Over 50 villages and tribes of the

Ohlone The Ohlone, formerly known as Costanoans (from Spanish meaning 'coast dweller'), are a Native American people of the Northern California coast. When Spanish explorers and missionaries arrived in the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the ...

(also known as Costanoan) Native American people have been identified as existing in

Northern California Northern California (colloquially known as NorCal) is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises the northern portion of the U.S. state of California. Spanning the state's northernmost 48 counties, its main population centers incl ...

circa 1769 in the regions of the San Francisco Peninsula, Santa Clara Valley, East Bay,

Santa Cruz Mountains The Santa Cruz Mountains, part of the Pacific Coast Ranges, are a mountain range in central and Northern California, United States. They form a ridge down the San Francisco Peninsula, south of San Francisco. They separate the Pacific Ocean from ...

, Monterey Bay and Salinas Valley. The known tribe names and village locations of people who spoke the Costanoan languagesMilliken, 1995. are listed by regions below.

San Francisco Peninsula

''Languages spoken: Ramaytush,

Tamyen The Tamien people (also spelled as ''Tamyen'', ''Thamien'') are one of eight linguistic divisions of the Ohlone (Costanoan) people groups of Native Americans who lived in Northern California. The Tamien traditionally lived throughout the Santa ...

on southern border'' Tribes and villages of the San Francisco Peninsula: # Ahwaste – the San Francisco Peninsul

# Chiguan – Pacific Coast of San Francisco Peninsula vicinity of

Half Moon Bay Half Moon Bay is a coastal city in San Mateo County, California, United States, approximately south of San Francisco. Its population was 11,795 as of the 2020 census. Immediately at the north of Half Moon Bay is Pillar Point Harbor and the un ...

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# Cotegen – Pacific Coast south of Half Moon Bay # Lamchin – present-day San Mateo County, Bay shore from

Belmont Belmont may refer to: People * Belmont (surname) Places * Belmont Abbey (disambiguation) * Belmont Historic District (disambiguation) * Belmont Hotel (disambiguation) * Belmont Park (disambiguation) * Belmont Plantation (disambiguation) * Belmon ...

south to Redwood City and valleys to the west # Oljon – Pacific Coast on lower

San Gregorio Creek San Gregorio Creek (''Spanish for:'' Saint Gregory) is a river in San Mateo County, California. Its tributaries originate on the western ridges of the Santa Cruz Mountains whence it courses southwest through steep forested canyons. The San Greg ...

and Pescadero Creek #

Quiroste Over 50 villages and tribes of the Ohlone (also known as Costanoan) Native Americans in the United States, Native American people have been identified as existing in Northern California circa 1769 in the regions of the San Francisco Peninsula, Sa ...

– Pacific Coast from Bean Hollow Creek to Ano Nuevo Creek # ''name unknown'' – At

Tunitas Creek Tunitas Creek is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map, accessed March 15, 2011 stream in San Mateo County, California. ''Tunitas'' is Spanish for "little prickly pears". An all-w ...

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# Romonan – the San Francisco Peninsula # Ssalson (tribe) – along San Mateo Creek (San Francisco Bay Area), San Mateo Creek, in San Andreas Valley. Had 3 villages: #* Aleitac (village) – along San Mateo Creek in San Andreas Valley #* Altahmo (village; also spelled ''Altagmu'') – along San Mateo Creek in San Andreas Valley #* Uturbe (village) – along San Mateo Creek in San Andreas Valley # Pruristac – One mile from the Pacific Coast in

San Pedro Valley The San Pedro Valley of western Cochise County, Arizona, is a , mostly north–south valley, trending northwesterly. The San Pedro River drains from the state of Sonora, Mexico, through Benson, Arizona, and the southeast of the Rincon Mountains. ...

, near San Pedro Creek, present day Pacifica # Timigtac – half mile from Pacific Coast, on bank of Calera Creek, present-day Pacifica # Tulomo – the San Francisco Peninsul

# Urebure (also spelled ''Buriburi'

–

San Bruno Creek San Bruno Creek (Spanish for: "St. Brun") is an intermittent stream that rises on the eastern slopes of the Northern Santa Cruz Mountains in San Mateo County, California, USA. The headwaters descend a relatively steep canyon east of Skyline Bouleva ...

south of

San Bruno Mountain San Bruno Mountain is horst fault block mountain located in northern San Mateo County, California; with some northern slopes crossing over into southern San Francisco, it is also surrounded by San Francisco Bay and the cities of Brisbane, Colma ...

