Powys (; ) is a
county
A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposesChambers Dictionary, L. Brookes (ed.), 2005, Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, Edinburgh in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French ...
and
preserved county in
Wales. It is named after the
Kingdom of Powys
The Kingdom of Powys ( cy, Teyrnas Powys; la, Regnum Poysiae) was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain. It very roughly covered the northern t ...
which was a Welsh
successor state
Succession of states is a concept in international relations regarding a successor state that has become a sovereign state over a territory (and populace) that was previously under the sovereignty of another state. The theory has its roots in 19th ...
,
petty kingdom
A petty kingdom is a kingdom described as minor or "petty" (from the French 'petit' meaning small) by contrast to an empire or unified kingdom that either preceded or succeeded it (e.g. the numerous kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England unified into t ...
and
principality
A principality (or sometimes princedom) can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a regnant-monarch with the title of prince and/or princess, or by a monarch with another title considered to fall un ...
that emerged during the Middle Ages following the
end of Roman rule in Britain
The end of Roman rule in Britain was the transition from Roman Britain to post-Roman Britain. Roman rule ended in different parts of Britain at different times, and under different circumstances.
In 383, the usurper Magnus Maximus withdrew ...
.
Geography
Powys covers the historic counties of
Montgomeryshire and
Radnorshire, most of
Brecknockshire
, image_flag=
, HQ= Brecon
, Government= Brecknockshire County Council (1889-1974)
, Origin= Brycheiniog
, Status=
, Start= 1535
, End= ...
, and part of
historic Denbighshire. With an area of about , it is now the largest administrative area in Wales by land and area (
Dyfed
Dyfed () is a preserved county in southwestern Wales. It is a mostly rural area with a coastline on the Irish Sea and the Bristol Channel.
Between 1974 and 1996, Dyfed was also the name of the area's county council and the name remains in use ...
was until 1996 before several
former counties created by the
Local Government Act 1972
The Local Government Act 1972 (c. 70) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed local government in England and Wales on 1 April 1974. It was one of the most significant Acts of Parliament to be passed by the Heath Go ...
were abolished). It is bounded to the north by
Gwynedd
Gwynedd (; ) is a county and preserved county (latter with differing boundaries; includes the Isle of Anglesey) in the north-west of Wales. It shares borders with Powys, Conwy County Borough, Denbighshire, Anglesey over the Menai Strait, an ...
,
Denbighshire
Denbighshire ( ; cy, Sir Ddinbych; ) is a county in the north-east of Wales. Its borders differ from the historic county of the same name. This part of Wales contains the country's oldest known evidence of habitation – Pontnewydd (Bontne ...
and
Wrexham County Borough; to the west by
Ceredigion
Ceredigion ( , , ) is a county in the west of Wales, corresponding to the historic county of Cardiganshire. During the second half of the first millennium Ceredigion was a minor kingdom. It has been administered as a county since 1282. Cer ...
and
Carmarthenshire; to the east by
Shropshire
Shropshire (; alternatively Salop; abbreviated in print only as Shrops; demonym Salopian ) is a landlocked historic county in the West Midlands region of England. It is bordered by Wales to the west and the English counties of Cheshire to ...
and
Herefordshire
Herefordshire () is a county in the West Midlands of England, governed by Herefordshire Council. It is bordered by Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south-east, and the Welsh counties of Monmouthsh ...
; and to the south by
Rhondda Cynon Taf,
Merthyr Tydfil County Borough
Merthyr Tydfil County Borough ( cy, Bwrdeistref Sirol Merthyr Tudful) is a county borough (since 1908) in the south-east of Wales. In mid 2018, it had an estimated population of 60,183. It is located in the historic county of Glamorgan and take ...
,
Caerphilly County Borough
Caerphilly County Borough ( cy, Bwrdeistref Sirol Caerffili) is a county borough in the south-east of Wales. It is governed by Caerphilly County Borough Council.
Its main and largest town is Caerphilly. Other towns in the county borough are Bedw ...
