Pazmiño
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Pazmiño ( or ) is a
Spanish language Spanish ( or , Castilian) is a Romance languages, Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from colloquial Latin spoken on the Iberian peninsula. Today, it is a world language, global language with more than 500 millio ...
surname In some cultures, a surname, family name, or last name is the portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family, tribe or community. Practices vary by culture. The family name may be placed at either the start of a person's full name ...
of
Sephardi Sephardic (or Sephardi) Jews (, ; lad, Djudíos Sefardíes), also ''Sepharadim'' , Modern Hebrew: ''Sfaradim'', Tiberian Hebrew, Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm, also , ''Ye'hude Sepharad'', lit. "The Jews of Spain", es, Judíos sefardíes (or ), ...
judaeo-converso origin, and originating in its present-day form in what is today
Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
, formerly the Royal Audience of Quito. The surname is carried by the descendants of members of a family of
Sephardi Jews Sephardic (or Sephardi) Jews (, ; lad, Djudíos Sefardíes), also ''Sepharadim'' , Modern Hebrew: ''Sfaradim'', Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm, also , ''Ye'hude Sepharad'', lit. "The Jews of Spain", es, Judíos sefardíes (or ), pt, Judeus sefar ...
from Llerena, Spain that converted to
Catholicism The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
in the late 15th century, at the dawn of the Spanish Inquisition. Sephardi Jewish converts to Catholicism have throughout time been variously termed anusim, conversos and marranos, each with differing connotations, the latter being
pejorative A pejorative or slur is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or a disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. Sometimes, a ...
. In the early 16th century, during the first decades of
Spanish colonization The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its History ...
of
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...
, the family relocated to colonial Ecuador, along with other Sephardi Jewish converts to Catholicism whose real ethnicity was obscured and hidden from the colonial authorities. In the last couple of centuries, persons of this lineage have since migrated out of Ecuador into neighboring countries, particularly
Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...
, but also
Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...
. Some have ventured further afield around
Latin America Latin America or * french: Amérique Latine, link=no * ht, Amerik Latin, link=no * pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived f ...
, including
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...
and
Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America. It is bordered by Cos ...
. Others yet have more recently migrated to the United States and Australia. Over the last decade, however, the greatest number have crossed the
Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...
to Spain in what could be described as a reverse migration of descendants of anusim, some five centuries after their forebears first established themselves in the New World. To this day, the bulk of persons of this lineage—whether Pazmiño or those carrying variants of the surname—are found mainly in Ecuador, and traditionally in the Sierra region of the country.


History


Spain

Sancho de Paz, a native of Llerena born around 1445, was a Jewish merchant of good standing and economic means that converted to
Catholicism The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
, turning himself and his family into
converso A ''converso'' (; ; feminine form ''conversa''), "convert", () was a Jew who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of his or her descendants. To safeguard the Old Christian po ...
s. Llerena, located in Extremadura in southwestern Spain, at the buffer zone with
Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
, became the seat of the most virulent court of the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition. Llerena and surrounding areas in Extremadura served as areas of refuge for those Jews who fled the
pogroms of 1391 The Massacre of 1391, also known as the pogroms of 1391, was a display of antisemitism and violence against Jews in Spain. It was one of the Middle Ages' worst antisemitic outbreaks; Jews were ultimately given the choice of converting or leaving ...
, and later served as a refuge for the Jews of Córdoba,
Seville Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula ...
and
Cádiz Cádiz (, , ) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the Province of Cádiz, one of eight that make up the autonomous community of Andalusia. Cádiz, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Western Europe, ...
. In 1485, the permanent tribunal of the Inquisition was set up in Llerena. In that same year, Sancho de Paz was habilitated by the Inquisition. Sancho de Paz's sons, Pedro de Paz Miño (also found as Pedro de Miño y Paz, Pedro de Miño de Paz), born around 1475, and Cristóbal, born around 1485, are the ancestral trunk and founders of the Pazmiño clan. They migrated to the Royal Audience of Quito, where they, along with their children (among them, Sancho, Rodrigo, Cristóbal) and their numerous grandchildren (among them Diego, Hernando, Cristóbal, Pedro, Ana, and Isabel) served in the capacity of both conquistadors and settlers.


