Republic of China Navy

The Republic of China Navy (ROCN; ), also called the ROC Navy and colloquially the Taiwan Navy, is the maritime branch of the Republic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF).

The service was formerly commonly just called the Chinese Navy during World War II and prior to the ROC's retreat from the mainland. While still sometimes used especially in domestic circles, it is now not as often used internationally due to the current ambiguous political status of Taiwan and to avoid confusion with the People's Liberation Army Navy of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Today, the ROC Navy's primary mission is to defend the remaining ROC's territories and the sea lanes under its jurisdiction against any possible blockades, attacks, or invasion. Operations include maritime patrols in the Taiwan Strait and surrounding waters, as well as readiness for counter-strike and counter-invasion operations during wartime. The Republic of China Marine Corps (ROCMC) also functions as a branch of the Navy.

The ship prefix for ROCN combatants is ROCS (Republic of China Ship); an older usage is CNS (Chinese Navy Ship).

Organization

Republic of China Navy Command Headquarters

The Navy CHQs () is subordinate to the General Staff, the Minister of Defense, and the ROC President.
:*Internal units: Personnel, Combat Readiness & Training, Logistics, Planning, Combat Systems, General Affairs, Comptroller, Inspector General, Political Warfare.
:*Naval Fleets Command ()
::*124th Fleet: Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
::*131st Fleet: Keelung City, Taiwan
::*146th Fleet: Magong City, Penghu County, Taiwan
::*Amphibious Fleet (151st Fleet), Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
::*168th Fleet: Suao, Yilan County, Taiwan
::*192nd Fleet (Navy Minesweeper Fleet): Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
::*256th Submarine Squadron: Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
::*261st Squadron
::*Hai Chiao(Sea Dragon) PGMG Guided Missile Boat/Craft Group ()
::: 1st Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 at Suao naval base
::: 2nd Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 ''Kuang Hua VI''-class missile boat
::: 3rd Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 ''Hai Ou''-class missile boat (Dvora class)
::: 4th Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 ''Hai Ou''-class missile boat (Dvora class)
::: 5th Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 11 ''Kuang Hua VI''-class missile boat
::*Hai Feng Shore Based Anti-ship Missile Group (), operates 6 batteries of fixed/mobile HF-2 anti-ship missiles.
:::*7th Hai Feng Shore Based Anti-ship Missile Squadron (), Haulien, Eastern Taiwan.
::* Aviation Command (operates from Pingtung, Tsoying, and Hualien AB)
:::*Naval Aviation, at Pingtung, will receive 12 P-3C 2013/2014.
:::*1st ASW Aviation Group
::::*133rd Squadron: S-2T, at Pingtung.
::::*134th Squadron: S-2T, at Pingtung.
:::*2nd ASW Aviation Group
::::*701st Helicopter Squadron (Light), S-70C(M)-1, at Hualien.
::::*702nd Helicopter Squadron (Light), S-70C(M)-2, at Tsoying.
::::*501st Helicopter Squadron (Light), 500MD ASW, at Tsoying.
:::*Maintenance Group
::::*1st Maintenance Squadron (Pingtung)
::::*2nd Maintenance Squadron (Tsoying)
::::*3rd Maintenance Squadron (Hualien)
:* Marine Corps Command ()
:*Education, Training and Doctrine Command ()
:*Logistics Command ()
:*Naval Academy, Hydrographic & Oceanographic Bureau, Shipbuilding Development Center, Communication Systems, General Service.

''Sources'':

History

1912–1949

The precursor to the modern ROC Navy was established as the Ministry of the Navy in the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in 1911 following the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Liu Guanxiong, a former Qing dynasty admiral, became the first Minister of Navy of the Republic of China. During the period of warlordism that scared China in the 1920s and 1930s the ROCN remained loyal to the Kuomintang government of Sun Yat-sen instead of the warlord government in Beijing which fell to the nationalist government in the 1928 northern campaign and between the civil war with the Communist Party and 1937 Japanese invasion of Northeast China. During that time and throughout World War II, the ROCN concentrated mainly on riverine warfare as the poorly equipped ROCN was not a match to Imperial Japanese Navy over ocean or coast.

Following World War II, a number of Japanese destroyers and decommissioned U.S. ships were transferred to the ROC Navy. During the Chinese Civil War, the ROCN was involved in the protection of supply convoys and the withdrawal of the ROC Government and over 1 million refugees to Taiwan in 1949. The subsequent reorganization and reestablishment of the Navy after evacuation to Taiwan is referenced in the lyrics of the post 1949 ROC Navy Song "The New Navy" ().

1945–present

In 1895, the island of Taiwan was placed under Japanese rule, with the Imperial Japanese Navy responsible for defending the waters of Taiwan and Penghu. After World War II, on 25 October 1945, the jurisdiction of Taiwan and Penghu was transferred to the Republic of China and the ROCN began its operation in that territory.

