regent A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state '' pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy ...

is a person selected to act as

head of state A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and l ...

(ruling or not) because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated. Currently there is only one ruling

Regency A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state '' pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy ...

in the world, sovereign

Liechtenstein Liechtenstein (), officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (german: link=no, Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a German-speaking microstate located in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland. Liechtenstein is a semi-constitutional monarchy ...

. The following is a list of regents.

Regents in extant monarchies

Those who held a regency briefly, for example during surgery, are not necessarily listed, particularly if they performed no official acts; this list is also not complete, presumably not even for all monarchies included. The list includes some figures who acted as regent, even if they did not themselves hold the title of regent.

Asia

Cambodia

* Prince Sisowath Monireth, Chairman of the Regency Council of Cambodia in 1960 *

Chea Sim Chea Sim ( km, ជា ស៊ីម; 15 November 19328 June 2015) was a Cambodian politician. He was President of the Cambodian People's Party from 1991 to 2015, President of the National Assembly of Cambodia from 1981 to 1998 (Vice President fr ...

, Acting Head of State of Cambodia from 1993 to 1994, and again from 1994 to 1995, and twice in 2004 *

Nhek Bun Chhay Nhek Bun Chhay ( km, ញឹក ប៊ុនឆៃ; born 1956) is a Cambodian politician and leader of the Khmer National United Party. Prior to his career in the military, he began as a rebel and supported the royalist forces of Funcinpec until ...

, Acting Head of State of Cambodia in 2004

Japan

* Regent Empress Dowager

Jingū Jingu may refer to: People *Empress Jingū (c. AD 169–269) *Toshio Jingu (born 1948), a Japanese fencer Other uses *Jingu Stadium, Tokyo, Japan *Jingū, a name for Shinto shrines connected to the Imperial House of Japan *Busanjin District, Sou ...

for her son, the future

Emperor Ōjin , also known as (alternatively spelled 譽田別命, 誉田別命, 品陀和気命, 譽田分命, 誉田別尊, 品陀別命) or , was the 15th (possibly legendary) Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. No firm dat ...

Prince Regent A prince regent or princess regent is a prince or princess who, due to their position in the line of succession, rules a monarchy as regent in the stead of a monarch regnant, e.g., as a result of the sovereign's incapacity (minority or illness ...

Shōtoku for his aunt,

Empress Suiko (554 – 15 April 628) was the 33rd monarch of Japan, Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'') 推古天皇 (33)/ref> according to the traditional order of succession. Suiko reigned from 593 until her death in 628. In the history of Japan ...

Fujiwara Regents was a powerful family of imperial regents in Japan, descending from the Nakatomi clan and, as legend held, through them their ancestral god Ame-no-Koyane. The Fujiwara prospered since the ancient times and dominated the imperial court until ...

as Sesshō or Kampaku *

Hirohito Emperor , commonly known in English-speaking countries by his personal name , was the 124th emperor of Japan, ruling from 25 December 1926 until his death in 1989. Hirohito and his wife, Empress Kōjun, had two sons and five daughters; he was ...

for his father,

Emperor Taishō was the 123rd Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, and the second ruler of the Empire of Japan from 30 July 1912 until his death in 1926. The Emperor's personal name was . According to Japanese custom, while reigni ...

, from 1921 to 1926.

Jordan

Prince Naif bin Al-Abdullah Prince Nayef bin Abdullah (14 November 1914 – 12 October 1983) was the younger son of King Abdullah I of Jordan, by his second wife, Suzdil Khanum. Nayef attended Victoria College in Cairo. He underwent Military training in Turkey, being assi ...

from 20 July to 5 September 1951, due to the schizophrenia of his brother

King Talal Talal bin Abdullah ( ar, طلال بن عبد الله, ; 26 February 1909 – 7 July 1972) was King of Jordan from the assassination of his father, King Abdullah I, on 20 July 1951 until his forced abdication on 11 August 1952. As a member of t ...

, who was in a Swiss mental hospital. * A regency council (

Ibrahim Hashem Ibrahim Hashem ( ar, إبراهيم هاشم; 1886 – 14 July 1958) was a Jordanian politician and judge, known primarily for serving five terms as Prime Minister. He died in Baghdad at the hands of a mob in front of the Iraqi Ministry of Defen ...

, Suleiman Toukan, Abdul Rahman Rusheidat and chairing Queen Mother

Zein al-Sharaf Talal Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil ( ar, زين الشرف بنت جميل; 2 August 1916 – 26 April 1994) was the Queen of Jordan as the wife of King Talal. Queen Zein was the mother of King Hussein. Family She was born in Alexandria, Egypt, into a fami ...

) took over during the king's ailment & continued after the king's forced abdication (on 11 August 1952), serving from 4 June 1952 to 2 May 1953, until

King Hussein Hussein bin Talal ( ar, الحسين بن طلال, ''Al-Ḥusayn ibn Ṭalāl''; 14 November 1935 – 7 February 1999) was King of Jordan from 11 August 1952 until his death in 1999. As a member of the Hashemite dynasty, the royal family of ...

came of age. * Crown Prince Hassan, from 4 July 1998 to 19 January 1999 while his brother

was undergoing cancer treatments.

Malaysia and its constitutive monarchies

=Terengganu

= *

Tengku Muhammad Ismail Tengku Muhammad Ismail ibni Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin (born 1 March 1998) is the ''Yang di-Pertuan Muda'' (Crown Prince) of Terengganu. He is the son of the current Sultan of Terengganu, Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin and Sultanah Nur Zahirah,the ...

(eight-years of age at the time), co-reigned with the three-member Regency Advisory Council (''Majlis Penasihat Pemangku Raja'') from 2006 to 2011. His father,

Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Al-Wathiqu Billah Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah ( Jawi: ; born 22 January 1962) is the 18th and current Sultan of Terengganu. He served as the 13th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the constitutio ...

the Sultan of

Terengganu Terengganu (; Terengganu Malay: ''Tranung'', Jawi: ), formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, ''Dāru l- Īmān'' ("Abode of Faith"). ...

was elected as 13th

King of Malaysia The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (, Jawi: ), also known as the Supreme Head of the Federation, the Paramount Ruler or simply as the Agong, and unofficially as the King of Malaysia, is the constitutional monarch and head of state of Malaysia. The of ...

. The Malaysian constitution does not allow a simultaneous reign as both the King of Malaysia and as Monarch of the King's native state (deemed absent on the State throne). Sultan Mizan was crowned as King on 13 December 2006 and the prince as the Regent (''Pemangku Raja'') of Terengganu effective on the same date.

Oman

* for the minor Sa`id (II) ibn Sultan (b. 1790 – succeeded 20 November 1804 – d. 19 Oct 1856) : 20 November 1804 – 31 July 1806 Badr ibn Sayf (d. 1806) * for

Sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it ...

Turki ibn Sa`id Turki or Torki bin Said al Busaidi, GCSI (1832 – 4 June 1888) ( ar, تركي بن سعيد, bal, ترکی بن سعید) was Sultan of Muscat and Oman from 30 January 1871 to 4 June 1888. He was the fifth son of Said bin Sultan. He acceded fol ...

(b. 1832 – succeeded 30 January 1871 – died 4 Jun 1888) : August – December 1875 Abdul-Aziz ibn Said – (b. 1850 – d. 1907)

Qatar

* H.E. Shaikh

Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani Abdullah bin Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani ( ar, عبد الله بن جاسم بن محمد آل ثاني "Abdullah bin Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani"), also known as Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani or Sheikh Abdullah bin Qassim Al Thani, ...

was proclaimed as regent when his father Sheikh Qasim bin Muhammad Al Thani became incapacitated, 13 May 1913; succeeded on his death, 17 July 1913

Saudi Arabia

* 30 March 1964 – 2 November 1964 Crown Prince Faisal (b. 1906 – d. 1975) –Regent for his brother

King Saud Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( ar, سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود ''Suʿūd ibn ʿAbd al ʿAzīz Āl Suʿūd'', Najdi Arabic pronunciation: ; 15 January 1902 – 23 February 1969) was King of Saudi Arabia from 9 November 1953 ...

, and later his successor * 1 January 1996 – 21 February 1996 formally, but de facto until 1 August 2005 Crown Prince Abdullah (b. 1924 – d. 2015) –Regent for his brother

King Fahd Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( ar, فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود ''Fahd ibn ʿAbd al ʿAzīz Āl Suʿūd'', ; 1920, 1921 or 1923 – 1 August 2005) was a Saudi Arabian politician who was King and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia fro ...

, and later his successor

Thailand

Prayurawongse ''Somdet Chao Phraya'' Borom Maha Prayurawongse ( th, สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาประยูรวงศ์; ; 1788 - 26 April 1855) or Dit Bunnag ( th, ดิศ บุนนาค; ) was a prominent polit ...

for King

Mongkut Mongkut ( th, มงกุฏ; 18 October 18041 October 1868) was the fourth monarch of Siam (Thailand) under the House of Chakri, titled Rama IV. He ruled from 1851 to 1868. His full title in Thai was ''Phra Bat Somdet Phra Menthora Ramathibod ...

(1851–1855) * Sri Suriwongse for King

Chulalongkorn Chulalongkorn ( th, จุฬาลงกรณ์, 20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910) was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, titled Rama V. He was known to the Siamese of his time as ''Phra Phuttha Chao Luang'' (พร� ...

(1868–1873) * Queen

Saovabha Phongsri Queen Saovabha Phongsri ( th, เสาวภาผ่องศรี; RTGS: Saowapha PhongsiPronunciation) was an agnatic half-sister and queen of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) of Thailand, and mother of both King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) and King Pr ...

for King

(1897) * Crown Prince Maha

Vajiravudh Vajiravudh ( th, วชิราวุธ, , 1 January 188126 November 1925) was the sixth monarch of Siam under the Chakri dynasty as Rama VI. He ruled from 23 October 1910 until his death in 1925. King Vajiravudh is best known for his efforts ...

for King

(1907) * Prince

Prajadhipok Sakdidej Prajadhipok ( th, ประชาธิปก, RTGS: ''Prachathipok'', 8 November 1893 – 30 May 1941), also Rama VII, was the seventh monarch of Siam of the Chakri dynasty. His reign was a turbulent time for Siam due to political and ...

for King

(1925) * Prince

Paribatra Sukhumbandhu Marshal-Admiral Paribatra Sukhumbandhu, Prince of Nakhon Sawan (; Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ เจ้าฟ้าบริพัตรสุขุมพันธุ์ กรมพระนค� ...

for King

Prajadhipok Prajadhipok ( th, ประชาธิปก, RTGS: ''Prachathipok'', 8 November 1893 – 30 May 1941), also Rama VII, was the seventh monarch of Siam of the Chakri dynasty. His reign was a turbulent time for Siam due to political and ...

(1932) * Prince

Narisara Nuwattiwong Prince Chitcharoen, the Prince Narisara Nuwattiwong ( th, นริศรานุวัดติวงศ์ ; 28 April 1863 – 10 March 1947), Prince Naris for short, né Chitcharoen (), was a member of the royal family of Siam (now Thailand), ...

for King

(1934–1935) * Prince Oscar Anuvatana (d. 1935), Prince

Aditya Dibabha Prince Aditya Dibabha ( th, อาทิตย์ทิพอาภา; ; ; 27 July 1900 – 19 May 1946) was a member of the Thai Royal Family and a Siamese political figure. He served as Chairman of the Regency Council between the years 1935 an ...

(1935–1944), Pan Sukhum (1935–1938), General Um Indrayodhin (1935–1942) and

Pridi Banomyong Pridi Banomyong ( th, ปรีดี พนมยงค์, , ; 11 May 1900 – 2 May 1983), also known by his noble title Luang Praditmanutham ( th, หลวงประดิษฐ์มนูธรรม) was a Thai politician and professo ...