Royal Audience of Quito

Sancho de Paz Miño y García, born around 1505, grandson of Sancho de Paz, was a conquistador of the
Quijos-Quichua The Quijos-Quichua (Napo-Quichua) are a Lowland Quechua (''Runa Shimi'') people, living in the basins of the Napo, Aguarico, San Miguel, and Putumayo river basins of Ecuador and Peru. In Ecuador they inhabit in the Napo Alto as well as the rivers ...
, the indigenous Amerindians of the Quijos region in modern-day Napo Province, in Ecuador's
Amazon basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivi ...
. Sancho de Paz Miño y García married Ecuadorian-born Ana Jaramillo y Burgos, also a member of a family of Sephardic anusim, the daughter of a wealthy converso merchant, Juan de Burgos. Sancho de Paz Miño y García and other members of the family were among the founders of
Baeza Baeza may refer to: * Baeza, Ecuador * Baeza, Spain ** University of Baeza ** Baeza Cathedral * '' Brusqeulia baeza'', a species of moth People * Baeza (rapper) (born 1993), American rapper, singer, actor, hip hop producer, and songwriter * Acar ...
, today the main regional town of
Quijos Canton Quijos Canton is a canton of Ecuador located in the Napo Province Napo () is a province in Ecuador. Its capital is Tena. The province contains the Napo River. The province is low developed without much industrial presence. The thick rainforest i ...
, in Napo Province, Ecuador. By 1566 he was already serving as
Alcalde Ordinario Alcalde ordinario refers to the judicial and administrative officials in the cabildos in the Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas during the times of the Spanish Empire in the 16th through 19th centuries. Always existing in pairs, they were ca ...
of that settlement. Because of problems owing to his Jewish lineage, he soon found himself living in a dire financial situation and with a reduction of land allotted to him, and so he returned to Llerena, and on July 29, 1569, brought proceedings against the Municipality of Llerena with the aim of proving that he was of hidalgo (noble) lineage, which would then ease the problems relating to the family's Jewish background back in the Audience of Quito. By 1584, years after his death, his allotment in Baeza was so scarce that his children were left in extreme poverty. Such was the situation that in 1586, as claimed and asserted by various witnesses at the time, his eldest son Cristóbal pleaded with the colonial authorities in Quito for higher rate of rent income and increased land allotment.


Branching

Soon after establishing themselves in the Royal Audience of Quito, members of the family mixed with locals, both in Baeza and then moving the lineage to the administrative capital in
Quito Quito (; qu, Kitu), formally San Francisco de Quito, is the capital and largest city of Ecuador, with an estimated population of 2.8 million in its urban area. It is also the capital of the province of Pichincha. Quito is located in a valley o ...
. The family then diversified, branching out geographically throughout the colony. Different marriages also resulted in social diversification of the clan. Initially, they married others also of New Christian Jewish lineages like themselves, then intermarried with those of
Old Christian Old Christian ( es, cristiano viejo, pt, cristão-velho, ca, cristià vell) was a social and law-effective category used in the Iberian Peninsula from the late 15th and early 16th century onwards, to distinguish Portuguese and Spanish people atte ...
Spanish lineages. Some married with those of hidalgo (Spanish nobility) origin, and others with those of more humble antecedents. Ethnically, they mixed with peninsulars, criollos, and
mestizo (; ; fem. ) is a term used for racial classification to refer to a person of mixed Ethnic groups in Europe, European and Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous American ancestry. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also r ...
s alike. Much later, those branching out into Ecuador's coastal region, would mix with
mulatto (, ) is a racial classification to refer to people of mixed African and European ancestry. Its use is considered outdated and offensive in several languages, including English and Dutch, whereas in languages such as Spanish and Portuguese is ...
s. Among the family´s more prolific progeny, Captain Cristóbal Miño Paz y Jaramillo (born c. 1558, not to be confused with his uncle of the same name) on his own, and through his marriage with Petronila Pinque de Troya y Siliceo, sister of the founder of Ibarra, Ecuador (who on her maternal side was of humble Amerindian origins), can claim title to being the source of the great majority of the Pazmiño, especially those from Guaranda. The descendants of the clan are now numerous in Ecuador, and the surname is mainly found in Ecuador. In Quito alone the list of descendants is extremely long. Outside of Quito, places where the branches of the clan have settled permanently include other cantons of Pichincha province including
Machachi Machachi is the canton seat of Mejía Canton in the Pichincha province of Ecuador. Machachi is located to the south of the capital of Ecuador, Quito. It is a city surrounded by the volcanos Atacazo, Corazon, Rumiñahui, Illinizas Peaks, V ...
, and in various cities around the southern and central Sierra region including Loja in the province of Loja, Guaranda in Bolivar, Cuenca in Azuay, Ambato in
Tungurahua Tungurahua (; from Quichua ''tunguri'' (throat) and ''rahua'' (fire), "Throat of Fire")) is an active stratovolcano located in the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador. The volcano gives its name to the province of Tungurahua. Volcanic activity resta ...
, and Latacunga in Cotopaxi. Though less so around the coastal region, there are established branches in the city of
Guayaquil , motto = Por Guayaquil Independiente en, For Independent Guayaquil , image_map = , map_caption = , pushpin_map = Ecuador#South America , pushpin_re ...
in the province of Guayas and in the city of Machala in the province of El Oro. Traditionally, these are the core geographic points where they have lived for generations. More recently, grandchildren or great grandchildren from these nuclei have again set out to other areas around Ecuador, and also abroad. Some descendants passing on the Paz y Miño variation, produced several Colonial Governors of the City of Quito, including Governor Sancho Paz y Miño.