,
Blaenau Gwent,
Monmouthshire
Monmouthshire ( cy, Sir Fynwy) is a county in the south-east of Wales. The name derives from the historic county of the same name; the modern county covers the eastern three-fifths of the historic county. The largest town is Abergavenny, wit ...
and
Neath Port Talbot
Neath Port Talbot ( cy, Castell-nedd Port Talbot) is a county borough in the south-west of Wales. Its principal towns are Neath, Port Talbot, Briton Ferry and Pontardawe. The county borough borders Bridgend County Borough and Rhondda Cynon Taf t ...
.
The largest towns are
Newtown,
Ystradgynlais
Ystradgynlais (, ) is a town on the River Tawe in southwest Powys, Wales. It is the second-largest town in Powys and is in the historic county of Brecknockshire. The town has a high proportion of Welsh language-speakers. The community includes ...
,
Brecon
Brecon (; cy, Aberhonddu; ), archaically known as Brecknock, is a market town in Powys, mid Wales. In 1841, it had a population of 5,701. The population in 2001 was 7,901, increasing to 8,250 at the 2011 census. Historically it was the coun ...
,
Welshpool,
Llandrindod Wells and
Knighton. Powys has the lowest
population density
Population density (in agriculture: standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geographical term.Matt RosenberPop ...
of all the principal areas of Wales. Most of Powys is mountainous, and most roads and railways are relatively slow.
Just under a third of the residents have Welsh linguistic skills: Welsh speakers are concentrated mainly in the rural areas both in and around
Machynlleth
Machynlleth () is a market town, community and electoral ward in Powys, Wales and within the historic boundaries of Montgomeryshire. It is in the Dyfi Valley at the intersection of the A487 and the A489 roads. At the 2001 Census it had a popu ...
,
Llanfyllin and
Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant (where
William Morgan first translated the whole Bible into Welsh in 1588) in Montgomeryshire, and the industrial area of Ystradgynlais in the southwest of Brecknockshire. Radnorshire was almost completely
anglicised
Anglicisation is the process by which a place or person becomes influenced by English culture or British culture, or a process of cultural and/or linguistic change in which something non-English becomes English. It can also refer to the influenc ...
by the end of the 18th century. The
2001 census records show 21% of the population of Powys were able to speak Welsh at that time, the same as for the whole of Wales.
History
The county is named after the ancient Welsh
Kingdom of Powys
The Kingdom of Powys ( cy, Teyrnas Powys; la, Regnum Poysiae) was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain. It very roughly covered the northern t ...
, which in the sixth century AD included the northern two-thirds of the area as well as most of Shropshire and adjacent areas now in England, and came to an end when it was occupied by
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (c. 1223 – 11 December 1282), sometimes written as Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, also known as Llywelyn the Last ( cy, Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf, lit=Llywelyn, Our Last Leader), was the native Prince of Wales ( la, Princeps Wall ...
of
Gwynedd
Gwynedd (; ) is a county and preserved county (latter with differing boundaries; includes the Isle of Anglesey) in the north-west of Wales. It shares borders with Powys, Conwy County Borough, Denbighshire, Anglesey over the Menai Strait, an ...
during the 1260s.
The uplands retain evidence of occupation from long before the Kingdom of Powys, and before the Romans, who built roads and forts across the area. There are 1130 identified
burial mounds
A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or '' kurgans'', and may be found throughout much of the world. A cairn, which is a mound of stones buil ...
within the county, of varying styles and ages, dating from 4000 BC to 1000 BC, most of them belonging to the
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second pri ...
. Of these, 339 are
scheduled monument
In the United Kingdom, a scheduled monument is a nationally important archaeological site or historic building, given protection against unauthorised change.
The various pieces of legislation that legally protect heritage assets from damage and d ...
s.
Standing stones, most again dating to the Bronze Age, also occur in large numbers, 276 being found across the county, of which 92 are scheduled. From the
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age ( Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and the Bronze Age ( Chalcolithic). The concept has been mostly ...
