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Rhythms in Arabic music are rich and very diverse, as they cover a huge region and peoples from Northern Africa to Western Asia. Rhymes are mainly analysed by means of rhythmic units called ''awzan'' and ''iqa'at''.


Wazn and Iqa'

A rhythmic pattern or cycle in
Arabic music Arabic music or Arab music ( ar, الموسيقى العربية, al-mūsīqā al-ʿArabīyyah) is the music of the Arab world with all its diverse music styles and genres. Arabic countries have many rich and varied styles of music and also man ...
is called a "wazn" ( ar, وزن; plural أوزان / ''awzān''), literally a "
measure Measure may refer to: * Measurement, the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event Law * Ballot measure, proposed legislation in the United States * Church of England Measure, legislation of the Church of England * Mea ...
", also called ''darb'', ''mizan'' in Arabic language, also has other names like '' usul'' as is in
Ottoman classical music Ottoman music ( tr, Osmanlı müziği) or Turkish classical music ( tr, Türk sanat müziği) is the tradition of classical music originating in the Ottoman Empire. Developed in the palace, major Ottoman cities, and Sufi lodges, it traditionally ...
) for example. A ''Wazn'' is performed on the
goblet drum The goblet drum (also chalice drum, tarabuka, tarabaki, darbuka, darabuka, derbake, debuka, doumbek, dumbec, dumbeg, dumbelek, toumperleki, tumbak, or zerbaghali; arz, دربوكة / Romanized: ) is a single-head membranophone with a goblet- ...
( tarabuka),
frame drum A frame drum is a drum that has a drumhead width greater than its depth. It is one of the most ancient musical instruments, and perhaps the first drum to be invented. It has a single drumhead that is usually made of rawhide, but man-made mat ...
(
riqq Daf ( fa, دف) also known as Dâyere and Riq is a Middle Eastern (mainly Iranian) frame drum musical instrument, used in popular and classical music in South and Central Asia. It is also used in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Iran, Uzbe ...
or
tar Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation. Tar can be produced from coal, wood, petroleum, or peat. "a dark brown or black bit ...
), and
kettle drum Timpani (; ) or kettledrums (also informally called timps) are musical instruments in the percussion family. A type of drum categorised as a hemispherical drum, they consist of a membrane called a head stretched over a large bowl traditionally ...
s ( naqqarat). A ''wazn'' is only used in
musical genre A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. It is to be distinguished from ''musical form'' and musical style, although in practice these terms are some ...
s with a fixed rhythmic-temporal organization including recurring measures, motifs, and
meter The metre (British spelling) or meter (American spelling; see spelling differences) (from the French unit , from the Greek noun , "measure"), symbol m, is the primary unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), though its prefi ...
or
pulse In medicine, a pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the cardiac cycle (heartbeat) by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed near the surface of the body, such as at the nec ...
. It consists of two or more regularly recurring time segments, each time segment consisting of at least two beats (''naqarāt'', plural of ''naqrah''). There are approximately one hundred different cycles used in the repertoire of Arabic music, many of them shared with other regional music, also found in some South European styles like
Spanish music In Spain, music has a long history. It has played an important role in the development of Western music, and has greatly influenced Latin American music. Spanish music is often associated with traditional styles such as flamenco and classical ...
. They are recorded and remembered through
onomatopoetic Onomatopoeia is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. Such a word itself is also called an onomatopoeia. Common onomatopoeias include animal noises such as ''oink'', ''m ...
syllables and the written symbols O and I. ''Wazn'' may be as large as 176 units of time. ''Iqa''' ( ar, إيقاع / ''īqā‘''; plural إيقاعات / ''īqā‘āt'') are
rhythmic mode In medieval music, the rhythmic modes were set patterns of long and short durations (or rhythms). The value of each note is not determined by the form of the written note (as is the case with more recent European musical notation), but rather by i ...
s or patterns in
Arabic music Arabic music or Arab music ( ar, الموسيقى العربية, al-mūsīqā al-ʿArabīyyah) is the music of the Arab world with all its diverse music styles and genres. Arabic countries have many rich and varied styles of music and also man ...
. There are reputed to be over 100 ''iqa'at'',Randel, Apel, ''The New Harvard Dictionary of Music'' but many of them have fallen out of fashion and are rarely if ever used in performance. The greatest variety of ''iqa'at'' (ranging from two to 48 beats) are used in the ''
muwashshah ''Muwashshah'' ( ar, موشح '  literally means "girdled" in Classical Arabic; plural ' or ' ) is the name for both an Arabic poetic form and a secular musical genre. The poetic form consists of a multi-lined strophic verse poem written ...
''. ''
Shaabi Shaabi ( arz, شعبي'' ''  ) is an Egyptian musical genre. It is a form of popular working-class music which evolved from Egyptian Baladi in the second half of the 20th century, it's the core of Egyptian people music in streets and weddin ...
''. ''
Tarab ''Tarab'' is an album by the Lebanese oud player and composer Rabih Abou-Khalil, fusing traditional Arab music with jazz, which was recorded in 1992 and released on the Enja label the following year.
''. ''
Dabke ''Dabke'' ( ar, دبكة also spelled ''dabka'', ''dubki'', ''dabkeh'', plural ''dabkaat'') is a Levantine Arab folk dance. Dabke combines circle dance and line dancing and is widely performed at weddings and other joyous occasions. The line f ...
''. '' Khaliji''. ''
Maghrebi Maghrebi Arabic (, Western Arabic; as opposed to Eastern or Mashriqi Arabic) is a vernacular Arabic dialect continuum spoken in the Maghreb region, in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Western Sahara, and Mauritania. It includes Moroccan, Alge ...
''.