Anthroponymy

The surname Pazmiño—and all its variations—is a
compound surname In some cultures, a surname, family name, or last name is the portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family, tribe or community. Practices vary by culture. The family name may be placed at either the start of a person's full name, ...
. It consists of the separate surnames of ''Paz'' and ''Miño''. For a brief description of both, please see the sections below. Ultimately tracing back to Spain, although in a differing ancestral form, Pazmiño is an Ecuadorian
Hispanic The term ''Hispanic'' ( es, hispano) refers to people, Spanish culture, cultures, or countries related to Spain, the Spanish language, or Hispanidad. The term commonly applies to countries with a cultural and historical link to Spain and to Vic ...
surname, though not a "Spanish" surname per se. It is relatively rare compared to other Hispanic surnames, even in Ecuador itself. As a Hispanic surname, it is also rare in that its genesis places it among the few Hispanic surnames of solely judeo-converso origin. That is, Pazmiño as a compound surname is found only among the converso descendants of the original founding family of Jewish origin that converted to Christianity, identifying them as separate from other unrelated lineages of, both Jewish and gentile, Paz families and Miño families. This is in contrast to other Hispanic surnames (such as
Sánchez Sánchez is a Spanish family name. Historical origins "The illustrious Sanchez Family... is descended from one of a number of Gothic knights (caballeros) who in the year 714 escaped from the "barbara furia" of the Mohammedan invasion and took ...
,
Pérez Pérez, or Perez as most commonly written in English, is a Castilian Spanish surname. Perez (pronounced Peretz, see below) is also common in people of Sephardic Jewish descent and is the 4th most common surname in Israel, most common surname not o ...
,
Núñez Nunez is the anglicized form of the Spanish surname Núñez ( es, Núñez}, ). The Portuguese (and Old Galician) variant is Nunes. Notable people with the name include: Academia * Antonio Núñez Jiménez, Cuban revolutionary and academic * ...
, even Paz and Miño as separate surnames) which, though they may be found among persons of Sephardi Jewish descent, are in themselves Old Christian Spanish gentile surnames (thus occurring mostly among gentiles), and which only entered the Jewish population as a result of the deliberate adoption of Spanish Old Christian gentile surnames by Sephardic Jews (including Jewish converts to Christianity) to obscure their own origins, or because they were imposed on them upon baptism; forced or otherwise.


Paz

As a separate Hispanic surname, "Paz" can have three separate origins: Galician, Castilian, and
Sephardi Jew Sephardic (or Sephardi) Jews (, ; lad, Djudíos Sefardíes), also ''Sepharadim'' , Modern Hebrew: ''Sfaradim'', Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm, also , ''Ye'hude Sepharad'', lit. "The Jews of Spain", es, Judíos sefardíes (or ), pt, Judeus sefar ...
ish. Within each origin, numerous unrelated lineages exist, especially for patronymics. The surname also exists in Portuguese


Galician Paz

When "Paz" is of Galician origin, it is a patronymic surname. The Galician "Paz", together with "Páez", "Paes", and "Pais", are the Galician patronymic forms of the Galician
given name A given name (also known as a forename or first name) is the part of a personal name quoted in that identifies a person, potentially with a middle name as well, and differentiates that person from the other members of a group (typically a fa ...
"Paio." In Castilian, the given name is "Pelayo" and its Castilian patronymic counterpart is "Peláyez", not "Paz."


Castilian Paz

When "Paz" is of Castilian origin, it is a descriptive surname meaning '
peace Peace is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. ...
' (from
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
'pax',
genitive In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can al ...
'pacis'), deriving from the Castilian language Marian
epithet An epithet (, ), also byname, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) known for accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage. It has various shades of meaning when applied to seemingly real or fictitious people, di ...
; "María de la Paz." With this same etymological history, the surname also exists in Portuguese.