(1941–1945) for King

Ananda Mahidol Ananda Mahidol ( th, พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหาอานันทมหิดล; ; 20 September 1925 – 9 June 1946), posthumous reigning title Phra Athamaramathibodin ( th, พระอั� ...

Prem Tinsulanonda Prem Tinsulanonda ( th, เปรม ติณสูลานนท์, , ; 26 August 1920 – 26 May 2019) was a Thai military officer, politician, and statesman who served as the Prime Minister of Thailand from 3 March 1980 to 4 August 1988, ...

, regent from 13 October to 1 December 2016 while King

Vajiralongkorn Vajiralongkorn ( th, วชิราลงกรณ; , ; born 28 July 1952) is the King of Thailand. He is the only son of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit. In 1972, at the age of 20, he was made crown prince by his father. After his ...

was in mourning for his father and predecessor.

Africa

Morocco

* The

Wattasid The Wattasid dynasty ( ber, Iweṭṭasen; ar, الوطاسيون, ''al-waṭṭāsīyūn'') was a ruling dynasty of Morocco. Like the Marinid dynasty, its rulers were of Zenata Berber descent. The two families were related, and the Marinids ...

Vizier

Abu Zakariya Yahya Abu Zakariya Yahya (, Abu Zakariya Yahya I ben Abd al-Wahid (12031249) was the founder and first sultan of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya. He was the grandson of Sheikh Abu al-Hafs, the leader of the Hintata and second in command of the Almohads ...

was regent during the minority of the

Marinid The Marinid Sultanate was a Berber Muslim empire from the mid-13th to the 15th century which controlled present-day Morocco and, intermittently, other parts of North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia) and of the southern Iberian Peninsula (Spain) a ...

sultan

Abd al-Haqq II Abd al-Haqq II () (Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman Abu Muhammad; 1419 – 14 August 1465) was Marinid Sultan of Morocco from 1420 to 1465. Life Abd al-Haqq II was made sultan in 1420 under the regency of a Wattasid ''vizier'', and later was nominal ...

; the Wattasid Viziers however kept the power beyond the majority of

, until 1459 when most members of their family were killed by the sultan, allowing him to return to power.

Lesotho

* Queen Mamohato was regent for the exiled King Moshoeshoe II in 1970 and again in 1990, and after his death in 1996.

Swaziland

Tibati Nkambule of Swaziland Tibati Madvolomafisha Nkambule (d. 1895), was the Queen Regent and Indlovukati of Swaziland from 1889 until 1894 following the death of King Mbandzeni (Dlamini IV). Tibati has been called "strong, traditionalist and well respected among her pe ...

was regent following the death of

Mbandzeni Mbandzeni (also known as Dlamini IV, Umbandine, Umbandeen) (1855–1889) was the King of Swaziland from 1872 until 1889. Ngwenyama, Ingwenyama Mbandzeni was the son of Mswati II and Nandzi Nkambule. His mother the wife of King Mswati had died wh ...

, until the majority of his son

Ngwane V Ngwane V (also known as Mahlokohla, Bhunu, Hhili) (11 May 1876 – 10 December 1899) was the King of Swaziland from 1895 until his death on 10 December 1899. Ngwane was born the son of Mbandzeni and his mother was Labotsibeni Mdluli. He ascende ...

(1889 to 1894) *

Labotsibeni Mdluli Labotsibeni Mdluli, also known as Gwamile (c. 1859 – 15 December 1925), was the Queen Mother and Queen Regent of Swaziland. Early life She was born at Luhlekweni in northern Swaziland around 1859, the daughter of Matsanjana Mdluli. At the tim ...

was regent following the death of her son

, until the majority of his son

King Sobhuza II Sobhuza II, (; also known as Nkhotfotjeni, Mona; 22 July 1899 – 21 August 1982) was the Paramount Chief and later Ngwenyama of Swaziland for 82 years and 254 days, the longest verifiable reign of any monarch in recorded history. Sobhuza was ...

(1899 to 1921) * Queen Dzeliwe was regent after the death of her husband

from 1982 to 1983 *

Prince Sozisa Dlamini Prince Sozisa Dlamini of Swaziland (c. 1912 – 1992) was Chief of Gundvwini. He became the Authorized Person of Swaziland from 1982 to 1985 after the death of King Sobhuza II, and in 1983 was briefly the acting Regent of the country, after he dep ...

was regent in 1983, following the death of

and the regency of Queen Dzeliwe * Queen Ntfombi was regent following the death of her husband

, until the majority of his son

King Mswati III Mswati III (born Makhosetive; 19 April 1968) is the king (Swazi: Ngwenyama, Ingwenyama yemaSwati) of Eswatini and head of the Swazi royal family. He was born in Manzini in the Protectorate of Swaziland to King Sobhuza II and one of his younger w ...

(1983 to 1986)

Europe

Belgium

* Baron

Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier Érasme-Louis, Baron Surlet de Chokier (27 November 1769 – 7 August 1839), born in Liège, was a Belgian politician and, before the accession of Leopold I to the Belgian throne, was the first Regent of Belgium. During the Liège Revolution ...

, Regent of Belgium until Leopold I's formal accession in 1831 *

Prince Charles, Count of Flanders nl, Karel Theodoor Hendrik Anton Meinrad , image = Karel van België Charles de Belgique Karl von Belgien.jpg , image_size = 230px , spouse = Jacqueline Peyrebrune , issue = Isabelle , birth_date = , birth_place = Bruss ...

prince regent A prince regent or princess regent is a prince or princess who, due to their position in the line of succession, rules a monarchy as regent in the stead of a monarch regnant, e.g., as a result of the sovereign's incapacity (minority or illness ...

of Belgium during his elder brother Leopold III's exile from 1944 to 1950 * Prince Baudouin, Duke of Brabant,

of Belgium from 1950 to 1951

Denmark

Johann Friedrich Struensee Lensgreve Johann Friedrich Struensee (5 August 1737 – 28 April 1772) was a German-Danish physician, philosopher and statesman. He became royal physician to the mentally ill King Christian VII of Denmark and a minister in the Danish government. ...

, de facto regent for

King Christian VII Christian VII (29 January 1749 – 13 March 1808) was a monarch of the House of Oldenburg who was King of Denmark–Norway and Duke of Duchy of Schleswig, Schleswig and Duchy of Holstein, Holstein from 1766 until his death in 1808. For his motto ...

, 1770–1772 * Hereditary Prince Frederick (along with, effectively, his mother, Queen Juliana Maria) for his half-brother (and her step-son),

, 1772–1784 * Crown Prince Frederick for his father,

, 1784–1808 * Crown Prince Frederick for his father,

King Christian X Christian X ( da, Christian Carl Frederik Albert Alexander Vilhelm; 26 September 1870 – 20 April 1947) was King of Denmark from 1912 to his death in 1947, and the only King of Iceland as Kristján X, in the form of a personal union rather ...

, 1942–1943

Liechtenstein

* Prince Franz Joseph was regent for four months for his grand-uncle Sovereign Prince Franz I. * Hereditary Prince Hans-Adam was regent for his father Sovereign Prince Franz Joseph II from 1984 until his death in 1989. *

Hereditary Prince Alois Alois, Hereditary Prince and Regent of Liechtenstein, Count of Rietberg (Alois Philipp Maria; born 11 June 1968), is the eldest son of Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein, and Countess Marie Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau. The heir apparent ...

has been regent for his father Sovereign Prince Hans-Adam II since 15 August 2004.

Luxembourg

* Duke Adolph of Nassau was Regent from 8 April 1889 to 3 May 1889 and from 4 November 1890 to 23 November 1890, during the terminal illness of Grand Duke William III. * Dowager Grand Duchess Marie Anne was Regent to her husband, Grand Duke William IV, during his terminal illness from 19 November 1908 to 25 February 1912, and then Regent to her daughter,

Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde Grand may refer to: People with the name * Grand (surname) * Grand L. Bush (born 1955), American actor * Grand Mixer DXT, American turntablist * Grand Puba (born 1966), American rapper Places * Grand, Oklahoma * Grand, Vosges, village and co ...

, during her minority from 25 February 1912 to 18 June 1912. * Hereditary Grand Duke Jean was Regent for his mother,

Grand Duchess Charlotte Charlotte (Charlotte Adelgonde Elisabeth Marie Wilhelmine; 23 January 1896 – 9 July 1985) reigned as List of monarchs of Luxembourg, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 14 January 1919 until her abdication on 12 November 1964. She acceded to th ...

, from 4 May 1961 to 12 November 1964. * Hereditary Grand Duke Henri was Regent for his father,

Grand Duke Jean Jean (Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano; 5 January 1921 – 23 April 2019) was the Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1964 until his abdication in 2000. He was the first Grand Duke of Luxembourg of French agnatic ...

, from 4 March 1998 to 7 October 2000.

Monaco

* Hereditary Prince Albert was regent from his father

Prince Rainier III Rainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi; 31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005) was Prince of Monaco from 1949 to his death in 2005. Rainier ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest-ruling m ...

from 31 March 2005 to 6 April 2005, when he succeeded him as

Prince Albert II Albert II – Website of the Palace of Monaco (Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre Grimaldi; born 14 March 1958) is Prince of Monaco, since 2005. Albert was born at the Prince's Palace of Monaco, and he is the second child and only son of Prince Rai ...

Netherlands

* The Dowager Princess Anne, during the minority of her son,

William V, Prince of Orange William V (Willem Batavus; 8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806) was a prince of Orange and the last stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. He went into exile to London in 1795. He was furthermore ruler of the Principality of Orange-Nassau until his death in ...

, between 1751 and 1759 * The Dowager Princess Marie Louise, during the minority of her son,

William IV, Prince of Orange William IV (Willem Karel Hendrik Friso; 1 September 1711 – 22 October 1751) was Prince of Orange from birth and the first hereditary stadtholder of all the United Provinces of the Netherlands from 1747 until his death in 1751. During his whole l ...

from 1711-1730, and the minority of her grandson, William V, jointly with

Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Bevern (25 September 1718, Wolfenbüttel – 12 May 1788, Eisenach) was a field-marshal in the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic, the elected Duke of Courland (1741). From 13 November 1750 t ...

from 1759 till her death in 1765. *

, the Captain-General of the Dutch army, during the minority of William V, jointly with Dowager Princess Marie Louise from 1759 until her death in 1765, and with

Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau (''Wilhelmine Carolina''; 28 February 1743 – 6 May 1787) was a Dutch regent. She was the daughter of William IV, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and Anne, Princess Royal. She was regent of the ...

(1765-1766) * Princess Carolina, during the minority of her brother, William V, and jointly with Duke Louis Ernest, between 1765 and 1766. *

Council of State A Council of State is a governmental body in a country, or a subdivision of a country, with a function that varies by jurisdiction. It may be the formal name for the cabinet or it may refer to a non-executive advisory body associated with a head o ...

, during insanity of the King

William III William III or William the Third may refer to: Kings * William III of Sicily (c. 1186–c. 1198) * William III of England and Ireland or William III of Orange or William II of Scotland (1650–1702) * William III of the Netherlands and Luxembourg ...

in 1889 and again in 1890 * The Dowager Queen Emma (1890–1898), during the minority of her daughter

Queen Wilhelmina Wilhelmina (; Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 until her abdication in 1948. She reigned for nearly 58 years, longer than any other Dutch monarch. Her reign saw World Wa ...