Following the relocation of the ROC government to Taiwan, the ROCN was involved in a number of commando attack escorts, evacuation and transport of more displaced soldiers and later to provide patrols and resupply operations to Kinmen and Matsu in the Taiwan Strait and South China Sea offshore islands.

Since the 1990s the Navy has grown in importance as the emphasis of the ROC's military doctrine moves towards countering a possible People's Republic of China (PRC) blockade, as well as offshore engagement. As of 2004 the ROCN had been working hard to expand its capability in electronic and anti-submarine warfare, as well as the replacement of antiquated warships and support vessels. While for many years the ROCN operated hand me down and foreign designed vessels in recent years they have been operating a higher number of indigenous platforms, sensors, and weapons much of it made by the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology.

In 2018 Lungteh Shipbuilding was awarded a contract to produce eleven Tuo Chiang Block II corvettes and four minelayers for the Taiwanese Navy.

In April 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic the ROCN cut short their semi-annual goodwill mission to Central and South America. The flotilla consisting of two frigates and a supply vessel was subject to 30 days of quarantine after returning to Taiwan.

In April 2020 Taiwanese boatbuilder Karmin International Co., Ltd. won a NT$450-million (US$14.9-million) contract to supply the Republic of China Navy with eighteen special operations watercraft and eight RIB tenders, the later for the Cheng Kung-class frigates. Delivery is scheduled for June 2022. The contract covered only the watercraft themselves with their machine guns, infrared equipment, and boarding ladders sourced separately.

Rank and rating insignia

Officer ranks

Other ranks

Equipment

Traditionally, most ROCN equipment has been purchased from the United States. The ships themselves have often been older, second-hand vessels without the newest technology. More recently, however, several ships have been built domestically under licence or through domestic development. The ROCN has also purchased s from France and s from the Netherlands as well as four U.S. (renamed ''Keelung'') destroyers originally intended for Iran.

Despite the ROCN refurbishing and extending the service life of its vessels and equipment, it has suffered from procurement difficulties due to pressures exerted by the PRC. It has only two useful submarines. The U.S. has approved sales of eight new diesel-powered submarines but lacks the manufacturing capability to make the engines; at the same time, threats from the PRC prevent the necessary technology transfer from other countries. Furthermore, the Legislative Yuan did not approve the budget and thereby slowed the opportunity to procure the badly needed underwater defense capability.

On 12 September 2007, an arms notification was sent to the United States Congress concerning an order for 12 P-3C Orion terminals on ships for US$340 million, 10 ship- and 2 air-launched Harpoon L/II for US$37 million.

The ROC Navy already has 95 older Harpoon missiles in its inventory for the 8 s, 22 newer RGM-84L for the 4 ''Kidd''-class destroyers, 32 sub-launched Harpoon II on order for the 2 ''Hai Lung''-class submarines, and with 60 air-launched Harpoon Block II anti-ship missile on order for the 12 P-3Cs, plus the newly announced 10 ship-launched and 2 air-launched Harpoon II/L sales.

On 31 August 2010, it was announced for the next year's defense budget, ROCN planned to lease one or two more s (LST) from the United States, but the 900-ton stealth corvette plan was put on hold, due to lack of funds. That same year, On 29 September, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution, authorizing the U.S. Government for the sale of one more ''Osprey''-class minehunter to the ROC.

Other ongoing local upgrade programs include locally designed and built ''Ching Chiang'' class of 12 patrol ships that were designed back in the 1990s to carry four HF-1 anti-ship missiles on board but only the lead ship of the class had them. Since 2006, seven ships of this class were upgraded to carry four HF-2/ 3 with W-160 fire control radar from Wu Chin III program (as well as Honeywell H-930 MCS CDS stripped from seven retired ''Yang''-class Wu Chin 3 anti-air warfare destroyers). In 2010 more ships of this class were undergoing this same upgrade program but using CSIST produced fire control radars instead. Currently four different variants exist within this class, the original ''Ching Chiang'' patrol ship constructed with four HF-1 (one existing in this configuration).

On 29 December 2010, two LSTs () and four remaining of ''Adjutant''-class coastal minehunters were retired.

In 2011, the navy retired several vessels. On 31 October, all eight PCL in the 124th Fleet were retired. On 28 December, the two ''Lung Jiang''-class (PSMM Mk5) guided missile patrol boats (''PGG 601'' and ''PPG 602'') of the 131st Fleet were retired from ROC Navy service, after entering service in 1978 and 1981 respectively.