Sephardi Paz

"Paz" is also a rough translation of the
Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...
first name
Shlomo Shlomo (, Polish: Szlomo, Szlama, Szlamek, Szloma), meaning "peaceable", is a common Hebrew male given name. The following individuals are often referred to only by the name Shlomo: * Solomon, king of ancient Israel, according to various religiou ...
(שלמה), meaning
Solomon Solomon (; , ),, ; ar, سُلَيْمَان, ', , ; el, Σολομών, ; la, Salomon also called Jedidiah (Hebrew language, Hebrew: , Modern Hebrew, Modern: , Tiberian Hebrew, Tiberian: ''Yăḏīḏăyāh'', "beloved of Yahweh, Yah"), ...
. This translation coincided with the pre-existing Castilian Spanish
Old Christian Old Christian ( es, cristiano viejo, pt, cristão-velho, ca, cristià vell) was a social and law-effective category used in the Iberian Peninsula from the late 15th and early 16th century onwards, to distinguish Portuguese and Spanish people atte ...
surname "Paz" described above, and was thus often assumed by Jewish-origin New Christians to obscure their Sephardi Jewish origin. In these cases, "Paz" is found among
Spaniards Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a Romance peoples, Romance ethnic group native to Spain. Within Spain, there are a number of National and regional identity in Spain, national and regional ethnic identities that reflect the country's complex Hist ...
and
Hispanics The term ''Hispanic'' ( es, hispano) refers to people, cultures, or countries related to Spain, the Spanish language, or Hispanidad. The term commonly applies to countries with a cultural and historical link to Spain and to viceroyalties former ...
of Sephardic Jewish lineage converted to Catholicism. With this same etymological history, the surname also exists as a Sephardic origin Portuguese surname among
Portuguese people The Portuguese people () are a Romance nation and ethnic group indigenous to Portugal who share a common culture, ancestry and language. The Portuguese people's heritage largely derives from the pre-Celts, Proto-Celts (Lusitanians, Conii) a ...
and
Brazilians Brazilians ( pt, Brasileiros, ) are the citizens of Brazil. A Brazilian can also be a person born abroad to a Brazilian parent or legal guardian as well as a person who acquired Brazilian citizenship. Brazil is a multiethnic society, which me ...
. To this day, the surname Paz can be still be found among Sephardic Jews who descend from those who left Spain to remain within the Jewish fold. These emigrated to areas outside the Spanish Kingdom and its colonial possessions in the Americas, beyond the reach of the Inquisition. They moved to various parts of the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
(North Africa, the Balkans in Southern Europe, and the Middle East, including Ottoman Palestine), as well as the
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
, England and elsewhere, where they could return to the religion. When the surname Paz is given a superficial
transliteration Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one writing system, script to another that involves swapping Letter (alphabet), letters (thus ''wikt:trans-#Prefix, trans-'' + ''wikt:littera#Latin, liter-'') in predictable ways, such as ...
into the
Hebrew language Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...
(as פז), the surname in Hebrew is synonymous with "Gold" (Paz), although the literal word for gold is זהב (Zahav). However, a direct
translation Translation is the communication of the Meaning (linguistic), meaning of a #Source and target languages, source-language text by means of an Dynamic and formal equivalence, equivalent #Source and target languages, target-language text. The ...
into Hebrew (as שלום) would render the surname as "Peace" (Shalom). The contextual translation renders it as Shlomo (שלמה, Solomon).


Miño

The surname "Miño", conversely, has only one language origin. It is a Galician
topographic Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary scie ...
surname adopted by, or imposed upon, a person originally from the banks of the Miño River, or several towns of the same name, traversing Galicia in northeast Spain and flowing into northern
Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
. The river forms a natural border between the two countries. Etynologically, Miño is derived from a Latin comparative adjective that carries the meaning "Cinnabar-red" (from
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
'minius',
superlative Comparison is a feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages whereby adjectives and adverbs are inflected to indicate the relative degree of the property they define exhibited by the word or phrase they modify or describe. In languages t ...
'minium'). Cinnabar itself is a mercuric sulfide
mineral In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid chemical compound with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.John P. Rafferty, ed. ( ...
occurring in red crystals. Mercury sulfide is used as a red
pigment A pigment is a colored material that is completely or nearly insoluble in water. In contrast, dyes are typically soluble, at least at some stage in their use. Generally dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic compo ...
. The Miño river was named after this mercuric sulfide mineral. In
Spanish naming customs Spanish names are the traditional way of identifying, and the official way of registering, a person in Spain. They comprise a given name (simple or composite) and two surnames (the first surname of each parent). Traditionally, the first surname ...
, people carry two surnames, the first paternal the second maternal. According to the National Statistics Institute of Spain, in the year 2010 there were a total of 1,733 people had "Miño" as a surname. Of these, 907 people had it as their paternal surname, 819 as their maternal surname, and 7 as both. Of the total 1,733 persons with Miño as a surname, 1,354 were born in Spain both to
Spaniards Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a Romance peoples, Romance ethnic group native to Spain. Within Spain, there are a number of National and regional identity in Spain, national and regional ethnic identities that reflect the country's complex Hist ...
and foreign-born residents in Spain. A total of 372 of the Miño in Spain were foreign-born persons, of which 217 were Ecuador-born, 60
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
-born, 62
Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to th ...
-born, 7
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...
-born, 5
Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
-born, and 21 born in "other" countries.