Yelamu The Yelamu are a local tribe of Ohlone people from the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. The Yelamu speak a language called Ramaytush. The moderAssociation of Ramaytush Ohlone (ARO)are the descendants of the Ramaytush. Randall Milli ...

(tribe) – northern San Francisco Peninsula #* Amuctac (village) – near Visitacion Valley in San Francisco #* Abmoctac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Acnagis (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Acynm (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Aleta (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Aluenchi (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Amutaja (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Anamas (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Anamon (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Anchin (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Aramay (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Assunta (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Atarpe (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Cachanegtac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Caprnp (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Carascan (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Cazopo (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chagunte (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chanigtac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chapngtac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chayen (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chicntae (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chiguau (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chipisclin (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chipletac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chiputca (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chuchictac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Churmutce (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chuscan (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chutchin (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Chynau (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Conop (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Elarroyde (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Flunmuda (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Gamchines (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Genau (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Guanlen (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Guloismistae (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Halchis (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Horocroc (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Huimen (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Hunctu (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Itaes (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Joquizara (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Josquigard (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Juniamuc (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Juris (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Lamsim (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Libantone (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Livangebra (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Livangelva (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Luianeglua (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Luidneg (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Macsinum (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Malvaitac (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Mitline (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Muingpe (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Naig (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Olemos. A former rancheria connected with Dolores #* Olestura rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Olpen rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Ompivromo (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Olmolosoc rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Otoacte (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Ousint (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Patnetac (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Pructaca (village)connected with Dolores mission #* Proqueu (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Purutea (village)connected with Dolores mission #* Puycone (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Sadaues rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Sagunte (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Saraise (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Sarontac (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Satumuo rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Saucon (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Sicca (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Sipanum (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Siscastac (village) connected to Dolores Mission #* Sitintajea rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Sitlintaj rancheria connected with Dolores mission #* Ssalayme (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Ssichitca (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Ssiti (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Ssogereate (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Saupichum (village) connected with Dolores Mission #* Subchiam (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Suchigin (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Suchui (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Sunchaque (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tatquinte (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Timsim (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Titiyu (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Torose (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Totola (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tubisuste (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tuca (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tupuic (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tupuinte (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Tuzsint (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Ussete (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Vagerpe (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Yacomui (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Zomiomi (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Zucigin (village) connected with Dolores mission #* Chutchui (village) – near the present day site of Mission Dolores in San Francisco. #* Uchium – a division of the Olamentke, and according to Chamisso one of the most numerous connected with Dolores mission in 1816 #* Petlenuc (village) – near the

Presidio of San Francisco The Presidio of San Francisco (originally, El Presidio Real de San Francisco or The Royal Fortress of Saint Francis) is a park and former U.S. Army post on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula in San Francisco, California, and is part o ...

#* Sitlintac (village) – near

Mission Creek Mission Creek (from Spanish: ''misión'') is a river in San Francisco, California. Once navigable from the Mission Bay inland to the vicinity of Mission Dolores, where several smaller creeks converged to form it, Mission Creek has long since bee ...

in San Francisco #* Tubsinta (village) – near Visitacion Valley in San Francisco # Puichon – near present-day Menlo Park, Palo Alto and Mountain View # Tuchayune – fishing village on Yerba Buena Islandbr>
The following tribes furnished most of the converts at Mission Dolores: Ahwaste, Bolbone, Chiguau, Cuchillones, Chuscan, Cotejen, Junatca, Karkin, Khulpuni, Olemos, Olhon, Olmolococ, Olpen, Quemelentus, Quirogles, Saclan, Salzon (Suisun), Sanchines, Saucou, Sichican, Uchium & Uquitinac.

Santa Clara Valley

''Languages spoken:

, Chochenyo language, Chochenyo on eastern fringes'' Tamyen language region (also spelled ''Tamien'', ''Thamien'') – tentatively Santa Clara Valley along Guadalupe River and west through Cupertino. Tribes and villages of Santa Clara Valley: # Alson – low marshlands at southern end of

San Francisco Bay San Francisco Bay is a large tidal estuary in the U.S. state of California, and gives its name to the San Francisco Bay Area. It is dominated by the big cities of San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. San Francisco Bay drains water from a ...