, between 1890 and 1898 * Crown Princess Juliana during illness of her mother

in 1947 and again in 1948

Norway

* King Magnus Eriksson (1343–1355) after stepping down from the throne in favor of his son Haakon Magnusson *

, de facto regent for

, 1770–1772 * Hereditary Prince Frederick (along with, effectively, his mother, Queen Juliana Maria) for his half-brother (and her step-son),

, 1772–1784 * Crown Prince Frederick for his father,

, 1784–1808 *

Crown Prince Olav Olav V (; born Prince Alexander of Denmark; 2 July 1903 – 17 January 1991) was the King of Norway from 1957 until his death in 1991. Olav was the only child of King Haakon VII of Norway and Maud of Wales. He became heir apparent to the Norw ...

was regent for his father

King Haakon VII Haakon VII (; born Prince Carl of Denmark; 3 August 187221 September 1957) was the King of Norway from November 1905 until his death in September 1957. Originally a Danish prince, he was born in Copenhagen as the son of the future Frederick VI ...

in 1945, awaiting his return at end of the Second World War, and during his illness between 1955 and 1957. * Crown Prince Harald was regent during the illness of his father

King Olav V Olav V (; born Prince Alexander of Denmark; 2 July 1903 – 17 January 1991) was the King of Norway from 1957 until his death in 1991. Olav was the only child of King Haakon VII of Norway and Maud of Wales. He became heir apparent to the Norw ...

between 1990 and 1991. *

Crown Prince Haakon Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway (; Haakon Magnus; born 20 July 1973) is the heir apparent to the Norwegian throne. He is the only son of King Harald V and Queen Sonja. Haakon represents the fourth generation of the sitting Norwegian royal famil ...

was regent from 25 November 2003 to 12 April 2004, from 29 March to 7 June 2005 and since 19 December 2019 during the illness of his father

King Harald V Harald V ( no, Harald den femte, ; born 21 February 1937) is King of Norway. He acceded to the throne on 17 January 1991. Harald was the third child and only son of King Olav V of Norway and Princess Märtha of Sweden. He was second in the lin ...

Spain

Crown of Castile The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accessi ...

Ferdinand II of Aragon Ferdinand II ( an, Ferrando; ca, Ferran; eu, Errando; it, Ferdinando; la, Ferdinandus; es, Fernando; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), also called Ferdinand the Catholic (Spanish: ''el Católico''), was King of Aragon and Sardinia from ...

, twice regent of Castile (1504–1506, 1507–1516) for Queen Juana *

Pope Adrian VI Pope Adrian VI ( la, Hadrianus VI; it, Adriano VI; nl, Adrianus/Adriaan VI), born Adriaan Florensz Boeyens (2 March 1459 – 14 September 1523), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 January 1522 until his d ...

(1520–1522) and

Isabella of Portugal Isabella of Portugal (24 October 1503 – 1 May 1539) was the empress consort and queen consort of her cousin Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Duke of Burgundy. She was Queen of Spain and Germany, and La ...

(1529–1533, 1535–1536, 1538–1539) and

Prince Philip Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, later Philip Mountbatten; 10 June 1921 – 9 April 2021) was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. As such, he served as the consort of the British monarch from E ...

(1539–1541, 1543–1548, 1551–1554) and Archduke Maximilian (1548–1551) and Maria of Austria (1548–1551) during Charles I's absences. * Joan of Austria, Princess Dowager of Portugal (''Infanta Juana''), regent of Castile (1554–1559) for

King Philip II of Spain Philip II) in Spain, while in Kingdom of Portugal, Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I ( pt, Filipe I). (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent ( es, Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, K ...

during the king's marriage to Queen

Mary I of England Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, and as "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents, was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 and Queen of Spain from January 1556 until her death in 1558. Sh ...

. * Fernando de Acevedo as President of the Council of Castile during King Philip III's visit to Portugal in 1619. *

Mariana of Austria Mariana of Austria ( es, Mariana de Austria) or Maria Anna (24 December 163416 May 1696) was List of Spanish royal consorts, Queen of Spain as the second wife of her uncle Philip IV of Spain from their marriage in 1649 until Philip died in 1665. ...

, regent of Spain during the minority of her son Charles II from 1665 to 1675. *

Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero y de Guzmán, (8 January 1635, Palma del Río – 14 September 1709, Toledo, Spain) was a Spanish prelate, who was cardinal archbishop of Toledo. Uncle of Luis Antonio Tomás de Portocarrero y Moscoso, 5th ...

cardinal and archbishop of Toledo during King Charles II's illness in 1700. * Government Board of the Realms during the illness of Charles II and Philip V absence from 1700 to 1701. *

cardinal and archbishop of Toledo during King Philip V's absence from 1701 to 1703. * Queen Regent

Elisabeth Farnese Elisabeth Farnese (Italian: ''Elisabetta Farnese'', Spanish: ''Isabel Farnesio''; 25 October 169211 July 1766) was Queen of Spain by marriage to King Philip V. She exerted great influence over Spain's foreign policy and was the ''de facto'' rule ...

during King Charles III's absence in 1759. *

Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain Infante Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Aniello Raimundo Silvestre of Spain (31 December 1755 – 20 April 1817) was a son of King Charles III of Spain and younger brother of King Charles IV of Spain and King Ferdinand I of th ...

, French invasion (King Ferdinand VII's absence) in 1808. * Lieutenant General

Joachim Murat Joachim Murat ( , also , ; it, Gioacchino Murati; 25 March 1767 – 13 October 1815) was a French military commander and statesman who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. Under the French Empire he received the ...

(1808) and

Jean de Dieu Soult Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * Jean (surname) Fictional characters * Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character * Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations * Jean ...

(1813) during King Joseph's absence. * A Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies from 25 September 1808 to 31 January 1810 and a Regency Council (the

Cortes of Cádiz The Cortes of Cádiz was a revival of the traditional ''Cortes Generales, cortes'' (Spanish parliament), which as an institution had not functioned for many years, but it met as a single body, rather than divided into estates as with previous o ...

from 1 February 1810 to 10 May 1814 during the imprisonment/abdication of

Ferdinand VII , house = Bourbon-Anjou , father = Charles IV of Spain , mother = Maria Luisa of Parma , birth_date = 14 October 1784 , birth_place = El Escorial, Spain , death_date = , death_place = Madrid, Spain , burial_plac ...

. * Regencies during the Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis Intervention (1823): Provisional Regency Council of the Realm. President:

Cayetano Valdés y Flores Cayetano Valdés y Flores Bazán (1767–1835) was a commander of the Spanish Navy, explorer, and captain general who served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, fighting for both sides at different times due to the changing fortune ...

, Provisional Government Board of Spain and the Indies. President: Francisco de Eguía, Regency Council of the Realm during King's Captivity. President:

Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo, 13th Duke of the Infantado ''Don'' Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo y Salm-Salm, 13th Duke of the Infantado (20 July 1768, in Madrid – 27 November 1841, in Madrid), was a Spanish politician and general. Life and career He held the following titles: 13th Duke of t ...

. *

Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies ( it, Maria Cristina Ferdinanda di Borbone, Principessa delle Due Sicilie, es, link=no, María Cristina de Borbón, Princesa de las Dos Sicilias; 27 April 1806 – 22 August 1878) was Queen of Spain from 1829 ...

during the minority of her daughter

Isabella II Isabella II ( es, Isabel II; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904), was Queen of Spain from 29 September 1833 until 30 September 1868. Shortly before her birth, the King Ferdinand VII of Spain issued a Pragmatic Sanction to ensure the successio ...

from 1833 to 1840. *

Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara Baldomero Fernández-Espartero y Álvarez de Toro (27 February 17938 January 1879) was a Spanish marshal and statesman. He served as the Regent of the Realm, three times as Prime Minister and briefly as President of the Congress of Deputies. ...

during the minority of

from 1840 to 1843. * Francisco Serrano, duke of la Torre, during the interregnum between the reigns of Isabella II and

Amadeo I Amadeo ( it, Amedeo , sometimes latinized as Amadeus; full name: ''Amedeo Ferdinando Maria di Savoia''; 30 May 184518 January 1890) was an Italian prince who reigned as King of Spain from 1870 to 1873. The first and only King of Spain to come fro ...

, from 1868 to 1871. *

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (8 February 18288 August 1897) was a Spanish politician and historian known principally for serving six terms as Prime Minister and his overarching role as "architect" of the regime that ensued with the 1874 restor ...

during King Alfonso XII's absence from 1874 to 1875. *

Maria Christina of Austria Maria Christina Henriette Desideria Felicitas Raineria of Austria ( es, María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena; 21 July 1858 – 6 February 1929) was the second queen consort of Alfonso XII of Spain. She was queen regent during the vacancy of the ...

, regent during her pregnancy after her husband's death and then for her son

Alfonso XIII Alfonso XIII (17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941), also known as El Africano or the African, was King of Spain from 17 May 1886 to 14 April 1931, when the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed. He was a monarch from birth as his father, Alfo ...

from 26 November 1885 – 17 May 1902. * The

Caudillo A ''caudillo'' ( , ; osp, cabdillo, from Latin , diminutive of ''caput'' "head") is a type of personalist leader wielding military and political power. There is no precise definition of ''caudillo'', which is often used interchangeably with " ...

general

Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who led the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War ...

, became de facto regent for life in 1947 to 1975, after reinstating the monarchy with a vacant royal throne ultimately filled by

Juan Carlos Juan Carlos I (;, * ca, Joan Carles I, * gl, Xoán Carlos I, Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, born 5 January 1938) is a member of the Spanish royal family who reigned as King of Spain from 22 Novem ...

Sweden

Mats Kettilmundsson Mats Kettilmundsson (also Mattias) (ca. 1280 - died 11 May 1326) was a Swedish knight, riksdrots and statesman. Biography In 1302, Mats Kettilmundsson was one of the knights and confidants of Duke Eric Magnusson (c. 1282–1318). He presided o ...

(1318–1319), between the deposition of the king Birger Magnusson and the election of three-year-old Magnus Eriksson asking. *

Ingeborg of Norway Ingeborg of Norway (Old Norse ''Ingibjörg Hákonardóttir'', Swedish ''Ingeborg Håkansdotter'', Norwegian ''Ingebjørg Håkonsdatter''; 1301 – 17 June 1361), was a Norwegian princess and by marriage a Swedish royal duchess with a position ...

(1319–1326) president of the council of regents for her underage son, the king Magnus Eriksson, in both Sweden and Norway. * Karl Knutsson (Bonde) (1438–1440), during the interregnum following the deposition of the king Eric XIII; later became king as Charles VIII *

Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna Bengt may refer to: People In arts, entertainment and media Actors * Bengt Djurberg (1898–1941), Swedish actor and singer * Bengt Ekerot (1920–1971), Swedish actor and director * Bengt Eklund (1925–1998), Swedish actor * Bengt Logardt (1914 ...

(1448; together with his brother Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna), during the interregnum between the death of

Christopher of Bavaria Christopher of Bavaria (26 February 1416 – 5/6 January 1448) was King of Denmark (1440–48, as Christopher III), Sweden (1441–48) and Norway (1442–48) during the era of the Kalmar Union. Biography Coming to power He was the son of John, ...

and the election of Karl Knutsson (Bonde) as king. * Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna (1448; together with his brother Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna), during the interregnum between the death of

and the election of Karl Knutsson (Bonde) as king. *

Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna Jöns Bengtsson (Oxenstierna), in Latin known as Johannes Benedicti de Salista, (1417 – 15 December 1467) was a Swedish clergyman, canon law scholar and statesman, Archbishop of Uppsala (1448–1467). He was Regent of Sweden, under the Kalmar U ...

(1457; together with Erik Axelsson Tott), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King Charles VIII, and again (1465–1466), following his second deposition. *

Kettil Karlsson Vasa Kettil Karlsson (Vasa) (c. 1433 – 11 August 1465) was a Swedish clergyman, diplomat, military leader and statesman during the Kalmar Union era. He was a member of the house of Vasa. At age 25, he was elected Bishop of Linköping. He rebelled ag ...

(1464), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King

Christian I Christian I (February 1426 – 21 May 1481) was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union. He was king of Denmark (1448–1481), Norway (1450–1481) and Sweden (1457–1464). From 1460 to 1481, he was also duke of Schleswig (within ...