, the county has 90 scheduled
hillforts
A hillfort is a type of earthwork used as a fortified refuge or defended settlement, located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage. They are typically European and of the Bronze Age or Iron Age. Some were used in the post- Ro ...
and a further 54 enclosures and settlement sites.
Powys is served by the
Cambrian Line
The Cambrian Line ( cy, Llinell y Cambrian), also known as the Cambrian Main Line ( cy, Prif Linell y Cambrian) and Cambrian Coast Line ( cy, Llinell Arfordir y Cambrian), is a railway line that runs from Shrewsbury, England, westwards to Ab ...
and
Heart of Wales line which offer connections to major towns and cities such as
Swansea
Swansea (; cy, Abertawe ) is a coastal city and the second-largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( cy, links=no, Dinas a Sir Abertawe).
The city is the twenty-fifth largest i ...
,
Wrexham,
Shrewsbury
Shrewsbury ( , also ) is a market town, civil parish, and the county town of Shropshire, England, on the River Severn, north-west of London; at the 2021 census, it had a population of 76,782. The town's name can be pronounced as either 'Sh ...
,
Birmingham,
Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton () is a city, metropolitan borough and administrative centre in the West Midlands, England. The population size has increased by 5.7%, from around 249,500 in 2011 to 263,700 in 2021. People from the city are called "Wulfrunian ...
,
Manchester,
Cardiff
Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Ki ...
,
Aberystwyth,
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major s ...
and
Telford
Telford () is a town in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire, England, about east of Shrewsbury, south west of Stafford, north west of Wolverhampton and from Birmingham in the same direction. With an est ...
. The county used to be served by key railways such as the
Mid-Wales Railway,
Oswestry and Newtown Railway,
Tanat Valley Light Railway
The Tanat Valley Light Railway (TVLR) was a long standard gauge light railway. It ran westwards from Llanyblodwel in Shropshire, about 5 miles or 8 km south-west of Oswestry. It crossed the Wales–England border and continued up the Tanat ...
,
Llanfyllin Branch,
Leominster and Kington Railway,
Swansea Vale Railway and the
Hereford, Hay and Brecon Railway, all of which offered connections to
South Wales
South Wales ( cy, De Cymru) is a loosely defined region of Wales bordered by England to the east and mid Wales to the north. Generally considered to include the historic counties of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire, south Wales extends westwards ...
,
Hereford,
Oswestry
Oswestry ( ; ) is a market town, civil parish and historic railway town in Shropshire, England, close to the Welsh border. It is at the junction of the A5, A483 and A495 roads.
The town was the administrative headquarters of the Borough of ...
,
North Wales and
West Wales
West Wales ( cy, Gorllewin Cymru) is not clearly defined as a particular region of Wales. Some definitions of West Wales include only Pembrokeshire, Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire, which historically comprised the Welsh principality of ''Deheub ...
but have all since closed.
Heraldry

The gold in the county coat of arms symbolises the wealth of the area. Black is for both mining and the
Black Mountains. The
fountain
A fountain, from the Latin "fons" ( genitive "fontis"), meaning source or spring, is a decorative reservoir used for discharging water. It is also a structure that jets water into the air for a decorative or dramatic effect.
Fountains were o ...
is a
medieval
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
heraldic charge displayed as a
roundel barry wavy argent and azure. It represents water and refers to both the
water catchment area and the rivers and lakes. Thus, the arms contain references to the hills and mountains, rivers and lakes, water supply and industry.
The crest continues the colouring of the arms. A tower has been used in preference to a
mural crown, which alludes to the county's military history and remains. From the tower rises a
red kite
The red kite (''Milvus milvus'') is a medium-large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. The species currently breeds in the Western Palearctic reg ...
, a bird almost extinct elsewhere in Britain but thriving in Powys. The bird is a "''
semé'' of black
lozenges" for the former coal mining industry, while the golden fleece it carries is a reference to the importance of sheep rearing in the county.
The county motto is: ''Powys – the paradise of Wales'' ( cy, Powys Paradwys Cymru).