Variants of Pazmiño

In the clan's initial two to three generations, the emerging compound surname was not stable, and the two elements kept changing order. The fluctuation was also spurred by the irregular addition of the
preposition Prepositions and postpositions, together called adpositions (or broadly, in traditional grammar, simply prepositions), are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (''in'', ''under'', ''towards'', ''before'') or mark various ...
"de" (meaning "of") and the conjunction "y" (meaning "and"), both of which also frequently changed positions. Oftentimes the same individuals would variously appear on different colonial documents as "Paz Miño", "Miño Paz", "Paz de Miño", "Miño de Paz", "de Miño y Paz", "de Miño de Paz", "de Paz Miño", "de Pazmiño", "Pazimyño", as well as "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño." Ultimately, all these archaic varieties standardized as the latter two: "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño." As standardized forms, both "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño" were initially equally as common. Gradually, however, and over the initial generations, many of those who had standardized as "Paz y Miño" eventually consolidated as "Pazmiño." This was partly influenced by the fact that the progeny of the "Pazmiño" had become more numerous, and their form of the surname the most familiar. Even in
birth certificate A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a person. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuin ...
s of more recent generations, one still finds "Paz y Miño" parents with "Pazmiño" children. Similarly, in much the same process, other newer variations which exist today also sprouted from "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño." Among these is "Pasmiño" which evolved from "Pazmiño." "Pazimiño" evolved from "de Paz y Miño." Sancho de Paz y Miño y Garcia was himself sometimes rendered as "Sancho de Pazimiño." "Pazimyño" is an unusual variation of "Pazimiño" which has since died out with all the other archaic forms. Those that are today "Pazymiño" are mostly the latest evolutions, the product of some "Paz y Miño" who have since migrated to Hispanic countries outside Ecuador, attempting to preserve their surname where those unfamiliar with this Ecuadorian last name, by convention, misidentify it as being solely "Paz" or solely "Miño". Indeed, members of the clan were lost in this process even in the initial generations in Ecuador. Some became "Paz" alone, others became "Miño" alone, henceforth making it difficult to differentiate them from all other "Paz" and "Miño" who derive from various unrelated ancestral lineages. In non-Hispanic countries, specifically in the
English-speaking world Speakers of English are also known as Anglophones, and the countries where English is natively spoken by the majority of the population are termed the '' Anglosphere''. Over two billion people speak English , making English the largest languag ...
, the " ñ" would be dropped and replaced simply with an " n", rendering "Pazymino."


Distribution

The process as described above relates to
Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
, and all varieties are found in the country to some extent. The Pazmiños are most numerous in Ecuador, both in real numbers and proportional to the population. In greatly reduced numbers, when Pazmiños or those with variations of the surname are found elsewhere, both in the Hispanosphere and outside of it, they are the result of the arrival of Ecuadorian emigrants who took the surname with them over the last couple of centuries. In those cases, what small numbers might be found, the prevalence of the forms of the surname differs by country. * In
Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...
, the prevalent form is Pazmiño, and to a lesser extent Pasmiño, and more rarely Pasminio and Pasiminio. * In
Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...
, there are some Paz y Miño, and fewer Paziminio and Pasiminio. * In
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...
, where the surname is largely confined to the southern region of the country, the most prevalent form is Pasmiño, with a scarce number of Pazmiño. * In countries outside the Hispanosphere, the surnames among immigrants are modified to conform with local languages that lack the
diacritical A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or accent) is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek (, "distinguishing"), from (, "to distinguish"). The word ''diacriti ...
tilde The tilde () or , is a grapheme with several uses. The name of the character came into English from Spanish, which in turn came from the Latin '' titulus'', meaning "title" or "superscription". Its primary use is as a diacritic (accent) in ...
of the Spanish language ñ. In other instances, "Paz y Miño" is rendered "Paz-y-Miño" and "Paz-y-Mino" to avoid accidental partial pronunciation or partial transmission. Others compounded it into "Pazymiño" and "Pazymino."