; and again (1465), following the second deposition of Charles VIII *

Erik Axelsson Tott Erik Axelsson (Tott) (c. 1419–1481) was a Dano-Swedish statesman and regent of Sweden under the Kalmar Union, jointly with Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna in 1457 and alone from 1466 to 1467. Biography He was born in Scania during the reign of K ...

(1457; together with Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna) (1466–1467), following the end of Jöns Oxenstierna's second regency. *

Sten Sture the Elder Sten Sture the Elder ( sv, Sten Sture den äldre; 1440 – 14 December 1503) was a Swedish statesman and regent of Sweden from 1470–1497 and 1501–1503. As the leader of the victorious Swedish separatist forces against the royal unionist for ...

(1470–1497, 1501–1503) the longest-serving regent during the

Kalmar Union The Kalmar Union (Danish language, Danish, Norwegian language, Norwegian, and sv, Kalmarunionen; fi, Kalmarin unioni; la, Unio Calmariensis) was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden, that from 1397 to 1523 joined under ...

* Svante Nilsson (1503–1512), succeeding Sten Sture the Elder. *

Erik Trolle Eric Trolle (or Erik Arvidsson) (c. 1460–1530) was elected regent of Sweden in 1512, during the era of Kalmar Union. He was Justiciar of Närke and a Lord High Councillor of Sweden from 1487. Biography Eric Arvidsson was born around 1460 into ...

1512. *

Sten Sture the Younger Sten Sture the Younger ( sv, Sten Sture den yngre) (1493 – 3 February 1520), was a Swedish nobleman who served as the regent of Sweden, during the era of the Kalmar Union. Biography Sture was born in 1493, as the son of Svante Nilsson (rege ...

(1512–1520), succeeding Svante Sture. * Gustav Eriksson Vasa was firstly Regent (1521–1523) after the final dissolution of Kalmar Union, but soon was proclaimed King. * Duke Charles of Södermanland (1599–1604) after ousting his Catholic nephew King

Sigismund Sigismund (variants: Sigmund, Siegmund) is a German proper name, meaning "protection through victory", from Old High German ''sigu'' "victory" + ''munt'' "hand, protection". Tacitus latinises it ''Segimundus''. There appears to be an older form of ...

, until he himself claimed the throne. *

Axel Oxenstierna Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna af Södermöre (; 1583–1654), Count of Södermöre, was a Swedish statesman. He became a member of the Swedish Privy Council in 1609 and served as Lord High Chancellor of Sweden from 1612 until his death. He was a c ...

(1632–1644), during the minority of Queen Christina. * Dowager Queen

Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp (23 October 1636 – 24 November 1715) was Queen of Sweden from 1654 until 1660 as the wife of King Charles X Gustav. She served as regent during the minority of her son, King Charles XI, from 1660 until 1672, ...

(1660–1672), during the minority of her son King

Charles XI Charles XI or Carl ( sv, Karl XI; ) was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1721). He was the only son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein- ...

, again (1697–1699), during the minority of her grandson King

Charles XII Charles XII, sometimes Carl XII ( sv, Karl XII) or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 O.S.), was King of Sweden (including current Finland) from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line of t ...

, and finally, ''de facto'', during Charles's absence from Sweden during the early years of the

Great Northern War The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedi ...

(1700–1713). * Princess Ulrika Eleonora, during the frequent absences of her brother, Charles XII, in the later years of the Great Northern War (1713–1718) * Charles, Duke of Södermanland (1792–1796) for his underage nephew

Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden Gustav IV Adolf or Gustav IV Adolph (1 November 1778 – 7 February 1837) was King of Sweden from 1792 until he was deposed in a coup in 1809. He was also the last Swedish monarch to be the ruler of Finland. The occupation of Finland in 1808–09 ...

, and again (1809) after Gustav IV Adolf was deposed and before Charles himself was proclaimed King Charles XIII. * Crown Prince Charles John (1810–1818), for his adoptive father King

Charles XIII Charles XIII, or Carl XIII ( sv, Karl XIII, 7 October 1748 – 5 February 1818), was King of Sweden from 1809 and King of Norway from 1814 to his death. He was the second son (and younger brother to King Gustav III) of King Adolf Frederick of Sw ...

, due to Charles XIII's incapacity. * Crown Prince

Charles Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English language, English and French language, French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic, Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''*k ...

(1857–1859), for his father King Oscar I, due to Oscar's incapacity.

United Kingdom and its predecessor realms

* George, Prince Regent (1811–1820), during the incapacity of his father,

George III George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Br ...

. * While

Charles, Prince of Wales Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms. He was the longest-serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales and, at age 73, became the oldest person to ...

was never officially made regent, he unofficially took on many of the roles of his mother,

Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...

, late in her reign due to her advanced age.

=
Kingdom of Great Britain The Kingdom of Great Britain (officially Great Britain) was a Sovereign state, sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of ...

= * After the death of Queen Anne in 1714 a regency under Lord Parker, the

Lord Chief Justice Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler. The appellation can also denote certain persons who hold a title of the peerage in the United Kingdom, or are ...

, was set up while King George I was sent for to take up the crown. * George, Prince of Wales (1716–17), during the absence of his father, George I. *

Caroline of Ansbach , father = John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach , mother = Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach , birth_date = , birth_place = Ansbach, Principality of Ansbach, Holy Roman Empire , death_date = , death_place = St James's Pala ...

(1729; 1732; 1735; 1736–37), during the absences of her husband,

George II George II or 2 may refer to: People * George II of Antioch (seventh century AD) * George II of Armenia (late ninth century) * George II of Abkhazia (916–960) * Patriarch George II of Alexandria (1021–1051) * George II of Georgia (1072–1089) * ...

=
Kingdom of England The Kingdom of England (, ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 12 July 927, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. On 1 ...

= * Ælfthryth (978–984), during the minority of her son King

Æthelred the Unready Æthelred II ( ang, Æþelræd, ;Different spellings of this king’s name most commonly found in modern texts are "Ethelred" and "Æthelred" (or "Aethelred"), the latter being closer to the original Old English form . Compare the modern diale ...

. *

William Longchamp William de Longchamp (died 1197) was a medieval Lord Chancellor, Chief Justiciar, and Bishop of Ely in England. Born to a humble family in Normandy, he owed his advancement to royal favour. Although contemporary writers accused Longchamp's fat ...

(intermittently 1189–1197), during the absences of

Richard I Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overl ...

on the

Third Crusade The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt by three European monarchs of Western Christianity (Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by ...

, imprisoned in the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...

, and in France. *

William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 or 1147 – 14 May 1219), also called William the Marshal (Norman French: ', French: '), was an Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman. He served five English kings— Henry II, his sons the "Young King" ...

(1216–1219) and then

Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent (; ; ; c.1170 – before 5 May 1243) was an English nobleman who served as Chief Justiciar of England and Ireland during the reigns of King John and of his son and successor King Henry III and, as a consequenc ...

(1219–1227), during the minority of King Henry III * A regency council headed by

Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster Henry, 3rd Earl of Leicester and Lancaster ( – 22 September 1345) was a grandson of King Henry III of England (1216–1272) and was one of the principals behind the deposition of King Edward II of England, Edward II (1307–1327), his first c ...

(1327–1330) during the minority of

Edward III Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death in 1377. He is noted for his military success and for restoring r ...

John, Duke of Bedford John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford KG (20 June 138914 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. Bedford was the third son of ...

(1422–1435),

Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Humphrey of Lancaster, Duke of Gloucester (3 October 139023 February 1447) was an English prince, soldier, and literary patron. He was (as he styled himself) "son, brother and uncle of kings", being the fourth and youngest son of Henry IV of E ...

and

Henry Beaufort Cardinal Henry Beaufort (c. 1375 – 11 April 1447), Bishop of Winchester, was an English prelate and statesman who held the offices of Bishop of Lincoln (1398) then Bishop of Winchester (1404) and was from 1426 a Cardinal of the Church of Ro ...

(1422–1437), during the minority of their nephew, Henry VI *

Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (21 September 1411 – 30 December 1460), also named Richard Plantagenet, was a leading English magnate and claimant to the throne during the Wars of the Roses. He was a member of the ruling House of Plantage ...

(1454–1455; 1455–1456), during the incapacity of his cousin, Henry VI * Richard, Duke of Gloucester (1483), during the minority of his nephew,

Edward V Edward V (2 November 1470 – mid-1483)R. F. Walker, "Princes in the Tower", in S. H. Steinberg et al, ''A New Dictionary of British History'', St. Martin's Press, New York, 1963, p. 286. was ''de jure'' King of England and Lord of Ireland fro ...

Lady Margaret Beaufort Lady Margaret Beaufort (usually pronounced: or ; 31 May 1441/43 – 29 June 1509) was a major figure in the Wars of the Roses of the late fifteenth century, and mother of King Henry VII of England, the first Tudor monarch. A descendant of ...

(1509) during the minority of her grandson

Henry VIII Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disa ...

* Queen

Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine, ; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 11 June 1509 until their annulment on 23 May 1533. She was previously ...

(1513) while

was in France. In this time she played a large role in the defeat of the Scots at the

Battle of Flodden The Battle of Flodden, Flodden Field, or occasionally Branxton, (Brainston Moor) was a battle fought on 9 September 1513 during the War of the League of Cambrai between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, resulting in an English ...

, and was Queen Regent for several months. * Queen

Catherine Parr Catherine Parr (sometimes alternatively spelled Katherine, Katheryn, Kateryn, or Katharine; 1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and Ireland as the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 12 July 1543 until ...

(1544), while

was in France. *

Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (150022 January 1552) (also 1st Earl of Hertford, 1st Viscount Beauchamp), also known as Edward Semel, was the eldest surviving brother of Queen Jane Seymour (d. 1537), the third wife of King Henry VI ...

(1547–1549), during the minority of his nephew,

Edward VI Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553. He was crowned on 20 February 1547 at the age of nine. Edward was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour and the first E ...

John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1504Loades 2008 – 22 August 1553) was an English general, admiral, and politician, who led the government of the young King Edward VI from 1550 until 1553, and unsuccessfully tried to install Lady Ja ...

(1550–1553), during the minority of Edward VI * During the month of March 1617,

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban (; 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Bacon led the advancement of both ...

served as regent of England during the reign of

King James I of England James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until ...

personally led his army into battle each year during the

Nine Years' War The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg, was a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg monarch ...

(1689–1698). In his absence, the kingdom was administered by his wife and co-ruler

Queen Mary II Mary II (30 April 166228 December 1694) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, co-reigning with her husband, William III & II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. Mary was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York, and his first wife A ...

until her death in 1694, and thereafter by a council of seven Lord Justices (sometimes referred to as the "Lords Regent"):

William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, (25 January 164018 August 1707) was an English soldier, nobleman, and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1661 to 1684 when he inherited his father's peerage as Earl of Devonshire. H ...

(1640–1707),

Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset and 1st Earl of Middlesex, KG (24 January 164329 January 1706) was an English poet and courtier. Early life Sackville was born on 24 January 1643, son of Richard Sackville, 5th Earl of Dorset (1622–1677) ...

(1638–1706),

Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, (15 June 1645 – 15 September 1712) was a leading British politician of the late 17th and the early 18th centuries. He was a Privy Councillor and Secretary of State for the Northern Department b ...

(1645–1712),

Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke and 5th Earl of Montgomery, (c. 165622 January 1733), styled The Honourable Thomas Herbert until 1683, was an English and later British statesman during the reigns of William III and Anne. Background Herbe ...

(1656–1733),

Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, KG, PC (15 July 16601 February 1718) was an English politician who was part of the Immortal Seven group that invited Prince William III of Orange to depose King James II of England during the Glorious Rev ...

(1660–1718),

John Somers, Baron Somers John Somers, 1st Baron Somers, (4 March 1651 – 26 April 1716) was an English Whigs (British political party), Whig jurist and statesman. Somers first came to national attention in the trial of the Seven Bishops where he was on their defence ...

