Pyrobaculum Ferrireducens

''Pyrobaculum'' is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae.

Description and significance

As its Latin name ''Pyrobaculum'' (the "fire stick") suggests, the archaeon is rod-shaped and isolated from locations with high temperatures. It is Gram-negative and its cells are surrounded by an S-layer of protein subunits.

''P. aerophilum'' is a hyperthermophilic and metabolically versatile organism. Different from other hyperthermophiles, it can live in the presence of oxygen and grows efficiently in microaerobic conditions.

''Pyrobaculum yellowstonensis'' strain WP30 was obtained from an elemental sulfur sediment (Joseph's Coat Hot Spring CHS 80 °C, pH 6.1, 135 μM As) in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), USA and is a chemoorganoheterotroph and requires elemental sulfur and/or arsenate as an electron acceptor. Growth in the presence of elemental sulfur and arsenate resulted in the formation of thioarsenates and polysulfides. The complete genome of this organism was sequenced (1.99 Mb, 58% G+C content), revealing numerous metabolic pathways for the degradation of carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. Multiple dimethyl sulfoxide-molybdopterin (DMSO-MPT) oxidoreductase genes, which are implicated in the reduction of sulfur and arsenic, were identified. Pathways for the ''de novo'' synthesis of nearly all required cofactors and metabolites were identified. The comparative genomics of ''P. yellowstonensis'' and the assembled metagenome sequence from JCHS showed that this organism is highly related (∼95% average nucleotide sequence identity) to ''in situ'' populations. The physiological attributes and metabolic capabilities of ''P. yellowstonensis'' provide an important foundation for developing an understanding of the distribution and function of these populations in YNP.

Genome structure

The first ''Pyrobaculum'' species to be sequenced was ''P. aerophilum''. Its circular genome sequence is 2,222,430 Bp in length and contains 2605 protein-encoding sequences (CDS).

Cell structure and metabolism

Under anaerobic conditions, the archaeon reduces nitrate to molecular nitrogen via the denitrification pathway. Most species grow either chemolithoautotrophically by sulfur reduction or organotrophically by sulfur respiration or by fermentation. Cells are rod-shaped with almost rectangular ends and are about 1.5–8 * 0.5–0.6 µm. ''Pyrobaculum'' is motile because of peritrichous or bipolar polytrichous flagellation, and its colonies are round and grey to greenish black. The species are either faculatively aerobic or strictly anaerobic. The growth was observed on yeast extract, peptone, extract of meat, but not on galactose, glucose, maltose, starch glycogen, ethanol, methanol, formamide, formate, malate, propionate, lactate, acetate, and casamino acids.

The first of the ''Pyrobaculum'' species to be genetically sequenced, ''P. aerophilum'' (rod-shaped, 3–8 * 0.6 µm), has a rare characteristic for an archaeon because it is capable of aerobic respiration (aerophilum = "air-loving"). This is evident from the fact that the archaeon grew only in the presence of oxygen when nitrate was absent. It produces colonies that are round and greyish yellow. It utilizes both organic (maximal cell densities were observed with complex organics such as yeast extract, meat extract, tryptone, and peptone as substrates) and inorganic compounds during aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Also, use of elemental sulphur for growth was observed. Further, ''P. aerophilum'' grows between 75 and 104 °C with an optimal growth temperature at 100 °C.

In stationary phase cultures, ''Pyrobaculum calidifontis'' cells were observed to aggregate. The aggregation is likely to be mediated by archaeal bundling pili (ABP), which assemble into highly ordered bipolar bundles. The bipolar nature of these bundles most likely arises from the association of filaments from at least two or more different cells. The component protein, AbpA, shows homology, both at the sequence and structural level, to the bacterial protein TasA, a major component of the extracellular matrix in bacterial biofilms, contributing to biofilm stability.

Ecology

To this date, the strains of ''Pyrobaculum'' have been isolated from neutral to slightly alkaline boiling solfataric waters and shallow marine hydrothermal systems. ''P. aerophilum'' was isolated from a boiling marine water hole at Maronti Beach, Ischia, Italy. Further studies show that ''P. aerophilum'' grows under strictly anaerobic conditions with nitrate as the electron acceptor.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Pyrobaculum
Data extracted from the

Phylogeny

See also

* Pyrobaculum asR3 small RNA

References

Further reading

Scientific journals

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Scientific books

Scientific databases

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5363186

Archaea genera
Thermophiles
Thermoproteota