Government
On 1 April 1974, Powys was created under the Local Government Act 1972. At first, the former administrative counties of
Montgomery,
Radnor, and
Brecknock were districts within it. On 1 April 1996, the districts were abolished, and Powys was reconstituted as a
unitary authority
A unitary authority is a local authority responsible for all local government functions within its area or performing additional functions that elsewhere are usually performed by a higher level of sub-national government or the national governmen ...
. There was a minor border adjustment in the northeastspecifically, the addition of the communities of
Llansilin
Llansilin () is a village and local government community (Wales), community in Montgomeryshire, Powys, Wales, west of Oswestry. The community, which includes Llansilin village, a large rural area and the hamlets of Moelfre and Rhiwlas as well as ...
and
Llangedwyn from
Glyndŵr district in
Clwyd
Clwyd () is a preserved county of Wales, situated in the north-east corner of the country; it is named after the River Clwyd, which runs through the area. To the north lies the Irish Sea, with the English ceremonial counties of Cheshire to t ...
and with moving the border, so that rather than half of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, all is included.
The first
Lord Lieutenant of Powys was previously the
Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire. The
Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire and
Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire were appointed as lieutenants. The present
lord lieutenant is
Shân Legge-Bourke of
Crickhowell.
Attractions
*
Black Mountains
*
Brecon Beacons
The Brecon Beacons ( cy, Bannau Brycheiniog, ) are a mountain range in South Wales. In a narrow sense, the name refers to the range of Old Red Sandstone peaks which lie to the south of Brecon. Sometimes referred to as "the central Beacons" t ...
– a mountain range
*
Radnor Forest
*
Y Gaer
Y Gaer () is a Roman fort situated near modern-day Brecon in Mid Wales, United Kingdom.
Y Gaer is located at (Landranger 160).
History
Y Gaer was built around AD 75 and sits on a crossroads of Roman roads in the valley of the River Usk at ...
– a
Roman fort
In the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, the Latin word ''castrum'', plural ''castra'', was a military-related term.
In Latin usage, the singular form ''castrum'' meant 'fort', while the plural form ''castra'' meant 'camp'. The singular ...
*
Battle of Bryn Glas
The Battle of Bryn Glas (also known as the Battle of Pilleth) was a battle between the Welsh and English on 22 June 1402, near the towns of Knighton and Presteigne in Powys, Wales. It was part of the Glyndŵr Rising of 1400-1415. It was an imp ...
Castles
*
Dolforwyn Castle
*
Montgomery Castle
*
Powis Castle
*
Tretower Castle
*
Aberedw Castle
*
Castell Du
*
Bronllys Castle
*
Cefnllys Castle
Cefnllys Castle ( cy, Castell Cefn-llys, ) was a medieval spur castle in Radnorshire (now part of Powys), Wales. Two successive masonry castles were built on a ridge above the River Ithon known as Castle Bank ( cy, Craig y Castell, translati ...
Lakes, reservoirs and waterfalls
*
Elan Valley Reservoirs
*
Lake Vyrnwy
, image = Lakevyrnwysummer.jpg
, caption = View overlooking Lake Vyrnwy showing the full extent of the lake
, image_bathymetry =
, pushpin_map=Wales Powys
, caption_bathymetry =
, location = Wales
, c ...
*
Llangorse Lake
*
Clywedog Reservoir
*
Pistyll y Llyn – one of the highest waterfalls in Wales
*
Pistyll Rhaeadr
*
Water-breaks-its-neck – waterfall in Radnor Forest
*
Waterfall Country – waterfalls on the upper tributaries of the
River Neath
Cathedral
*
Brecon Cathedral
Cave systems
*
Ogof Agen Allwedd
*
Ogof Craig a Ffynnon
*
Ogof Ffynnon Ddu
*
Ogof y Daren Cilau
Museums and exhibitions
*
Centre for Alternative Technology,
Machynlleth
Machynlleth () is a market town, community and electoral ward in Powys, Wales and within the historic boundaries of Montgomeryshire. It is in the Dyfi Valley at the intersection of the A487 and the A489 roads. At the 2001 Census it had a popu ...