(1651–1716), and

Thomas Tenison Thomas Tenison (29 September 163614 December 1715) was an English church leader, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1694 until his death. During his primacy, he crowned two British monarchs. Life He was born at Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, the son a ...

, Archbishop of Canterbury.

=
Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland (; , ) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a la ...

= * A regency council of six Guardians existed (1286–1290) during the minority of

Margaret, Maid of Norway Margaret (, ; March or April 1283 – September 1290), known as the Maid of Norway, was the queen-designate of Scotland from 1286 until her death. As she was never inaugurated, her status as monarch is uncertain and has been debated by historian ...

. These were; William Fraser,

Bishop of St Andrews The Bishop of St. Andrews ( gd, Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn, sco, Beeshop o Saunt Andras) was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of St Andrews in the Catholic Church and then, from 14 August 1472, as Archbishop of St Andrews ( gd, Àrd-easbaig ...

;

Donnchadh III, Earl of Fife Donnchadh III or Duncan was Earl of Fife (or Mormaer) from 1270/2 to 1288. He succeeded as only a child, the son of the previous Mormaer Colbán, who died young. During his minority, William Wishart, Bishop of St Andrews, became ''custos'' of ...

(followed by

Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife ''Duncan IV(1289–1353) was sometime Guardian of Scotland, and ruled Fife until his death. He was the last of the native Scottish rulers of that province. He was born in late 1289, the same year as his father Donn ...

);

Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan Alexander Comyn, 2nd Earl of Buchan (died 1289) was a Scoto-Norman magnate who was one of the most important figures in the 13th century Kingdom of Scotland. He was the son of William Comyn, jure uxoris Earl of Buchan, and Marjory, Countess o ...

;

Robert Wishart Robert Wishart was Bishop of Glasgow during the Wars of Scottish Independence and a leading supporter of Sir William Wallace and King Robert Bruce. For Wishart and many of his fellow churchmen, the freedom of Scotland and the freedom of the S ...

Bishop of Glasgow The Archbishop of Glasgow is an archiepiscopal title that takes its name after the city of Glasgow in Scotland. The position and title were abolished by the Church of Scotland in 1689; and, in the Scottish Episcopal Church, it is now part of the ...

;

James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland James Stewart (c. 1260 - 16 July 1309) was the 5th Hereditary High Steward of Scotland and a Guardian of Scotland during the First Interregnum. Origins He was the eldest surviving son of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland (d. 1283 ...

; and

John Comyn II of Badenoch John Comyn II of Badenoch (died 1302), nicknamed the Black Comyn, was a Scottish nobleman, a Guardian of Scotland, and one of the six Regents for Margaret, Maid of Norway. His father was John Comyn I of Badenoch. Competitor for the Crown In 1 ...

William Wallace Sir William Wallace ( gd, Uilleam Uallas, ; Norman French: ; 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence. Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English army a ...

(1298), claiming to act as regent on behalf of the deposed King

John John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Secon ...

Robert the Bruce Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Scottish Gaelic: ''Raibeart an Bruis''), was King of Scots from 1306 to his death in 1329. One of the most renowned warriors of his generation, Robert eventual ...

Earl of Carrick Earl of Carrick (or Mormaer of Carrick) is the title applied to the ruler of Carrick (now South Ayrshire), subsequently part of the Peerage of Scotland. The position came to be strongly associated with the Scottish crown when Robert the Bruce, ...

(1298–1300) *

John Comyn III of Badenoch John Comyn III of Badenoch, nicknamed the Red (c. 1274 – 10 February 1306), was a leading Scottish baron and magnate who played an important role in the First War of Scottish Independence. He served as Guardian of Scotland after the forced ab ...

(1298–1301; 1302–1304) *

William Lamberton William de Lamberton, sometimes modernized as William Lamberton, (died 20 May 1328) was Bishop of St Andrews from 1297 (consecrated 1298) until his death. Lamberton is renowned for his influential role during the Scottish Wars of Independence. ...

(1299–1301) * Sir Ingram de Umfraville (1300–1301) * John de Soules (1301–1304) *

Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray Thomas may refer to: People * List of people with given name Thomas * Thomas (name) * Thomas (surname) * Saint Thomas (disambiguation) * Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church * Thomas the Ap ...

(1329–1332) (during the minority of David II) * Donald, Earl of Mar (1332) (during the minority of David II) *

Sir Andrew Murray Sir Andrew Murray (1298–1338), also known as Sir Andrew Moray, or Sir Andrew de Moray, was a Scottish military and political leader who supported King David II of Scotland against Edward Balliol and King Edward III of England during the Seco ...

(1332) (during the minority of David II) * Sir Archibald Douglas (1332–1333) (during the minority of David II) * Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward of Scotland (1334–1335) (during the minority of his half-uncle David II) *

John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray (died 17 October 1346) was an important figure in the reign of David II of Scotland, and was for a time joint Regent of Scotland. Family He was son of the famous Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, a companion-i ...

(1334–1335) (during the minority of David II) *

(1335–1338) (during the minority of David II) * Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward of Scotland (1338–1341; 1346–1357) (during the minority and later captivity of his half-uncle David II) *

John Stewart, Earl of Carrick John Stewart, Earl of Carrick, Lord Kinclaven (died ''c.'' 1645) was a Scottish nobleman, the third son of Robert, Earl of Orkney, a bastard son of King James V. Stewart was soon linked with the widow "Mistress Southwell". In November 1604 he ...

(1384–1388) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert II) * Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Fife (1388–1393) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert II and of his brother, Robert III) * David Stewart, 1st Duke of Rothesay (1399–1401) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert III) *

Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (c. 1340 – 3 September 1420) was a member of the Scottish royal family who served as regent (at least partially) to three Scottish monarchs ( Robert II, Robert III, and James I). A ruthless politician, Albany w ...

(1401–1420) (during the incapacity of his brother Robert III, and then during the minority and captivity of his nephew

James I James I may refer to: People *James I of Aragon (1208–1276) *James I of Sicily or James II of Aragon (1267–1327) *James I, Count of La Marche (1319–1362), Count of Ponthieu *James I, Count of Urgell (1321–1347) *James I of Cyprus (1334–13 ...

) *

Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany ( gd, Muireadhach Stiubhart) (136224 May 1425) was a leading Scottish nobleman, the son of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, and the grandson of King Robert II of Scotland, who founded the Stewart dynasty. In 1389, he ...

(1420–1424) (during the captivity of his cousin James I) *

Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas (c. 1391 – 26 June 1439) was a Scottish nobleman and general during the Hundred Years' War. Life Douglas was the son of Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas and Margaret Stewart, eldest daughter o ...

(1437–1439) (during the minority of James II) *

William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton (died 1454) was an important political figure in the late medieval Kingdom of Scotland. Life The son of Sir John Crichton of Crichton, William Crichton is first attested to as one of the Scots noblemen and g ...

and

Sir Alexander Livingston ''Sir'' is a formal honorific address in English for men, derived from Sire in the High Middle Ages. Both are derived from the old French "Sieur" (Lord), brought to England by the French-speaking Normans, and which now exist in French only as p ...

(1439–1445) (during the minority of James II) *

William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas, 2nd Earl of Avondale (1425 – 22 February 1452) was a late Medieval Scottish nobleman, Lord of Galloway, and Lord of the Regality of Lauderdale, and the most powerful magnate in Southern Scotland. He was kil ...

(1445–1449) (during the minority of James II) *

Mary of Gueldres Mary of Guelders (; c. 1434/1435 – 1 December 1463) was Queen of Scotland by marriage to King James II of Scotland. She ruled as regent of Scotland from 1460 to 1463. Background She was the daughter of Arnold, Duke of Guelders, and Cath ...

(1460–1463) (during the minority of her son, James III) * James Kennedy and

Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy Gilbert Kennedy of Dunure, 1st Lord Kennedy (22 February 1405 – 27 March 1489) was a Scottish lord, a son of Sir James Kennedy, Younger of Dunure, and Lady Mary Stewart, daughter of Robert III, King of the Scots. He served as one of six Reg ...

(1463–1466) (during the minority of James III) *

Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd (died 1482) was a Scottish statesman, Lord Chamberlain of Scotland from 1467. Biography Robert Boyd was knighted, and was created a Peer of Parliament (Lord Boyd) by James II of Scotland at some date between 1451 and 18 ...

(1466–1469) (during the minority of James III) * Patrick Hepburn (1488–1494) (during the minority of

James IV James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 until his death at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. He inherited the throne at the age of fifteen on the death of his father, James III, at the Battle of Sauchi ...

) *

Margaret Tudor Margaret Tudor (28 November 1489 – 18 October 1541) was Queen of Scotland from 1503 until 1513 by marriage to King James IV. She then served as regent of Scotland during her son's minority, and successfully fought to extend her regency. Marg ...

(1513–1514) (during the minority of her son,

James V James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was King of Scotland from 9 September 1513 until his death in 1542. He was crowned on 21 September 1513 at the age of seventeen months. James was the son of King James IV and Margaret Tudor, and duri ...

) *

John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (8 July 14822 July 1536) was the regent of the Kingdom of Scotland and the count of Auvergne and Lauraguais in France. Early life John was a son of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, son of King James II of Sc ...

(1514–1524) (during the minority of his cousin

) *

Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus (c. 148922 January 1557) was a Scottish nobleman active during the reigns of James V and Mary, Queen of Scots. He was the son of George, Master of Angus, who was killed at the Battle of Flodden, and suc ...

and Archbishop

James Beaton James Beaton (or Bethune) (1473–1539) was a Roman Catholic Scottish church leader, the uncle of David Cardinal Beaton and the Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland. Life James Beaton was the sixth and youngest son of John Beaton of Balfour, ...

(1524–1528) (during the minority of the former's stepson James V) *

James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran James is a common English language surname and given name: *James (name), the typically masculine first name James * James (surname), various people with the last name James James or James City may also refer to: People * King James (disambiguat ...

(1542–1554) (during the minority of his cousin,

Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567. The only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scot ...

) *

Mary of Guise Mary of Guise (french: Marie de Guise; 22 November 1515 – 11 June 1560), also called Mary of Lorraine, was a French noblewoman of the House of Guise, a cadet branch of the House of Lorraine and one of the most powerful families in France. She ...

(1554–1560) (during the minority of her daughter

) *

James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. 1531 – 23 January 1570) was a member of the House of Stewart as the illegitimate son of King James V of Scotland. A supporter of his half-sister Mary, Queen of Scots, he was the regent of Scotland for his ...

(1567–1570) (during the minority of his nephew

James VI James is a common English language surname and given name: *James (name), the typically masculine first name James * James (surname), various people with the last name James James or James City may also refer to: People * King James (disambiguat ...

) *

Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (21 September 1516 – 4 September 1571) was a leader of the Catholic nobility in Scotland. He was the paternal grandfather of King James VI of Scotland and I of England. He owned Temple Newsam in Yorkshire, E ...

(1570–1571) (during the minority of his grandson James VI) * John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1571–1572) (during the minority of James VI) *

James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (c. 1516 – 2 June 1581, aged 65) was the last of the four regents of Scotland during the minority of King James VI. He was in some ways the most successful of the four, since he won the civil war that had b ...

(1572–1581) (during the minority of James VI)

Regents in defunct monarchies

The same notes apply; inclusion in this list reflects the political reality, regardless of claims to the throne.

Asia

China

Duke of Zhou Dan, Duke Wen of Zhou (), commonly known as the Duke of Zhou (), was a member of the royal family of the early Zhou dynasty who played a major role in consolidating the kingdom established by his elder brother King Wu. He was renowned for acting ...

, during the minority of his nephew Song Ji, the

King Cheng of Zhou King Cheng of Zhou (), personal name Ji Song (姬誦), was the second king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty. The dates of his reign are 1042–1021 BCE or 1042/35–1006 BCE. His parents were King Wu of Zhou and Queen Yi Jiang (邑姜). King Cheng w ...

until he was old enough to rule. *

Empress Lü Empress (Dowager) Lü Zhi (241–18 August 180 BC), commonly known as Empress Lü () and formally Empress Gao of Han (), was the empress consort of Gaozu, the founding emperor of the Han dynasty. They had two known children, Liu Ying (later Em ...