In June 2018, two s of the US Navy, ex- and ex-, were handed over to the Government of Taiwan for the Republic of China Navy. The transfer cost was an estimated US$177 million. The transfer of the ships includes the advanced AN/SQR-19 Multi-Function Towed array sonar. Taiwan had previously been blocked from acquiring the AN/SQR-19, and the transfer of the system points to an anti-submarine focus in line with the ''Knox''-class frigates they will likely replace.Taiwan receives two US Navy frigates
Mike Yeo, DefenseNews, 2018-06-14

The keel of a new rescue and salvage ship was laid in March 2022.

Indigenous "Landing Platform Dock" / Amphibious Assault Ship

In September 2018, Taiwan confirms contract for first amphibious assault ship built in Taiwan. It will be built by CSBC Corporation, a local shipyard. Four are planned with the first to be entering service around 2021. It is roughly similar to US Navy's San Antonio class, but with a slightly smaller displacement. Support features include a full hospital, well deck, full aviation facilities, storage for wheeled vehicles, and dedicated accommodations for a full battalion of Marines. The vessel design will be armed with a 76 mm naval gun in the primary position, a close-in weapon system (CIWS) turret, two 12.7 mm machine gun positions in the forward section, and launchers that can deploy the Hsiung Feng II and III family of anti-ship and land-attack cruise missiles. The primary sensor is expected to be a naval version of the indigenous CS/MPQ-90 Bee Eye AESA radar.

Fleet Air Defense Upgrade / Hsun Lien Project

The ROC Navy currently lacks a modern fleet defense system. Its destroyers currently use obsolete Mark 26 missile launchers designed from the 1970s and does not currently have a modern centralized air defense combat system like the Aegis. Past US administrations rejected the sale of Aegis radar system and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, including George W. Bush in 2001. Under the George W. Bush administration, the US instead sold Taiwan four Kidd-class destroyers, which did not carry the Aegis and were no longer in service in the US Navy at the time. However, in January 2019, the US government delivered two sets of Mk 41 VLS to Taiwan. The ROC government plans to integrate the MK41 VLS and locally developed Tien-Kung III (Sky Bow III) with its indigenously developed Hsun Lien naval combat system, which is similar to Aegis, to upgrade its ship air defense capabilities. Taiwan has acquired the license and technology to produce additional MK 41 VLS launchers. The ROC Navy currently as of 2019 possesses at least 14 warships compatible with the Mk41. Additionally, the AN/SLQ-32 system on the Kee Lung class guided missile destroyers (formerly Kidd-Class Destroyers) will be upgraded and is expected to be completed by 2023. In November 2019 it was reported that the decommissioned amphibious landing ship Kao Hsiung (LCC-1) was being used as a test ship for the Hsun Lien naval combat system project and had been fitted with a large phased array radar system and the Mark 41 Vertical Launching System. In January 2020, it is reported the Tien-Kung III (Sky Bow III) is successfully fired from the Mark 41 Vertical Launching System.

Indigenous Defense Submarine (IDS) Program

In November 2020, President Tsai Ing-wen opened the submarine construction facility in Kaohsiung with plans to build eight submarines. Construction was to begin with a prototype boat which was to be built over 78 months. The first boat is scheduled to enter service in 2025. Between December 2020 and February 2021, the United States reportedly approved the export of three key systems to Taiwan for the program: digital sonar systems, integrated combat systems and auxiliary equipment systems (periscopes).

Surface fleet

Destroyers (4 in service)

Frigates (22 in service)

Corvettes (12 in service)

Fast attack missile craft (31 in service)

Mine warfare vessels (11 in service)

Amphibious ships (8 in service)

Submarine fleet

Submarines (4 in service)

Auxiliary fleet

Auxiliary ships (8 in service)