* Llandrindod Wells Museum
*
National Cycle Museum,
Llandrindod Wells
* Llanidloes Museum
* Knighton Museum,
Knighton
* Newtown Textile Museum
*
Powysland Museum,
Welshpool
*
Judge's Lodging,
Presteigne
*
The Old Bell Museum,
Montgomery
*
Robert Owen
Robert Owen (; 14 May 1771 – 17 November 1858) was a Welsh textile manufacturer, philanthropist and social reformer, and a founder of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He strove to improve factory working conditions, promoted ...
Museum,
Newtown
* Rhayader Museum & Gallery, Rhayader
* Wyeside Arts Centre, Builth Wells
*
Y Gaer
Y Gaer () is a Roman fort situated near modern-day Brecon in Mid Wales, United Kingdom.
Y Gaer is located at (Landranger 160).
History
Y Gaer was built around AD 75 and sits on a crossroads of Roman roads in the valley of the River Usk at ...
,
Brecon
Brecon (; cy, Aberhonddu; ), archaically known as Brecknock, is a market town in Powys, mid Wales. In 1841, it had a population of 5,701. The population in 2001 was 7,901, increasing to 8,250 at the 2011 census. Historically it was the coun ...
* Llanwrtyd Wells Heritage and Arts Centre, Llanwrtyd Wells
Walks
*
Glyndŵr's Way – a extended loop through Powys between Knighton and Welshpool
* Sarn Sabrina Walk – a circular walking route from
Llanidloes
Llanidloes () is a town and community on the A470 and B4518 roads in Powys, within the historic county boundaries of Montgomeryshire ( cy, Sir Drefaldwyn), Wales. The population in 2011 was 2,929, of whom 15% could speak Welsh. It is the th ...
to the source of the
River Severn
, name_etymology =
, image = SevernFromCastleCB.JPG
, image_size = 288
, image_caption = The river seen from Shrewsbury Castle
, map = RiverSevernMap.jpg
, map_size = 288
, map_c ...
*
Severn Way – described by the Long Distance Walkers Association as a waymarked
long-distance trail
A long-distance trail (or long-distance footpath, track, way, greenway) is a longer recreational trail mainly through rural areas used for hiking, backpacking, cycling, horse riding or cross-country skiing. They exist on all continents excep ...
*
Taff Trail – walking and cycle path that runs for 55 miles (89 km) between Cardiff Bay and Brecon
*
Offa's Dyke Path – a long-distace footpath about 177-mile (285 km)
*
Wye Valley Walk – a long-distance footpath from
Chepstow to
Rhayader
Rhayader (; cy, Rhaeadr Gwy; ) is a market town and community in Powys, Wales, within the historic county of Radnorshire. The town is from the source of the River Wye on Plynlimon, the highest point of the Cambrian Mountains, and is locat ...
Railways
*
Brecon Mountain Railway (heritage line)
*
Cambrian Line
The Cambrian Line ( cy, Llinell y Cambrian), also known as the Cambrian Main Line ( cy, Prif Linell y Cambrian) and Cambrian Coast Line ( cy, Llinell Arfordir y Cambrian), is a railway line that runs from Shrewsbury, England, westwards to Ab ...
(main line)
*
Heart of Wales line (main line)
*
Welshpool & Llanfair Light Railway (heritage line)
Fairtrade
In December 2007, Powys was awarded
Fair Trade County status by
The Fairtrade Foundation
The Fairtrade Foundation is a charity based in the United Kingdom that aims to empower disadvantaged producers in developing countries by tackling injustice in conventional trade, in particular by promoting and licensing the Fairtrade Mark, a g ...
.
See also
*
List of Lord Lieutenants of Powys
*
List of High Sheriffs of Powys
*
List of schools in Powys
*
List of churches in Powys
References
External links
*
*
Powys HeritageTourism in Powys
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Counties of Wales
Principal areas of Wales
Preserved counties of Wales
Rally GB