Huo Guang Huo Guang (; died 68 BC), courtesy name Zimeng (子孟), was a Chinese military general and politician who served as the dominant state official of the Western Han dynasty from 87 BCE until his death in 68 BCE. The younger half-brother of the re ...

, during the reign of

Emperor Xuan of Han Emperor Xuan of Han (Liu Xun 劉詢, né Liu Bingyi 劉病已; born 91 BC – 10 January 48 BC) was the tenth emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty, reigning from 74 to 48 BC, and was one of the only four Western Han emperors to receive a temple na ...

, the emperor reaffirmed that all important matters were to be presented to Huo before Huo would present them to the emperor. The source of title of highest imperial nobility of ancient Japan " Kanpaku" (Regent). *

Dong Zhuo Dong Zhuo () (died 22 May 192), courtesy name Zhongying, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. At the end of the reign of the Eastern Han, Dong Zhuo was a general and powerful minist ...

Cao Cao Cao Cao () (; 155 – 15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde (), was a Chinese statesman, warlord and poet. He was the penultimate Grand chancellor (China), grand chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty, and he amassed immense power in the End of ...

Cao Pi Cao Pi () ( – 29 June 226), courtesy name Zihuan, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the second son of Cao Cao, a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty, but the eldest son ...

during the reign of

Emperor Xian of Han Emperor Xian of Han (2 April 181 – 21 April 234), personal name Liu Xie (劉協), courtesy name Bohe, was the 14th and last Emperor of China, emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. He reigned from 28 September 189 until 11 December 220. ...

. *

Cao Zhen Cao Zhen (died April or May 231), courtesy name Zidan, was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was an adopted son of Cao Cao, a warlord who rose to power in the late Eastern Han dynasty and l ...

Cao Xiu Cao Xiu (died 29 September 228?), courtesy name Wenlie, was a Chinese military general of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China. A distant younger relative of the warlord Cao Cao, Cao Xiu started his career in the late Easte ...

Chen Qun Chen Qun (died 7 February 237), courtesy name Changwen, was a Chinese politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He initiated the Nine-rank system for civil service nomination in Wei. Following the death of th ...

Sima Yi Sima Yi ( ; 179 CE – 7 September 251 CE), courtesy name Zhongda, was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He formally began his political career in 208 un ...

during the reign of Emperor

Cao Rui Cao Rui () (204 or 206 – 22 January 239), courtesy name Yuanzhong, was the second emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. His parentage is in dispute: his mother, Lady Zhen, was Yuan Xi's wife, but she later remarr ...

. *

Cao Shuang Cao Shuang (died 9 February 249), courtesy name Zhaobo, was a Chinese military general and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the eldest son of Cao Zhen, a prominent general of Wei. He initially held ...

, Sima Yi and

Sima Shi Sima Shi () (208 – 23 March 255), courtesy name Ziyuan, was a military general and regent of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. In 249, he assisted his father Sima Yi in overthrowing the emperor Cao Fang's regent Cao Shuang, all ...

during the reign of Emperor

Cao Fang Cao Fang () (232–274), courtesy name Lanqing, was the third emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He was an adopted son of Cao Rui, the second ruler of Wei. Cao Fang ruled from 239 to 254 as a nominal emperor bef ...

. *

Sima Zhao Sima Zhao () (211 – 6 September 265), courtesy name Zishang, was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Sima Zhao capably maintained control of Wei, which had been ...

and

Sima Yan Emperor Wu of Jin (; 236 – 16 May 290), personal name Sima Yan (), courtesy name Anshi (安世), was the grandson of Sima Yi, nephew of Sima Shi and son of Sima Zhao. He became the first emperor of the Jin dynasty after forcing Cao Huan, ...

during the reign of Emperor

Cao Mao Cao Mao () (241 – 2 June 260), courtesy name Yanshi, was the fourth emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a grandson of Cao Pi, the first emperor of Wei. Described as intelligent and studious, ...

and Emperor Cao Huan. * Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi during the reign of the Emperor Liu Shan. * Zhuge Ke, Sun Jun (Eastern Wu), Sun Jun and Sun Chen during the reign of Emperor Sun Liang. * Empress Dowager Feng * Wu Zetian * Xiao Yanyan * Empress Liu (Zhenzong), Empress Liu * Empress Gao (Song dynasty), Empress Gao * Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong (Ming dynasty), Yang Rong, Yang Pu, Zhang Fu and Hu Ying during the minority of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming, Zhengtong Emperor from 1435 to 1442. * Gao Gong, Zhang Juzheng, Gao Yi and Feng Bao during the minority of the Wanli Emperor from 1572 to 1582. * Dorgon, Jierhalang and Duoduo as Prince-Regent, from 1643 to 1650 during the minority of his nephew Fulin, the Shunzhi Emperor. * Sonin (regent), Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun and Oboi during the minority of the Kangxi Emperor from 1661 to their various deaths or downfalls. The last one, Oboi fell from grace in 1669. * Zaiyuan, Duanhua, Sushun (Qing dynasty), Sushun, Jingshou, Muyin, Kuangyuan, Du Han and Jiao Youying during the minority of the Tongzhi Emperor in 1861. * Empress Dowager Ci'an (1861–1873, 1875–1881), Empress Dowager Cixi (1861–1873, 1875–1889, 1898–1908) and Prince Gong, Yixin (1861–1865) during the minority of the Tongzhi Emperor and de facto ruler for almost the entire reign of the Guangxu Emperor. * Zaifeng, between 1908 and 1911 for his son Puyi, Empress Dowager Longyu (1908–1912) abdicated monarchy on behalf of Puyi in 1912.

Afghanistan

Before the 1881 unification, there were essentially four rulers' capitals: Kabul, Herat, Qandahar and Peshawar (the last now in Pakistan); all their rulers belonged to the Durrani, Abdali tribal group, whose name was changed to Dorrani with Ahmad Shah Abdali. They belong either to the Saddozay segment of the Popalzay clan (typically styled padshah, king) or to the Mohammadzay segment of the Barakzay clan (typically with the style Amir, in full Amir al-Mo´menin "Leader of the Faithful"). The Mohammadzay also furnished the Saddozay kings frequently with top counselors, who served occasionally as (Minister-)regents, identified with the epithet Mohammadzay.

South Asia

Ahom Kingdom

* Queen Phuleshwari (1722-1732) of Ahom kingdom * Queen Ambika (1732-1739) of Ahom kingdom * Queen Sarbeswari (1739-1744) of Ahom kingdom

Madurai

* Rani Mangammal (1684–1703) of Madurai Nayak Dynasty

Mughal Empire

* Bairam Khan (1556–1560) during the minority of Akbar

Vijayanagara Empire

*Tuluva Narasa Nayaka for Thimma Bhupala (1491) and Narasimha Raya II. (1491-1505) Following Narasimha II’s assassination, Narasa’s son, Viranarasimha Raya, would be crowned emperor. *Aliya Rama Raya for Sadasiva Raya. (1542 to 1556)

Qutub Shahi Dynasty

*Saif Khan for Subhan Quli Qutb Shah. (1550)

Holkar Dynasty

*Ahilyabai Holkar during the reign of her son Male Rao Holkar. ( 1766 to 1767)

Travancore

Both before and during the British raj (colonial rule), most of India was ruled by several hundred native princely state, princely houses, many of which have known regencies, under the raj subject to British approval * Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore (1811–1815) * Maharani Gowri Parvati Bayi (1815–1849) * Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi (1924–1931)

Vakataka Kingdom

* Prabhavati (ca. 390–410)

Iran

* Prince Nasir al-Mulk (1910–1914), during the minority of King Ahmad Shah Qajar.

Iraq

In the short-lived Hashemite kingdom, there were three regencies in the reign of the third and last king Faisal II of Iraq, Faysal II (b. 1935 – d. 1958; also Head of the 'Arab Union', a federation with the Hashemite sister-kingdom Jordan, from 14 February 1958) : * 4 April 1939 – 1 April 1941 'Abd al-Ilah, Prince 'Abd al-Ilah (1st time) (b. 1913 – d. 1958) * 1 April 1941 – 1 June 1941 Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz (b. 1880 – d. 1955) * 1 June 1941 – 2 May 1953 'Abd al-Ilah, Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah (2nd time)

Korea

* Daewon-gun, Lord Regent for his son King Gojong of Joseon during the late 19th century.

Mongolia

* Tolui, the son of Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire * Töregene, the Great Khatun of the Mongol Empire * Oghul Qaimish, the wife of Güyük Khan

Myanmar

* Naratheinga Uzana: (1230/31–1235), during the reign of King Htilominlo * Athinkhaya: (1297–1310), co-regent with his two brothers during the reign of puppet King Saw Hnit * Yazathingyan: (1297–1312/13), co-regent * Thihathu: (1297–1313), co-regent, unilaterally declared himself king in 1309 * Sithu of Pinya: (1340–1344), after the abdication of King Uzana I of Pinya * Maha Dewi of Hanthawaddy, Maha Dewi: (1383–1384), Princess-Regent during the last weeks of her brother King Binnya U

Nepal

* Gyanendra of Nepal, Prince Gyanendra was regent following the murder of his brother Birendra of Nepal, King Birendra, during the four-day coma of Birenda's son Dipendra of Nepal, King Dipendra upon whose death he succeeded as King

Tibetan Empire

* Khri ma lod for her son Tridu Songtsen (675–689) and again for her grandson Me Agtsom (704–712)

Turkey

* Yariri for the later king Kamani (king), Kamani in the Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish located at the present-day border of Turkey and Syria (early to mid 8th century BC).Trevor Bryce: ''The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History''. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 95. * Kösem Sultan, Naib-i-Sultanat (regent) of the Ottoman Empire during the minority of her son Murad IV (10 September 1623 – 1632) and her grandson Mehmed IV (8 August 1648 – 2 September 1651) * Turhan Hatice Sultan, Naib-i-Sultanat (regent) of the Ottoman Empire during the minority of her son Mehmed IV (3 September 1651 – 1656)

Vietnam

* Queen Jiu during the reign of her son King Zhao Xing. * Lê Hoàn and Empress Dowager Dương Vân Nga during the short reign of her son Emperor Đinh Phế Đế (''lit. Deposed Emperor Dinh''), after her husband Emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, Đinh Tiên Hoàng was assassinated. * Ỷ Lan, Empress Mother Linh Nhân, while her husband Emperor Lý Thánh Tông led a military campaign against the kingdom of Champa (1st time) and again, during the reign of her son Emperor Lý Nhân Tông (2nd time). * Linh Chiếu Thái hậu, Empress Mother Linh Chiếu (1138–1158) for her son Emperor Lý Anh Tông. * Trần Thừa and Trần Thủ Độ during the reign of Emperor Trần Thái Tông. Trần Thừa also called Retired Emperor Trần Thái Tổ, is Emperor Trần Thái Tông's father. He was the only "''Emperor''" who did not held the throne of the Trần Dynasty. Grand Chancellor Trần Thủ Độ is Trần Thái Tông's uncle. * Hồ Quý Ly, during the reign of Trần dynasty's emperors ─ Trần Thuận Tông & Trần Thiếu Đế; and later, the reign of his son ─ Emperor Hồ Hán Thương of Hồ dynasty. * Nguyễn Thị Anh, Empress Mother Tuyên Từ (1443–1453), during the reign of her son Emperor Lê Nhân Tông. * Consort Tuyên ─ Đặng Thị Huệ (Consort of Lord Trịnh Sâm) during the reign of her son, Lord Trịnh Cán.