Aircraft

Fixed-wing

Helicopters

Armament

Surface-to-air missiles

Anti-ship missiles

CIWS

Torpedoes

Gallery

File:Hsiung Feng II and Hsiung Feng III launchers of ROCN PFG2-1110 20190324.jpg, Hsiung Feng II and Hsiung Feng III launchers of ''Tian Dan'' (PFG2-1110)
File:Sea Oryx Missile Lanucher Display at MND Hall 20150815b.jpg, Sea Oryx missile launcher display at MND Hall
File:Covered ROCN Hsiung Feng II & Hsiung Feng III Anti-Ship Missile Launchers Truck Display at Zuoying Naval Base Ground 20141123a.jpg, Covered ROCN Hsiung Feng II & Hsiung Feng III anti-ship missile launchers truck displayed at Zuoying Naval Base
File:ROCN Hughes 500 6910 Carried on Lan Yang (FFG-935) Helicopter Deck Rear Right View 20141123.jpg, ROCN Hughes 500 "6910" carried on ''Lan Yang'' (FFG-935) helicopter deck from rear right view
File:ROCN S-70C(M) 2307 Flying over Zuoying Naval Base in Morning 20141123a.jpg, ROCN S-70C(M) "2307" flying over Zuoying Naval Base in the morning
File:Mark 32 Torpedo Tubes Mounted on ROCN Tzu I (PFG-1107) Right Side 20130504.jpg, Mark 32 torpedo tubes mounted on ROCN ''Tzu I'' (PFG-1107)
File:No.1 Wan Xiang CAPTOR Mine Display at ROCN Ho Zhong (LCU-484) 20151024.jpg, No.1 Wan Xiang CAPTOR mine displayed aboard ROCN ''Ho Zhong'' (LCU-484)
File:No.2 Wan Xiang Bottom Mine Display at ROCN Ho Zhong (LCU-484) 20151024b.jpg, No.2 Wan Xiang Bottom mine displayed aboard ROCN ''Ho Zhong'' (LCU-484)
File:RIM-72C Launcher Mounted on ROCN Si Ning (PFG-1203) 20150316.jpg, Sea Chaparral launcher mounted on ROCN ''Si Ning'' (PFG-1203)
File:T-75S 20mm Cannon Mounted on FACG-77 20130504c.jpg, T-75S 20mm Cannon mounted on ROCS FACG-77
File:Phalanx CIWS and Bofors 40mm L70 Gun aboard on ROCN Di Hua (PFG-1206) 20151024.jpg, Phalanx CIWS and Bofors 40 mm L/70 gun aboard on ROCN ''Di Hua'' (PFG-1206)
File:M96 Motorboat Display at Navy Fleet Command Ground 20170715Fa.jpg, M96 motorboat
File:03.21 總統出席「海軍106年敦睦支隊啟航歡送暨潛艦國造設計啟動及合作備忘錄簽署」，並視導磐石軍艦 33183344490 394dce2511 o.jpg, The President of Taiwan aboard the ''Pan Shi''
File:OTO Melara 76mm Gun aboard the Frigate ROCN Si Ning (PFG-1203) 20150316.jpg, OTO Melara 76mm Gun aboard the frigate ROCN ''Si Ning'' (PFG-1203)
File:ROCN Hsiung Feng II & Hsiung Feng III Anti-Ship Missile Launchers Truck Display at Zuoying Naval Base Ground 20151024.jpg, ROCN Hsiung Feng II & Hsiung Feng III anti-ship missile launchers truck
File:ROCN S-70C(M) 2312 Display at Zuoying Naval Base Ground 20151024a.jpg, ROCN S-70C(M) "2312"
File:Visitors in Front of ROCN Kao Hsiung (LCC-1) 20151024.jpg, Visitors in front of ROCN ''Kao Hsiung'' (LCC-1)
File:TC-2N missile fired from ROCS Ta Chiang.png, TC-2N

Bases

* Tsoying Naval Base – 1st Naval District HQ, largest naval base in Taiwan and naval airfield near Kaohsiung
* Tsoying Naval Airfield and Naval Yard – Tsoying District
* Makung Naval Base (Makung, Pescadores) – 2nd Naval District HQ – home to attack squadrons, training centre and naval yard
* Keelung Naval Base, Keelung – 3rd Naval District HQ, home to northern patrol and transport squadrons and small naval yard
* Suao Naval Base, Su-ao, Yilan – East Coast Command and supports Keelung Naval Base

All remaining bases are small naval stations supporting PCL class small patrol boats and Fast Attack Boat:

* Anping Naval Base, Anping
* Hsinchu Naval Base, Hsinchu
* Hualien Naval Base, Hualien
* Kenting Naval Base, Hengchun
* Tamshui Naval Base, Tamshui
* Wu Chi Naval Base, Wuqi District

Naval Maritime and Surveillance Command

The Naval Maritime and Surveillance Command overseas a network of surveillance radar stations across Taiwan. These include high altitude sites like Hsiaohsuehshan which is located at more than 3,000m above sea level. The high altitude sites pose unique challenges to the Navy as they are often located in inaccessible areas and experience extreme weather including months of snow in the winter.

In May 2021 the navy ordered a new series of shore based medium-to-long range maritime surveillance radars from NCSIST. Because the radar system will likely come under attack in a war the navy has been pulling staff back to central command centers.

See also

* List of Republic of China Navy ships
* Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)
* Republic of China Naval Academy
* Coast Guard Administration (Taiwan)
* Political status of Taiwan
* People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) – The naval forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC)
* Republic of China Navy rank and rating insignia for the rank and rating system of the ROCN (Including the Marine Corps)
* Maritime industries of Taiwan
* Taiwan frigate scandal

Notes

References

External links

ROC Navy website

{{Asia topic, Navy of, title=Navies of Asia

1924 establishments in China