Some examples of ''Iqa'at''

*Andālusi (أندلسي مغربي ) *Aadāni ( عدني يمني ) *Aadāniyāt ( عدنيات اليمن ) *Aarabi Aām ( عربي عام ) *Aarabi Khāliji (عربي خليجي) *Ardah āl Bahriyah (عرضه البحريه) *Ardah āl Nājādiyah (عرضه النجديه) *Aayalah ( عيالة ) *Aaysāwi ( عيساوي ) *A'raj ( اعرج ) *Aghar Aqṣāq ( آغر اقصاق ) *Alaji ( الآجي ) *Aqṣāq ( اقصاق ) *Aqsāq Ifrangi ( A'raj Ifrangi ) *Aqṣāq Samā'i ( اقصاق سماعي ) *Āshuri Iraqi ( عاشوري عراقي ) *Āshuri Khāliji ( عاشوري خليجي ) *Āskāri ( اسكري ) *Ātbah ( عتبه ) *Awfar ( اوفر ) *'Awīs ( عويص ) *Ayūb (ايوب) *Bāduwi Wāhrāni ( بدوي واهراني - الجزائر ) * Baladī ( بلدي مصري ) *Bāmbi Masri ( بامبي مصري ) *Bānāti ( بناتي ) *Bāndari Khāliji ( بنداري خليجي ) *Bāsta Khāliji ( بستا خليجي ) *Bāsta Masri ( بستا مصري ) *Bāwādi ( بوداي ) *Bāyu ( بايو ) *Bāyun ( بايون ) *Billīq Shāmī ( بيلاق شامي ) *Dābkah Shami (''Dabkeh'') ( دبكة شامي ) *Dābkah Iraqī Kurdistan ( دبكة عراقي - كردي) *Dāhifah Yāmāni (دحيفه) *Dālāaunah Shami ( دلعونا شامي ) *Darb Fath Masri ( ضرب فتح مصري ) *Darbuka Tabla Masria ( طبلة مصرية ) *Dārij (دارج) *Dāsaah Yāmāni (دسعه يمني) *
Dawr A ''dawr'' (Arabic: دور or الدور; plural: ''adwar'', أدوار; also spelled ''dour'') is a genre of Arabic vocal music sung in regional or colloquial Arabic. The genre faded in popularity after the 1920s and often used the melismatic tech ...
El-Kabīr ( آهات مصري - دور الكبير ) *Dawr Hindī ( دور هندي ); also called ''Nim Nawākht'' *Dawr Kabīr Halabī (دور الكبير - حلبي) *Dazah ( دزة ) *Dharafāt *Diziri ( دزيري جزائري ) *Dusāri ( دوسري خليجي عام ) *Dusāri Khalijī ( دوسري خليجي سعودي) *Du-Yak *Fākhit ( فاخت ) *Fākhitah ( فاخيتة ) **Fākhitah 'Arabī ( فاخيتة عربية ) *Fālāhi Masri ( مصري فلاحي) *Far' *Fāzāni ( فزاني ) *Fikra ( فكرة ) *Fikratī ( فكرتي ) *Frankajīn ( فرنكجين ) *Fuks ( فوكس ) *Gharbi - Western ( غربي ) *Ghitah ( غيتة ) *Hādi Bārwāli ( حادي بروالي ) *Hājaa ( هاجع خليجي ) *Harbi ( حاربي خليجي ) *Hāwī *Hāywa ( هايوا ) *Hazaj 'Arabī ( هزاج عربي ) *Ibrahimi ( يبراحيمي ) *Ibrahimi Falastinī ( يبراحيمي فلسطيني ) *Ibrahimi Urdunī ( يبراحيمي اردني ) *Jānubi (عراقي جانوبي) *Jānubi ( عربي جانوبي ) *Jānubi Yamani ( جانوبي يمنـي ) *Jānubi Soudani ( جانوبي سوداني ) *Jirk ( زرك ) *Jubi ( جوبي ) *Jurjīnah ( جرجينه ) *Kārātshi ( كرتشي ) *Katākuftī ( كتكفتي ) *Katākuftī Shamī ( كتكفتي شامي ) *Khābāyti (خبيتي) *Khafīf 'Arabī ( خفيف عربي) *Khashabah ( خشابة ) *Khūsh Rank ( خوش رنك ) *Khuwizaani ( خويزعاني ) *Khuwizaani Khalijī ( خويزعاني خليجي ) *Khuwizaani Iraqī ( خويزعاني عراقي ) *Kukubāni (كوكباني يمني) *Lāf ( لف ) *Lāf Iraki ( لف عراقي ) *Lāf Masri ( لف مصري ) *Lāf Shamī ( لف شامي ) *Lamā (Raqsān) ( لما رقصان) *Lāywa ( ليوا ) *Lāywa Aaumanī ( ليوا عماني ) *Lāywa Iraqī ( ليوا عراقي ) *Maalāyah ( معلاية ) *Māhrāqānāt Masri ( محراغنات مصري ) *Mālfūf ( ملفوف ) *Maqsūm Masri ( مقسوم مصري ) *Maqsūm Saraei Masri (مقسوم صرعي مصري) *Maṣmūdi Kabīr ( مصمودي كبير مصري ) *Maṣmūdi Saghīr ( مصمودي صغير مصري) *Masrahi ( مصراحي ) *Mazdakah (مزداكة) *Mizmar Khāliji (مزمار خليجي) *Mizmar Saīdi ( مزمار صعيدي ) *Mudawwar ( مدوّر ) *Muhajjar ( محجّر ) *Mukhālif ( موخليف ) *Mukhammas ( مخمّس ) *Murabba' ( مربّع ) *Murubaa' ( مروبع ) *Noqur ( نقر موريتاني ) *Naqazi ( نقزي ) *Naqsh ( نقش ) **Naqsh in 17/4 **Naqsh in 18/4 **Naqsh in 21/4 **Naqsh in 36/4 **Naqsh in 40/4 **Naqsh in 52/4 *Nawākht ( نواخت ) **Nawākht Hindī ( نواخت هندي ) *Nīm Oyūn Havāsī ( نيم ايون هواسي ) *Nīm Dawr ( نيم دور ) *Nīm Hazaj ( نيم هزج ) *Nīm Rawān ( نيم روان ) *Nīm Warash ( نيم وراش ) *Nubi Masri (نوبي مصري) *Qadri ( قادري ) *Qātiqūfti *Ray Ālāuwi (راي الاوي) *Rahaj (رهج) *Ramal Halabī ( رامل حلبي سوريا) *Rawān (روان) *Rubaa (روبع) *Rubi (روبي) *Rumba Khāliji ( رومبا خليجي ) *Rumba Masri ( رومبا مصري ) *Rumba Saauwdī ( رومبا سعودي ) *Rumba Yāmānī ( رومبا يمني ) *Saaydi Masri Classic ( صعيدي مصري كلاسيك ) *Saaydi Masri Modern ( صعيدي مصري مودرن ) *Saaydi Masri Shaabi ( صعيدي مصري شعبي ) *Saauwt ( صعوط ) *Sādah Dūyek ( ساده دو يك ) *Sādāyah * Samā'ī Ṭā'er ( سماعي طائر ) *Samā'ī Dārij ( سماعي دارج ) *Samā'ī Thaqīl ( سماعي ثقيل ) *Sāmri ''Iraq''( سامري - العراق ) *Sāmri ''Khāliji''( سمري-الخليجي ) *Shaabi Khāliji ( شعبي خليجي ) *Shaabi Maghrebi ( شعبي مغربي ) *Shaabi Masri ( شعبي مصري ) *Shaabi Halabī Suriyī ( شعبي حلبي سوريا ) *Shakshakah Masriah ( شكشكة مصرية ) *Shanbar Halabī ( شنبر حلبي - سوريا ) *Shanbar Kabīr ( شنبر كبير ) *Sharh ( شرح ) *Sharh Saaudī ( شرح سعودي ) *Sharh Yāmānī ( شرح يمني ) *Sawt Khāyāli ( صوط خيالي ) *Sawt Shāmi ( صوط شامي ) *Shiftātāli ( شفتتالي ) *Sinkīn Samā'ī ( سنكين سماعي ) *Sittatu 'Ashar ( ستة عشر ) *Sudāsi ( سداسي ) *Sūfiyān ( سفيان ) *Sumbāti Masri ( صومباتي مصري ) *Suwāhli ( سواحلي ) *Suwqa ( سوقا ) *Tāmburah ( تمبورة ) *Egyptian Tānurah ( التانورة - شعبي مصري ) *Taras *Torreq Al Sufīa ( طرق الصوفية ) *Ṭurrah ( طرّة ) *Uryantal ( اورينتال ) *Wāhda (واحدة - لبناني) *Wāhda (واحدة - مصري) *Wāhda kābirah ( واحدة كبيرة ) *Wāhda Sāghirah ( واحدة صغيرة ) *Wāhda Khāfifah (واحدة خفيفة) *Wāhda Mukallafa ( واحدة مكلّفة - مصري) *Warash *Warshān 'Arabī Khalijī ( ورشان عربي خليجي ) *Yānbaawi ( ينبعوي ) * Yūruk Samā'ī ( يورك سماعي ); also called ''Samā'i Dārij'' ( سماعي دارج ) *Zāfāh Masria ( زفة مصرية ) *Zāfāh Maghribi ( زفة مغربي ) *Zāfāh Shamia ( زفة شامية) *Zāfāh Khaliji ( زفة خليجي ) *Zāyāni ( زاياني ) *zār Masri ( زار مصري ) *Zīr-Afkand *Zāhaj Arābi (زهج عربي )