Africa

Egypt

* Queen Neithhotep for either Hor-Aha or Djer (c. 3000 B.C.) * Queen Merneith for Den (pharaoh), Den of Egypt (c. 2950 B.C.) * Queen Nimaathap for Djoser (c. 2686 B.C.) * Queen Khentkaus I for an unknown pharaoh * Queen Khentkaus II for Nyuserre Ini * Queen Iput I for Pepi I (c. 2332 B.C.) * Queen Ankhesenpepi II for Pepi II (c. 2278 B.C.) * Queen Ahhotep I for Ahmose I (c. 1550 B.C.) * Queen Ahmose-Nefertari for Amenhotep I (c. 1526 B.C.) * Queen Hatshepsut for Thutmose III of Egypt during the early part of his reign before she became co-ruling Pharaoh in her own right (c. 1479-1472 B.C.) * Queen Mutemwiya for Amenhotep III (c. 1388 B.C.) * General Horemheb for Tutankhamun (c. 1332-1323 B.C.) * Queen Twosret for Siptah (c. 1197-1191 B.C.) * Prince Tjahapimu for Teos of Egypt, Djedhor during his military campaigns against the Achaemenid Empire (c. 360 B.C.) * Minister Agathocles of Egypt, Agathocles for Ptolemy V (c. 204-202 B.C.) * Governor Tlepolemus (regent of Egypt), Tlepolemus for Ptolemy V (c. 202-201 B.C.) * Minister Aristomenes of Alyzeia, Aristomenes for Ptolemy V (c. 201-196 B.C.) * Queen Cleopatra I for Ptolemy VI (c. 180-176 B.C.) * Eulaeus and Lenaeus for Ptolemy VI (c. 176-170 B.C.) * Pothinus for Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII (c. 51-48 B.C.) * Commander Abu al-Misk Kafur for Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid and Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid (946-966 A.D.) * Vizier Ja'far ibn al-Furat for Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali (968 and 969) * Prince Al-Hasan ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Tughj for Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali (968-969) * Wasita (title), Wasita Barjawan for Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996-1000) * Princess Sitt al-Mulk for Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah (1021-1023) * Vizier Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i for Al-Mustansir Billah (1036-1045) * Caliph Mother Rasad for Al-Mustansir Billah (1045-1062) * Prince Al-Hafiz for At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (1130) * Vizier Kutayfat for At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (1130-1131) * Vizier Tala'i ibn Ruzzik for Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah and Al-Adid (1154-1161) * Sultana Shajar al-Durr following the death of her husband As-Salih Ayyub (1249-1250) * Atabak Aybak for Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt, Al-Ashraf Musa (1250-1254) * Emir Qalawun for Solamish (1279) * Emir Al-Adil Kitbugha for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1293-1294) * Emir Baybars II, Baibars al-Jashankir for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1299-1304) * Viceroy Sayf al-Din Salar for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1299-1304) * Emir Qawsun for Al-Ashraf Kujuk (1341-1342) * Emir Yalbugha al-Umari for Al-Mansur Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt, Al-Mansur Muhammad and Al-Ashraf Sha'ban (1361-1366) * Emir Barquq for Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt, Al-Mansur Ali II and As-Salih Hajji (1377-1382) * Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik, Aziz Ezzat Pasha, Sherif Sabri Pasha for King Farouk I of Egypt (1936–1937) * Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim, Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha, Rashad Mehanna for King Fuad II of Egypt (1952–1953)

Ethiopia

* Eleni of Ethiopia served as regent between 1507 and 1516 during the minority of Emperor Dawit II. * Mentewab for her son Iyasu II * ''Ras'' Tessema Nadew in 1913 during the minority of Iyasu V of Ethiopia, Iyasu who would have been crowned as Iyasu V of Ethiopia, Iyasu V * Tafari Makonnen from 1916 to 1931 during the reign of a female, Emperor of Ethiopia, Empress Zewditu (Queen of Kings, ''Nigiste Negestatt''). Upon her death, the regent himself ascended the throne and was crowned as Emperor Haile Selassie I (King of Kings, ''Negusa Nagast'')

Americas

Brazil

* John VI of Portugal, John, Prince Regent, was responsible for elevating Brazil to the status of Kingdom in 1815. One year later, he was acclaimed King of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves. * Pedro I of Brazil, Pedro, Prince Regent, was responsible for declaring the independence of Brazil, in 1822, during his regency (1820–1822), after his father, John VI, returned to Portugal. Some months later, he would be acclaimed Emperor of Brazil. * Maria Leopoldina of Austria, Maria Leopoldina, Empress consort of Brazil, acted as Empress Regent while her husband, Pedro I, was away – especially during the war against Uruguay. * Provisional Triumviral Regency – from 7 April to 18 June 1831, comprised José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, Marquis of Caravelas, José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, Marquess of Caravelas, Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro and Francisco de Lima e Silva, was formed to rule the country after the Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil, abdication of Pedro I. * Permanent Triumviral Regency – from 18 June 1831 to 12 October 1835, comprised Francisco de Lima e Silva as well as José da Costa Carvalho, Marquis of Monte Alegre, José da Costa Carvalho and João Bráulio Muniz. * Diogo Antônio Feijó – from 12 October 1835 to 19 September 1837, during what was considered the advance of the Liberal Party * Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda – from 1837 (provisional to 1838) to 1840, during what was considered the retaken of the Conservative Party. * Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, was Princess Regent of the Empire of Brazil three times (1871–1872; 1876–1877; 1887–1888) while her father travelled abroad. During her last regency, she signed the abolition of slavery in Brazil (known as the "Lei Áurea", or ''"Golden Law"''), on 13 May 1888, whereby Isabel got the sobriquet ''Isabel the Redeemer''. For the act of signing the ''Golden Law'', she was awarded the Golden Rose by Pope Leo XIII.

Europe

Austria

For most of the reign of the epileptic and severely disabled Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, Ferdinand I (1835–1848), Ferdinand's uncle, Archduke Louis of Austria, Archduke Ludwig (from 1836 to 1848), acted as a ''de facto'' regent.

Bulgaria

* Stefan Stambolov, during the absence of Prince Alexander Battenberg from the Bulgarian throne between 28 August 1886 and 3 September 1886 and the vacancy of the throne between 7 September 1886 and 14 August 1887. * Kiril, Prince of Preslav and Bogdan Filov and Nikola Mikhov together as Regency Council, during the minority of the former's nephew Simeon II of Bulgaria, Simeon II (1943–1944). * Venelin Ganev and Todor Pavlov and Tsvetko Boboshevski together as Regency Council, during the minority of Simeon II of Bulgaria, Simeon II (1944–1946)

Finland

After the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the throne of the Grand Duke of Finland was vacant and according to the constitution of 1772, a regent was installed by the Eduskunta, Finnish Parliament during the first two years of Finnish independence, before the country was declared a republic. * Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, installed in January 1918, resigned in late 1918. * Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, resigned 1919 with the passing of the new constitution.

France

* Anne of Kiev and Baldwin V, Count of Flanders (1060–1066), during the minority of her son and his nephew Philip I of France, Philip I * Abbot Suger, Suger, Abbot of St. Denis (1147–1149), during the absence of Louis VII of France, Louis VII on the Second Crusade * Adèle of Champagne and Guillaume de Champagne, Archbishop of Reims (1190–1191), during the absence of her son Philip II of France, Philip II on the

. * Blanche of Castile (1226–1234), during the minority of her son Louis IX of France, Louis IX * Blanche of Castile (1248–1252) and Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, Alphonse, Count of Poitou and Toulouse (1248–1254), during the absence of her son and his brother Louis IX of France, Louis IX on the Seventh Crusade. * Matthew of Vendôme (abbot), Mathieu de Vendôme, Abbot of Saint-Denis and Simon II of Clermont, Simon de Clermont, Sieur de Nesle, during the absence of Louis IX of France, Louis IX on the Eighth Crusade (1270). * Philip V of France, Philip the Tall (1316), during the interregnum between the death of his brother Louis X of France, Louis X and the birth of Louis' posthumous son John I of France, John I, and during the minority of the short-lived John I. * Philip VI of France, Philip, Count of Valois and Anjou (1328), from the death of his cousin Charles IV of France, Charles IV until the birth of a posthumous daughter to the late king brought about Valois' own accession to the throne. * Joan the Lame (1340) during absence of her husband Philip VI of France, Philip VI. * Joan the Lame (1345–1346) during absence of her husband Philip VI of France, Philip VI. * Joan the Lame (1347) during absence of her husband Philip VI of France, Philip VI. * Charles V of France, Charles, the Dauphin (1356–1360), during the Ransom of King John II of France, captivity of his father in England * Louis I, Duke of Anjou (1380–1382), during the minority of his nephew Charles VI of France, Charles VI * Jean, Duke of Berry, Philippe II, Duke of Burgundy, and Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (1382–1388), during the minority of their nephew, Charles VI of France, Charles VI * Louis II, Duke of Bourbon and John, Duke of Berry (1392–1407), during the insanity of their nephew, Charles VI * Isabella of Bavaria (1417–1420) and then Henry V of England, during the insanity of her husband and his father-in-law, Charles VI; they were opposed by * Charles VII of France, Charles, the Dauphin (1417–1422), Charles VI's eldest surviving son, who also claimed the regency. *

(1422–1435), acting as regent on behalf of his nephew, the young Henry VI of England in opposition to the king Charles VII of France, Charles VII * Charlotte of Savoy (1465) during the absence of her husband Louis XI * Anne of France and her husband Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, Pierre de Beaujeu (1483–1491), during the minority of her brother, Charles VIII of France, Charles VIII * Louise of Savoy (1515–1516), during the absence of her son, Francis I of France, Francis I, in Italy. * Louise of Savoy (1523–1526), during the absence at war in Italy, and then the captivity, of her son, Francis I of France, Francis I * Catherine de' Medici: **(1552) While her husband Henry II of France, Henry II left the kingdom for the campaign of Metz. **(1560–1563) During the minority of her second son, Charles IX of France, Charles IX **(1574) During the absence of her third son, Henry III of France, Henry III, in Poland * Marie de' Medici (1610–1614), during the minority of her son, Louis XIII * Anne of Austria (1643–1651), during the minority of her son Louis XIV of France, Louis XIV * Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1715–1723), during the minority of Louis XV of France, Louis XV; often called "the Regent", since he was the last regent of France. **The related era and style are commonly referred to as the ''Régence'' (analogous to the Regency era, British Regency period). ** A 136 carat (27.2 g) diamond he acquired in 1717 is known as 'le régent' * Louis XVIII of France, Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, comte de Provence, while living in exile, self-declared Regent for his nephew Louis XVII of France after the 1793 guillotining of Louis XVI of France, King Louis XVI, until the young pretender's death in 1795. * Charles X of France, Charles-Philippe de France, comte d'Artois, appointed Lieutenant General of the Kingdom by a temporary government from 14 April 1814 until Louis XVIII arrived from England. * Empress Eugenie, three times for her husband, Napoleon III of France, during his absence.

Greece

* Josef Ludwig von Armansperg, Carl Wilhelm von Heideck, Georg Ludwig von Maurer, Egid von Kobell, Johann Baptist von Greiner (1833–1835): on behalf of the minor Otto of Greece, King Otto. * Olga Constantinovna of Russia (1920): on behalf of the minor Alexander of Greece, King Alexander. * Pavlos Kountouriotis (1923–1924): on behalf of the minor George II of Greece, King George II. * Georgios Kondylis (1935): on behalf of the minor George II of Greece, King George II. * Archbishop Damaskinos Papandreou (1944–1946): on behalf of George II of Greece, King George II until his return after World War II. * Constantine II of Greece, Crown Prince Constantine, Duke of Sparta (1964): on behalf of the ill Paul of Greece, King Paul. * Georgios Zoitakis, General Georgios Zoitakis (1967–1972): appointed by the Regime of the Colonels, military junta of the time when the last reigning king, Constantine II of Greece, fled to exile after a failed royal countercoup. * Military dictator Georgios Papadopoulos, Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos (1972–1973): then Prime Minister, assumed the additional role of regent until the monarchy was abolished by referendum.