The Pazmiño in contemporary Spain

The migration of the colonial era Paz Miño family, who originally introduced the lineage and surname to Ecuador, occurred at the same time the surname itself came into existence some five centuries ago. Spain was therefore left without a native-born Pazmiño population for hundreds of years. Thus, in the case of Spain, most Pazmiños are recent migrants who arrived in the last 15 to 20 years, as part of the mass economic emigration of
Ecuadorians Ecuadorians ( es, ecuatorianos) are people identified with the South American country of Ecuador. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Ecuadorians, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collect ...
during the Ecuadorian financial crisis of the late 1990s and early 2000s. During this time, some 10% of the total Ecuadorian population left their homeland, the largest number, over half a million, landing in Spain. Beyond these arrivals, the presence of any other Pazmiños in Spain that pre-date the last two decades of Ecuador´s economic instability, are also the consequence of back-migration by Ecuadorians, including their descendants which have since been born in Spain.


Statistics


=Pazmiño

= In 2010, according to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Spain's national census agency, of a total resident population in Spain of over 46 million people in that year, 1,683 persons had the surname Pazmiño, whether as their paternal surname, their maternal surname, or as both their maternal and paternal surname. Of the total 1,638 Pazmiño registered in Spain in 2010, 1,095 were persons who were not of Spanish nationality. All of the Pazmiños who were not of Spanish nationality were of Ecuadorian nationality, except for 13 who were of
Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...
n nationality, 5 who of
Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
n nationality, and 12 who of nationality from "other" countries. The census agency, as a matter of policy for privacy concerns, does not tally separately any group by nationality if their total would be less than 5 persons. These are instead put collectively in the "other" group. Of the 588 Pazmiños who of
Spanish nationality Spanish nationality law refers to all the laws of Spain concerning nationality. Article 11 of the First Title of the Spanish Constitution refers to Spanish nationality and establishes that a separate law is to regulate how it is acquired and los ...
, these are naturalized Spanish citizens of Ecuadorian descent or Spanish-born descendants of Pazmiños of Ecuadorian-birth or nationality in Spain, plus any which may be attributable to the few Pazmiños in Spain of non-Ecuadorian nationalities or birth. Table of Pazmiños in Spain by country of origin


=Paz y Miño

= According to the same 2010 census data, a total of 6 persons in Spain had the surname "Paz y Miño" as their paternal surname. None had it as their maternal surname. None had it as both their maternal and paternal surname. In 2010, all six "Paz y Miño" in Spain were not of Spanish nationality. No specific countries of origin were assigned, since 1 or more of the 6 persons were born in a country other than Ecuador, and the census agency does not tally separately any group by country of birth if the total would be less than 5 persons. As of 2015, an additional 4 people were registered as having "Paz y Miño" as their surname in Spain, making a total of ten persons. None had it as their maternal surname. None had it as both their maternal and paternal surname. Seven of these 10 were now reported to have Spanish nationality, including previously tabulated as non-citizens who have since acquired Spanish nationality by naturalization and/or any new births in Spain to non-national parents in the last 5 years.


=Other variations

= As of 2010, no persons with any other variations of the surname, including Pasmiño, Pasiminio, Pazimiño, etc. were registered in Spain.


Notable people


Colonial figures

* Sancho de Paz Miño y García (c. 1505-1584), judeo-converso
conquistador Conquistadors (, ) or conquistadores (, ; meaning 'conquerors') were the explorer-soldiers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 15th and 16th centuries. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, O ...
and founder of
Baeza, Ecuador Baeza is a small town in — and canton seat of — Quijos Canton in Napo Province, Ecuador. It is the home of the Quijos-Quichua indigenous people. It is located near the Quijos river on South America. Climate Baeza has a subtropical highland c ...
. * Sancho de Paz y Miño, Colonial Governor of the City of
Quito Quito (; qu, Kitu), formally San Francisco de Quito, is the capital and largest city of Ecuador, with an estimated population of 2.8 million in its urban area. It is also the capital of the province of Pichincha. Quito is located in a valley o ...
* Juana de Jesús Paz y Miño (1662-1703), mystic and religious woman of the Monasterio de la Purísima Concepción. A
foundling Foundling may refer to: * An abandoned child, see child abandonment * Foundling hospital, an institution where abandoned children were cared for ** Foundling Hospital, Dublin, founded 1704 ** Foundling Hospital, Cork, founded 1737 ** Foundling H ...
left at the doors of the same monastery, and adopted by members of her extended family, Governor Sancho de Paz y Miño and his wife. Died in 1703 unmarried and without descendants. * Juan Paz Miño, Colonial Franciscan
Friar A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders founded in the twelfth or thirteenth century; the term distinguishes the mendicants' itinerant apostolic character, exercised broadly under the jurisdiction of a superior general, from the ol ...
, son of Governor Sancho de Paz y Miño. Baptiser of his adopted sister Juana de Jesús Paz y Miño. * Francisco de Paz Miño, political figure in the Corregimiento de Quito. Co-signer of the Petitions of the Cabildo to King
Felipe IV Philip IV ( es, Felipe, pt, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered f ...
in 1646.