, present-Day

Newark Newark most commonly refers to: * Newark, New Jersey, city in the United States * Newark Liberty International Airport, New Jersey; a major air hub in the New York metropolitan area Newark may also refer to: Places Canada * Niagara-on-the ...

, Milpitas and Alviso # Asirin – Coast Ranges east of Santa Clara Valley # Aulintac (also spelled ''Auxentac'') – along Coyote Creek # Churistac – cover term for cluster of villages in the mountains east of

Morgan Hill Morgan Hill is a city in Santa Clara County, California, at the southern tip of Silicon Valley, in the San Francisco Bay Area. Morgan Hill is an affluent residential community, the seat of several high-tech companies, and a dining, entertainmen ...

# Matalan – Santa Clara Valley from Coyote to Morgan Hill # Pala (also known as ''Palenos'') – mountains of Hall's Valley between Santa Clara Valley and Mount Hamilton # Ritocsi – Santa Clara Valley at Upper Guadalupe River and central Coyote Creek # San Bernardino Group – Santa Clara Valley unknown location; see Partacsi #* Lamaytu (tribe) – Santa Clara Valley #* Muyson (tribe) – Santa Clara Valley #* Pornen (tribe) – Santa Clara Valley #* Solchequis (tribe) – Santa Clara Valley # So-co-is-u-ka (village) – the original site of the Mission Santa Clara (Mission Santa Clara de Thamien) on the Guadalupe River, 1777 # "Santa Ysabel" – eastern Santa Clara Valley and Upper

Calaveras Creek Calaveras Creek is a waterway that starts near Martinez, Texas Martinez is an unincorporated community in eastern Bexar County, Texas, United States. In 1990, its population was reported to be 75 residents. It is located within the Greater San ...

# Somontac (also called ''Santa Clara'') – tentatively Los Gatos region of Santa Clara Valley, and/or a village of the Matalan # Thamien (village or locality) – the original site of the Mission Santa Clara (Mission Santa Clara de Thamien) on the Guadalupe River, 1777 # Tayssen – large area of eastern

Coast Ranges The Pacific Coast Ranges (officially gazetted as the Pacific Mountain System in the United States) are the series of mountain ranges that stretch along the West Coast of North America from Alaska south to Northern and Central Mexico. Although the ...

east and southeast of Santa Clara Valley :In vicinity: # Junas – probably in Hospital Creek drainage or

San Antonio Valley The community of San Antonio Valley, also called San Antonio or San Antone, is located along the Diablo Range in eastern Santa Clara County, California. The locale is bordered by Alameda County to the north and Stanislaus County to the east. ...

of Diablo Range # Werwersen – vicinity of Mount Hamilton, Diablo Rang

:''*See also: Chitactac, Partacsi, possibly in this valley.''

East Bay area

''Languages spoken: Chochenyo language, Chochenyo, Karkin language, Karkin in the north'' Tribes and villages of the East Bay area: # Causen (aka ''Patlans'') – Sunol Valley # Huchiun – large area of East Bay shore, from Temescal Creek to present-day

Richmond Richmond most often refers to: * Richmond, Virginia, the capital of Virginia, United States * Richmond, London, a part of London * Richmond, North Yorkshire, a town in England * Richmond, British Columbia, a city in Canada * Richmond, California, ...

# Huchiun-Aguasto – East Bay on southeast shores of

San Pablo Bay San Pablo Bay is a tidal estuary that forms the northern extension of San Francisco Bay in the East Bay and North Bay regions of the San Francisco Bay Area in northern California. Most of the Bay is shallow; however, there is a deep water ch ...

# Karkin (aka ''Los Carquines'' in Spanish) – on both sides of Carquinez Strait, present-day

Crockett Crockett may refer to: People and fictional characters *Crockett Gillmore (born 1991), American National Football League player *Crockett Johnson, pen name of David Johnson Liesk (1906-1975), American cartoonist and children's book illustrator *C ...

Port Costa Port Costa is a small village and census-designated place (CDP) in Contra Costa County, California, located in East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. Situated on the southern shore of the Carquinez Strait, the population was 190 at the 2 ...

, Martinez and

Benicia Benicia ( , ) is a waterside city in Solano County, California, located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. It served as the capital of California for nearly thirteen months from 1853 to 1854. The population was 26,997 at the ...

# Luecha – southeast of Livermore # Jalquin/Yrgen – present day Hayward,

Castro Valley Castro Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Alameda County, California, United States. At the 2010 census, it was the fifth most populous unincorporated area in California and the twenty-third most populous in the United States. The popula ...