German Empire

=Anhalt

= * Prince Aribert of Anhalt, Prince Aribert (1918), during the minority of his nephew, Duke Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt, Joachim Ernst.

=Baden

= * Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, Prince Frederick (1852–1856), during the incapacity of his brother, Grand Duke Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Baden, Louis II.

=Bavaria

= * Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, Prince Luitpold (1886–1912), during the incapacity of his nephews, Ludwig II of Bavaria, Ludwig II and Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto. * Ludwig III of Bavaria, Prince Ludwig (1912–1913), during the incapacity of his cousin, Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto.

=Brunswick

= * George IV of the United Kingdom, George, Prince of Wales, later King George IV of the United Kingdom (1815–1823), during the minority of his cousin, Duke Charles II, Duke of Brunswick, Charles II. * Prince Albrecht of Prussia (1885–1906), during the interregnum following the death of Duke Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick, Wilhelm in 1884, when the throne could not be filled due to the status of the heir, the Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, Duke of Cumberland, as an enemy of the Reich. * Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1907–1913), for the same reason.

=Hanover

= * George IV of the United Kingdom, George, Prince of Wales (1813–1820), due to the insanity of his father, King

=Hesse-Kassel

= * Frederick William, Elector of Hesse, Electoral Prince Frederick William (1831–1847), due to the incapacity of his father, Elector William II, Elector of Hesse, William II.

=Lippe

= * Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe (1895–1897), due to the incapacity of his cousin, Prince Alexander, Prince of Lippe, Alexander. * Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1897–1904), for the same reason. * Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe, Count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1904–1905), for the same reason.

=Mecklenburg-Schwerin

= * Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1897–1901), due to the minority of his nephew, Grand Duke Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Friedrich Franz IV.

=Mecklenburg-Strelitz

= * Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1918), due to the near extinction of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz line.

=Prussia

= * Wilhelm I of Germany, Prince William (1858–1861), during the incapacity of his brother Frederick William IV of Prussia, Frederick William IV.

=Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

= * Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1900–1905), during the minority of his cousin Duke Carl Eduard, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Charles Edward.

=Saxe-Meiningen

= * Princess Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe (1803–1821), during the minority of her son, Duke Bernard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, Bernard II.

=Saxe-Weimar

= * Anna Amalia of Brunswick (1758–1775), during the minority of her son, Duke Carl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Carl August.

=Saxony

= * Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria (1763–1769), during the minority of her son, Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, Frederick Augustus III.

=Waldeck

= * Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (1845–1852), during the minority of her son, Prince George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, George Victor.

Hungary

* Helena of Rascia, Helena and Beloš Vukanović, in 1141–1146 during the rule of infant Géza II. Helena was the mother and Beloš her brother. * Andrew II of Hungary, Andrew of Hungary, between 1204–1205 during the rule of the infant Ladislaus III of Hungary, Ladislaus III * Elizabeth of Bosnia, regent for her daughter Mary, Queen of Hungary, Mary between 1382–1385 and in 1386. Had assassinated her daughter's opponent Charles III of Naples, Charles II, but was murdered herself the following year. * John Hunyadi, during Ladislaus the Posthumous, Ladislaus V's minority * Michael Szilágyi in 1458, between Ladislaus V's death and the crowning of Matthias Corvinus, Matthias I * George Martinuzzi (1540–1551) and Isabella Jagiellon (1556–1559) for John Sigismund Zápolya, John II * Lajos Kossuth, under the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 * Archduke Joseph August of Austria, Joseph August, briefly after the fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. He is the last House of Habsburg, Habsburg to be a head of state. * Admiral Miklós Horthy during the period of Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1944)

Iceland

* Hermann Jónasson, Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson, Eysteinn Jónsson, Jakob Ragnar Valdimar Möller, Ólafur Thors during Denmark's occupation between 1940 to 1941. * Sveinn Björnsson was regent for

during Denmark's occupation between 1941 to 1944.

Italy

* Umberto II of Italy, Prince Umberto, Prince of Piedmont was regent for his father, Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, King Vittorio Emanuele III, between 1944 and 1946 (whom he briefly succeeded as Umberto II of Italy, King Umberto II)

Italy

=Mantua

= * Isabella d'Este (1519–1521), during the minority of her son Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, Federico II.

=Parma

= * Margherita de' Medici (1646–1648), during the minority of her son Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, Ranuccio II * Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (1731) during the absence of her grandson Charles III of Spain, Charles I * Louise d'Artois (1854–1859), during the minority of her son Robert, Duke of Parma, Robert I.

=Savoy

= * Christine Marie of France (1637–1663), during the minority of her son Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel II. * Marie Jeanne of Savoy (1675–1680), during the minority of her son Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, Victor Amadeus II.

Portugal

* Theresa, Countess of Portugal, Countess Teresa, during the minority of her son Afonso I of Portugal, Afonso I (1112–1139). Styled herself ''Queen of Portugal''. * Afonso III of Portugal, Afonso, Count ''jure uxoris'' of Boulogne-sur-Mer, after Pope Innocent IV had deposed his brother Sancho II of Portugal, Sancho II, and before assuming himself the throne as Afonso III, following Sancho's death (1245–1248). Styled himself ''Regent and Defender of the Kingdom''. * Leonor Telles de Menezes, Queen Leonor, for her daughter Beatrice of Portugal, Beatrice I (1383). * John I of Portugal, João, Mestre de Avis, during the 1383–1385 Crisis, Dynastic Crisis, and before assuming himself the throne as John I (1384–1385). Styled himself ''Regent and Defender of the Kingdom''. * Leonor of Aragon (1402–1445), Queen Eleanor, during the minority of her son Afonso V of Portugal, Afonso V (1438–1439). * Peter, Duke of Coimbra, during the minority of his nephew Afonso V of Portugal, Afonso V (1439–1448). * Catherine of Habsburg (1507–1578), Queen Catharine, during the minority of her grandson Sebastian of Portugal, Sebastian I (1557–1562). * Cardinal Henry, Cardinal Prince Henry, during the minority of his grandnephew Sebastian of Portugal, Sebastian I (1562–1568). * Luísa de Gusmão, Queen Luísa, for her son Afonso VI of Portugal, Afonso VI (1656–1662). * Peter II of Portugal, Prince Peter, for his brother Afonso VI of Portugal, Afonso VI, and before assuming himself the throne as Peter II, following Afonso's death (1668–1683). * Catherine of Braganza, Catherine, Queen Dowager of England, Scotland and Ireland, for her brother, Peter II of Portugal, Peter II, in 1701 and 1704–05. * John VI of Portugal, John, Prince Regent, during the incapacity of his mother Mary I of Portugal, Mary I, and before assuming himself the throne as John VI, following her death (1792–1816). * Isabel Maria of Braganza, Princess Isabel Maria, following her father's (John VI of Portugal, John VI) death, and whilst awaiting the arrival of her brother Peter IV of Portugal, Peter IV to assume the throne (1826–1828). * Michael I of Portugal, Prince Michael, for his niece Mary II of Portugal, Mary II, and before usurping the throne for himself as Michael I (1828). * Peter IV of Portugal, Peter, Duke of Bragança (former King Peter IV), for his daughter Mary II of Portugal, Mary II (1831–1834). * Ferdinand II of Portugal, King ''jure uxoris'' Ferdinand II, during the minority of his son Peter V of Portugal, Peter V (1853–1855).

Romania

* Lascăr Catargiu, General officer, Gen. Nicolae Golescu, Colonel, Col. Nicolae Haralambie (1866), between the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza and the coronation of Carol I of Romania, Carol I as Prince. * Prince Nicholas of Romania, Prince Nicholas, Miron Cristea, Gheorghe Buzdugan (replaced upon his death by Constantin Sărăţeanu) (1927–1930), during the minority of king Michael I of Romania, Michael I.

Russia

* Saint Olga for her son Sviatoslav I of Kiev, Svyatoslav (945–969) * Sophia of Lithuania for her son Vasily II of Moscow, Vasily II (1425–1432) * Elena Glinskaya for her son Ivan the Terrible (1533–1538) with her favorite Ivan Fedorovich (d. 1539) * Sophia Alekseyevna for her brothers Ivan V and Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great (1682–1689) * Natalia Naryshkina for her son Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great (1689–1694) * Ernst Johann von Biron for the infant Ivan VI (1740) * Anna Leopoldovna for her son Ivan VI (1740–1741)

Serbia

* Milica of Serbia, Princess Milica, Regent of Serbia during the minority of Stefan Lazarević (1389) * Council of Regency during the Serbian Despotate: Mihailo Anđelović, Stefan Branković, and Helena Palaiologina of the Morea, Helena Palaiologina (fl. 1458) * Council of Regency during the minority of Milan I of Serbia, Prince Milan: Milivoje Petrović Blaznavac, Jovan Ristić and Jovan Gavrilović (1868–1872) * Council of Regency during the minority of Alexander I of Serbia, King Aleksandar Obrenović V: Jovan Ristić, Kosta Protić (d. 1892) and Jovan Belimarković (1889–1893) * Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Crown Prince Alexander, Regent of the Kingdom of Serbia (1914–1918) and Regent of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1921), until the death of his father Peter I of Serbia, King Peter I

=Serbian regents abroad

= * Helena of Rascia, Helena and Beloš Vukanović, Co-Regents of Hungary (1141–1146)

Yugoslavia

* Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Crown Prince Alexander, Regent of the Kingdom of Serbia (1914–1918) and Regent of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1921), until the death of his father Peter I of Serbia, King Peter I * Council of Regency during the minority of Peter II of Yugoslavia, King Peter II: Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, Prince Paul, Radenko Stanković, Ivo Perović (1934–1941)

Oceania

Hawaii

* Queen Kaahumanu, Kaahumanu, between 1824–1832 during the rule of the infant Kamehameha III; she was also Kuhina Nui (co-ruler), regent, of Kamehameha II * Kaahumanu II, Elizabeth Kīnau, between 5 June 1832 – 17 March 1833 after Kaahumanu's death and before Kamehameha III became 20 years old

Notes

{{Authority control Lists of heads of state, * Regents, * Lists of regents, Titles of national or ethnic leadership Child rulers, -

Regents in extant monarchies

Asia

Cambodia

Japan

Jordan

Malaysia and its constitutive monarchies

=Terengganu

Oman

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Thailand

Africa

Morocco

Lesotho

Swaziland

Europe

Belgium

Denmark

Liechtenstein

Luxembourg

Monaco

Netherlands

Norway

Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom and its predecessor realms

=Kingdom of Great Britain The Kingdom of Great Britain (officially Great Britain) was a Sovereign state, sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of ...

=Kingdom of England The Kingdom of England (, ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 12 July 927, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. On 1 ...

=Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland (; , ) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a la ...

Regents in defunct monarchies

Asia

China

Afghanistan

South Asia

Ahom Kingdom

Madurai

Mughal Empire

Vijayanagara Empire

Qutub Shahi Dynasty

Holkar Dynasty

Travancore

Vakataka Kingdom

Iran

Iraq

Korea

Mongolia

Myanmar

Nepal

Tibetan Empire

Turkey

Vietnam

Africa

Egypt

Ethiopia

Americas

Brazil

Europe

Austria

Bulgaria

Finland

France

Greece

German Empire

=Anhalt

=Baden

=Bavaria

=Brunswick

=Hanover

=Hesse-Kassel

=Lippe

=Mecklenburg-Schwerin

=Mecklenburg-Strelitz

=Prussia

=Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

=Saxe-Meiningen

=Saxe-Weimar

=Saxony

=Waldeck

Hungary

Iceland

=
Kingdom of Great Britain The Kingdom of Great Britain (officially Great Britain) was a Sovereign state, sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of ...

=
Kingdom of England The Kingdom of England (, ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 12 July 927, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. On 1 ...

=
Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland (; , ) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a la ...