Independence heroes

*Tomás Pazmiño, Ecuadorian patriot. Battalion leader of the War of
Machachi Machachi is the canton seat of Mejía Canton in the Pichincha province of Ecuador. Machachi is located to the south of the capital of Ecuador, Quito. It is a city surrounded by the volcanos Atacazo, Corazon, Rumiñahui, Illinizas Peaks, V ...
against the Spanish Army in 1820, proclaiming Machachi's independence. *Francisco Pazmiño Naranjo, Ecuadorian patriot and member of the battalion at the War of Machachi 1820, led by Tomás Pazmiño against the
Spanish Army The Spanish Army ( es, Ejército de Tierra, lit=Land Army) is the terrestrial army of the Spanish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is one of the oldest active armies — dating back to the late 15th century. The ...
securing Machachi's independence.


Politics, judiciary, diplomacy

* Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella (1884-1962), Head of State as Chairman of Supreme Military Junta of Ecuador, 1925 * Diego Morejón Pazmiño, current
United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and international security, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be ...
Ambassador for Ecuador and Chair of the U.N. Special Committee of the 24 on Decolonization. * Kleber Paz y Miño Flores (1925-201

,
Alcalde Alcalde (; ) is the traditional Spanish municipal magistrate, who had both judicial and administrative functions. An ''alcalde'' was, in the absence of a corregidor, the presiding officer of the Castilian '' cabildo'' (the municipal council) a ...
of
Santo Domingo de Los Tsáchilas Santo (' saint' in various languages) may refer to: People * Santo (given name) * Santo (surname) * El Santo, Rodolfo Guzmán Huerta (1917–1984), Mexican wrestler and actor * Bob Santo or Santo, stage name of Ghanaian comedian John Evans Kwad ...
between the years 1970-1972, 1978-1982, 2000–2004, and 2005-2009. Born in the
Parroquia ''Parroquia'' (, , pl. ''parroquias''; , pl. ''parroquies'') or ''Parròquia'' (, pl. ''parròquies'') is a term equivalent to the English Parish; used in Andorra, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and some parts of northwestern Spain. It can be found i ...
of Lotan,
San Miguel Canton San Miguel Canton is a canton of Ecuador, located in the Bolívar Province. Its capital is the town of San Miguel. Its population at the 2001 census was 26,747. Demographics Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010: *Mestizo 90.9% * ...
, Bolívar Province, Ecuador. * Patricio Pazmiño Freire, current President of the Constitutional Court of Ecuador. * Fabián García Paz y Miño (1971-), Ecuadorian diplomat, author of "Casa de fieras".


Theologians and clergy

* Jorge Giovanny Pazmiño Abril (1965

Dominican friar, Professor of Theology and Philosophy, and newly appointed
Bishop A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...
of Ambato, Ecuador. * Robert (Bob) William Pazmiño (1948-),
theologian Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the ...
, author and scholar in the United States. Born in
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
to an American-born father of Ecuadorian origins and an American-born mother of Dutch, Huguenot and German ancestry.


Academia, literature and journalism

*
Ismael Pérez Pazmiño Ismael Pérez Pazmiño (Machala, June 30, 1876 - Los Angeles, November 1, 1944) was founder of El Universo newspaper of Guayaquil, Ecuador, and former senator of El Oro province. He was born in Machala Machala () is a city in south-west Ecuador ...
(1876–1944), born in Machala, Ecuador, and founder of El Universo newspaper in
Guayaquil , motto = Por Guayaquil Independiente en, For Independent Guayaquil , image_map = , map_caption = , pushpin_map = Ecuador#South America , pushpin_re ...
. * Juan José Paz y Miño Cevallos (1927–1993), iconic Ecuadorian journalist. * María Eugenia Paz y Miño (1959-), Ecuadorian author and founder of "Tientos de Diferencias". Author of "Golpe a golpe", "El uso de la nada" and "Tras la niebla". * Daniel Pazmiño Guadalupe (1943-), Ecuadorian journalist born in Riobamba. * Juan José Paz y Miño Cepeda, Ecuadorian author, historian, and scholar. Current official chronicler of the City of Quito, Ecuador, and vice-president of ADHILAC (Asociación de Historiadores de América Latina y el Caribe). * Manuel Abraham Paz y Miño Conde (1961-), Peruvian author, academic, polyglot, rationalist and humanist philosopher and activist. Born in
Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of t ...
,
Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...
, a third generation descendant of an Ecuadorian medical practitioner.