See also

*
Dumbek rhythms Dumbek rhythms are a collection of rhythms that are usually played with hand drums such as the dumbek. These rhythms are various combinations of these three basic sounds: *Doom (D), produced with the dominant hand striking the sweet spot of the sk ...
* Usul *
Sa'idi A Ṣa‘īdī (, Coptic language, Coptic: ⲣⲉⲙⲣⲏⲥ ''Remris'') is a person from Upper Egypt (, Coptic language, Coptic: ⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ ''Maris''). Etymology The word literally means "from Ṣa‘īd" (i.e. Upper Egypt), and can a ...
* Khaliji Rhythms * Levantin Music *
Music of Egypt Music has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity in Egypt. Egyptian music had a significant impact on the development of ancient Greek music, and via the Greeks it was important to early European music well into the Middle A ...


References


Cited sources

*
Habib Hassan Touma Habib Hassan Touma ( ar, حبيب حسن توما) (12 December 1934 – 10 August 1998) was a Palestinian composer and ethnomusicologist, born in Nazareth, who lived and worked for many years in Berlin, Germany. Touma authored a number of boo ...
(1996). ''The Music of the Arabs'', trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. .


External links


Arabic Rhythms page
from Maqam World {{rhythm and meter Arabic music Middle Eastern music North African music Arabic music theory