# Pelnen – western part of Livermore Valley, from

Pleasanton Pleasanton may refer to: Places * Pleasanton, California * Pleasanton, Iowa * Pleasanton, Kansas * Pleasanton, Nebraska * Pleasanton, New Mexico * Pleasanton, Ohio * Pleasanton, Texas * Pleasanton Township, Michigan Other * Pleasanton High School ...

to Dublin # Seunen – northwest side of Livermore Valley # Souyen – marshland of Livermore Valley and up

Tassajara Creek Tassajara may refer to: * Tassajara, California, in Contra Costa County * Tassajara Formation * Tassajara Hot Springs * Tassajara Hot Springs, California * Tassajara Zen Mountain Center * Tassajara - mountain bike design by Gary Fisher * Tassajara ...

into southern foothills of Mount Diablo # Ssaoam – around Brushy Peak and

Altamont Pass Altamont Pass, formerly Livermore Pass, is a low mountain pass in the Diablo Range of Northern California between Livermore in the Livermore Valley and Tracy in the San Joaquin Valley. The name is actually applied to two distinct but nearby c ...

, between Livermore Valley and San Joaquin Valley #* Yulian (either a subgroup or alias name of Ssaoams) # Taunan – mountainous parts of

Alameda Creek , name_etymology = Spanish , image = Bridgeatnilesrivercalifornia.JPG , image_caption = Alameda Creek at Niles, Fremont , map = , map_size = , map_caption = , pushpin_map = US ...

and Arroyo del Valle south to Alameda–

Contra Costa County ) of the San Francisco Bay , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = United States , subdivision_type1 = State , subdivision_name1 = California , subdivision_type2 ...

line # Tuibun – mouth of Alameda Creek and

Coyote Hills Coyote Hills may refer to: * Coyote Hills (Alameda County), California, USA ** Coyote Hills Regional Park * Coyote Hills, Orange County, California, consists of: ** East Coyote Hills, Orange County, California, USA ** West Coyote Hills, Orange C ...

area, eastern shore of San Francisco Bay. Site is preserved in

Coyote Hills Regional Park Coyote Hills Regional Park is a regional park encompassing nearly 978 acres of land and administered by the East Bay Regional Park District. The park, which was dedicated to public use in 1967, is located in Fremont, California, USA, on the sou ...

. #

Saclan The Saklan are a tribe of the Native American Miwok community, based just south of San Pablo and Suisun Bays, in Contra Costa County, California. Their historical tribal lands ranged from Moraga, to San Leandro Creek, to Lafayette. History Th ...

– a former group or division of the

Costanoan The Ohlone, formerly known as Costanoans (from Spanish meaning 'coast dweller'), are a Native American people of the Northern California coast. When Spanish explorers and missionaries arrived in the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the ...

family inhabiting the shore at or south of

Oakland Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. A major West Coast port, Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the third largest city overall in the Bay A ...

Santa Cruz Mountains

''Languages spoken:

Awaswas The Awaswas people, also known as Santa Cruz people, are one of eight divisions of the Ohlone Native Americans of Northern California. The Awaswas lived in the Santa Cruz Mountains and along the coast of present-day Santa Cruz County from pre ...

on eastern border'' Tribes and villages of the

: # Achista (tentatively included ''Acsaggis'') –

, present-day Boulder Creek, and Riverside Grove # Chalumu – current location of city of Santa Cruz # Chaloctac – around Loma Prieta Creek on crest of Santa Cruz Mountains # Chitactac – Santa Cruz Mountains and/or Santa Clara Valley # Cotoni – Pacific Coast at present-day

Davenport Davenport may refer to: Places Australia *Davenport, Northern Territory, a locality * Hundred of Davenport, cadastral unit in South Australia **Davenport, South Australia, suburb of Port Augusta **District Council of Davenport, former local govern ...

# Olpen (also known as ''Guemelentos'') – interior hills and valleys in Santa Cruz Mountains,

La Honda Creek La Honda Creek is a long stream on the Pacific slope of the Santa Cruz Mountains and is a tributary of San Gregorio Creek.U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map accessed March 10, 2011 F ...

, Corte de Madera Creek # Partacsi (also known as "Paltrastach") –

Saratoga Gap Saratoga Gap Open Space Preserve is a 1540-acre regional park located near Saratoga Gap in the Santa Cruz Mountains of Santa Clara County, California. The preserve is owned and operated by the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District. The preserve ...

mountainous area, upper Pescadero Creek, Stevens Creek, and

Saratoga Creek Saratoga Creek is a north-northeast flowing creek in Santa Clara County, California. History Saratoga Creek was originally called Arroyo Quito and then Campbell Creek after immigrant William Campbell, who operated a sawmill in 1848 in "Campbell's ...

watersheds; tentatively the village and center of San Bernardino tribal groups # Sayanta –

Scotts Valley Scotts Valley is a small city in Santa Cruz County, California, United States, about thirty miles (48 km) south of downtown San Jose and six miles (10 km) north of the city of Santa Cruz, in the upland slope of the Santa Cruz Mount ...

, Glenwood, and Laurel areas (part of Mexican grant '' Arrollo de Sayante'') # Sokel – present-day

Aptos Aptos (Ohlone for "The People") is an unincorporated town in Santa Cruz County, California. The town is made up of several small villages, which together form Aptos: Aptos Hills-Larkin Valley, Aptos Village, Cabrillo, Seacliff, Rio del Mar, and S ...

Monterey Bay area

''Languages spoken:

north coast, Rumsen south coast,

Mutsun Mutsun (also known as San Juan Bautista Costanoan) is a Utian language spoken in Northern California. It was the primary language of a division of the Ohlone people living in the Mission San Juan Bautista area. The Tamien Nation and band is cu ...

inland'' Tribes and villages of the Monterey Bay area: # Aptos – Shores of Monterey Bay from

east, halfway up Pajaro River # Cajastaca – north or northeast of

Watsonville Watsonville is a city in Santa Cruz County, California, located in the Monterey Bay Area of the Central Coast of California. The population was 52,590 according to the 2020 census. Predominantly Latino and Democratic, Watsonville is a self- ...

, near the Pajaro River # Ichxenta – at

San Jose Creek San Jose Creek is an intermittent, tributary stream of the San Gabriel River in Los Angeles County, California. The mouth of San Jose Creek is at an elevation of 194 feet / 59 meters at its confluence with the San Gabriel River, southwest of Bas ...

, near Point Lobos State Reserve # Kalindaruk (Calendaruc)-

Monterey County Monterey County ( ), officially the County of Monterey, is a county located on the Pacific coast in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, its population was 439,035. The county's largest city and county seat is Salinas. Montere ...

br>
# Rumsien (village) – Carmel River (California), Carmel River, roughly 5 miles inland from San Carlos Mission and Pacific Coast Kroeber, 1925, Map p. 465 # Uypi – present-day City of Santa Cruz # Wacharon – near present-day Moss Landingbr>

Salinas Valley

''Languages spoken: Rumsen,

, Chalon language, Chalon

Tribes and villages of Salinas Valley: # Ansaime (also spelled ''Ausaima'') – east side of San Felipe sink on Pacheco Creek (San Benito County), Pacheco Creek # Chipuctac –

Cañada de los Osos Cañada de los Osos is an stream that flows west and then north to join Coyote Creek in the Diablo Range south of Henry Coe State Park in southern Santa Clara County, California, United States. It is now protected within the 5,800 acre Cañada ...

area northeast of Gilroy # Mutsun (village) – at the

Mission San Juan Bautista Mission San Juan Bautista is a Spanish mission in San Juan Bautista, San Benito County, California. Founded on June 24, 1797 by Fermín Lasuén of the Franciscan order, the mission was the fifteenth of the Spanish missions established in presen ...

, on San Benito River, west of present-day city of Hollister. # Pitac – possibly San Martin area or else part of Unijama in the Gilroy area # Tomoi – in the general area of Pacheco Pass # Unijaima (also spelled ''Unijaimas'') – Gilroy and Carnadero areas # Wachero-n – at site of

Mission Soledad Mission (from Latin ''missio'' "the act of sending out") may refer to: Organised activities Religion *Christian mission, an organized effort to spread Christianity * Mission (LDS Church), an administrative area of The Church of Jesus Christ of ...

on Salinas River

Notes

References

* Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. ''Handbook of the Indians of California''. Washington, D.C: ''Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin'' No. 78. (map of villages, page 465) * Milliken, Randall. ''A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1810'' Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1995. (alk. paper)

San Francisco Peninsula

Santa Clara Valley

East Bay area

Santa Cruz Mountains

Monterey Bay area

Salinas Valley

Notes

References

Further reading