Science

* Guillermo Paz-y-Miño-C, Ecuadorian evolutionary biologist, currently resides in the United States, researcher, science writer and public speaker. Author of "Measuring the Evolution Controversy", "Kin Recognition in Protists and other Microbes", "Evolution Stands Faith Up", and host of Evolution Literacy. * César Paz y Miño Cepeda, renowned Ecuadorian geneticist, researcher, author and academic. Dean of Biomedical Research Institute of Medical Faculty of University of Americas, Ecuador. * John Pazmino (1946-), American amateur Astronomer, discoverer and namesake of 'Pazmino's Cluster', an open cluster in faint and extended
nebula A nebula ('cloud' or 'fog' in Latin; pl. nebulae, nebulæ or nebulas) is a distinct luminescent part of interstellar medium, which can consist of ionized, neutral or molecular hydrogen and also cosmic dust. Nebulae are often star-forming regio ...
SH2-202 on the border of the
Camelopardalis Camelopardalis is a large but faint constellation of the northern sky representing a giraffe. The constellation was introduced in 1612 or 1613 by Petrus Plancius. Some older astronomy books give Camelopardalus or Camelopardus as alternative for ...
- Cassiopeia
constellation A constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of visible stars forms Asterism (astronomy), a perceived pattern or outline, typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object. The origins of the e ...
s * Patricio Pazmino (1943-) Ecuadorian physician and scientist, currently resides in the United States. Graduated from Gonzaga University (BS), Univ. of Illinois Med. Ctr, Chicago (Ph..D), Universidad Central del Ecuador (MD). Author of more than 75 scientific publications. Practicing Nephrologist in USA for more than 40 years, Fellow and Past President of multiple medical and scientific organizations. Author of Namesake Rule on Clinical Targets in Diabetes Mellitus: "Pazmino Rule of 100's" Expert on Diabetic Nephropathy & New Oral Anticoagulants


Visual arts

* Germania Paz y Miño Salas (1913–2002), iconic Ecuadorian artist, painter and sculptor. Born in Latacunga, Ecuador. * Pasionaria Pazmiño (1942-), painter, and miniature artist.


Performing arts

* Cristobal Pazmiño Guadalupe (1958-), Ecuadorian
guitarist A guitarist (or a guitar player) is a person who plays the guitar. Guitarists may play a variety of guitar family instruments such as classical guitars, acoustic guitars, electric guitars, and bass guitars. Some guitarists accompany themselv ...
. Born in Riobamba. * Washington Pazmiño Solano, Ecuadorian
electronic music Electronic music is a genre of music that employs electronic musical instruments, digital instruments, or circuitry-based music technology in its creation. It includes both music made using electronic and electromechanical means ( electroac ...
ian and
composer A composer is a person who writes music. The term is especially used to indicate composers of Western classical music, or those who are composers by occupation. Many composers are, or were, also skilled performers of music. Etymology and Defi ...
. * Terry Pazmiño Trotta, Ecuadorian guitarist.


Entertainment

* Gabriela Pazmiño Yépez (1984-), Ecuadorian celebrity, television personality, presenter and commentator. * Annemarie Pazmino (1984-), American web celebrity and
actress An actor or actress is a person who portrays a Character (arts), character in a performance. The actor performs "in the flesh" in the traditional medium of the theatre or in modern media such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek ...
. Starring in Edges of Darkness, Compulsions,
Sorority Forever ''Sorority Forever'' is a streaming television series created and produced by web production company Big Fantastic, the creators of ''SamHas7Friends'' and ''Prom Queen''. Film director McG is an executive producer of the show. The first season of ...
, among other productions. Born in
Los Angeles Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the world' ...
to a Chilean-born father. * Rubi Pazmiño (1982-), American musician and TV personality from
Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...
. Winner of Ochocinco: The Ultimate Catch on
VH1 VH1 (originally an initialism of Video Hits One) is an American basic cable television network based in New York City and owned by Paramount Global. It was created by Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, at the time a division of Warner Commun ...
. Born to an Ecuadorian father and Puerto Rican mother.


Beauty pageant titleholders

* Jennifer Stephanie Pazmiño Saldaña (1987-), Miss International Ecuador 2008, Miss Ecuador Earth 2010, Miss Earth Air 2010. * María Francisca Paz y Miño Maya (1987-), Reina de Quito 2012, born in Quito, Ecuador. * María Janeth Pazmiño Delgado (1990-), Reina de Portoviejo 2014, born in Manabí, Ecuador.


See also

* Crypto-Judaism * History of the Jews in Latin America


References


Further reading

* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Pazmino Spanish-language surnames Patronymic surnames