Texas, United States
*Mount Josephine (disambiguation)
* Josephine Coun ...
. Quickly thereafter, he came back to Lithuania. In February 1796, he was sent by the aforementioned committee to Lithuania in order to encourage the insurrectionary spirit. He first stopped in
Dresden
Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label= Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth ...
, but, seeing no way of being useful to the cause of independence, he retired to his lands, where he lived until 1812. Nevertheless, In 1797, he was involved in the Ciecierski conspiracy. In fact, he was a founder of a secret patriotic organization in Lithuania in 1797.
Napoleon's Invasion of Russia
During
French invasion of Russia in 1812, the day after Napoleon entered Vilnius, on 29 June 1812, an act of renewal of the Polish-Lithuanian Union was proclaimed at Vilnius Cathedral on the initiative of university students. In the following days, this act was signed by several thousand people, and the signatures were collected at the home of Romuald Giedroyć. Later he was made Chairman of the Military Committee of the
Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission
The Provisional Government Commission of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; also, the Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission (Polish: ''Komisja Rządu Tymczasowego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego''; also ''Komisja Rządząca Tymczasowa Litewska''; ...
. He was also the Inspector General of the Lithuanian regiments and ''
Pospolite ruszenie
''Pospolite ruszenie'' (, lit. ''mass mobilization''; "Noble Host", lat, motio belli, the French term ''levée en masse'' is also used) is a name for the mobilisation of armed forces during the period of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Li ...
'' formed for Napoleon's army.
On 31 August 1812, General
Van Hogendorp appointed him commander of the emerging Lithuanian military units.
War of the Sixth Coalition
During Napoleon's retreat, Giedroyć crossed the
Nemunas
The Neman, Nioman, Nemunas or MemelTo bankside nations of the present: Lithuanian: be, Нёман, , ; russian: Неман, ''Neman''; past: ger, Memel (where touching Prussia only, otherwise Nieman); lv, Nemuna; et, Neemen; pl, Niemen; ...
and the
Vistula
The Vistula (; pl, Wisła, ) is the longest river in Poland and the ninth-longest river in Europe, at in length. The drainage basin, reaching into three other nations, covers , of which is in Poland.
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in ...
. On 12–13 February 1813, the Lithuanian cavalry division, which included the
17th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment, led by him was surprised and defeated by Russian vanguard of Cossacks under general Chernyshev near
Sieraków
Sieraków (; german: Zirke) is a town in western Poland with 8,768 inhabitants (2012). Located by the Warta River, it is situated in the Międzychód County in the Greater Poland Voivodeship. Sieraków is known as a holiday destination with well- ...
.
He was wounded during his capture.
He was captured by the Russians and imprisoned in
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (, ; rus, Арха́нгельск, p=ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk), also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near ...
until 1815. He was amnestied by
Alexander I of Russia
Alexander I (; – ) was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first King of Congress Poland from 1815, and the Grand Duke of Finland from 1809 to his death. He was the eldest son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.
The son o ...
.
He was part of the
Army of Congress Poland
Army of the Congress Poland refers to the military forces of the Kingdom of Poland that existed in the period 1815–1831.
History
The army was formed even before the Congress Poland, in 1814, and was based on the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw. Its ...
with the rank of the Imperial Russian
Divisional General. He was a member of the military committee charged with the army's organisation.
Family
Romuald Giedroyć married Karolina Anna Borzymowska (1766-1858), their children were:
* Ludwik Jerzy (born 1785)
* Stefan Józef Franciszek Ksawery Giedroyć (1787-1855), Colonel of the French Army (1808-1815), fought in the
Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo, Belgium, Waterloo (at that time in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium). A French army under the command of Napoleon was defeated by two of the armie ...
. He received French citizenship in
1835
Events
January–March
* January 7 – anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on her second voyage, with Charles Darwin on board as naturalist.
* January 8 – The United States public debt contracts to zero, for the only time in history. ...
, as Joseph Étienne François Xavier, prince Giedroyc.
Stefan Józef Franciszek h. wł. in M.J. Minakowski: Wielka Genealogia Minakowskiego
/ref> He married Franciszka Szymańska in 1821.
* Kunegunda Franciszka Róża Giedroyć (1793-1883), Lady-in-waiting of Empress Joséphine
Joséphine Bonaparte (, born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was Empress of the French as the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810 ...
and the Russian Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna. She married Jerzy Białopiotrowicz (1785-1871) in 1825
Events
January–March
* January 4 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies dies in Naples and is succeeded by his son, Francis.
* February 3 – Vendsyssel-Thy, once part of the Jutland peninsula forming westernmost Denmark, becomes a ...
.
* Barbara Łucja Giedroyć (1798-1886), wife of general Józef Rautenstrauch (1773-1842) from 1828
Events
January–March
* January 4 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Comte de Villèle, as Prime Minister of France.
* January 8 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organized.
* January 22 – Arth ...
* Aleksander Konstanty Julian Giedroyć (1805-1844), Kammerherr of the Imperial Russian palaces. He married Alina Aleksandra Podoska in 1841
Commemoration
On 30 April 2004, the General Romualdas Giedraitis Artillery Battalion of the Lithuanian Armed Forces
The Lithuanian Armed Forces () are the military of Lithuania. The Lithuanian Armed Forces consist of the Lithuanian Land Forces, the Lithuanian Naval Force and the Lithuanian Air Force. In wartime, the Lithuanian State Border Guard Service ( ...
was given the name of General Romuald Giedroyć.
References
Sources
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Giedroyc, Romuald
1750 births
1824 deaths
Bar confederates
Giedraitis family
18th-century Lithuanian nobility
19th-century Lithuanian nobility
Lithuanian generals in other armies
Kościuszko insurgents
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth people