The postage stamps and postal history of Palestine emerges from its geographic location as a crossroads amidst the empires of the
ancient Near East
The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran and northeastern Syria), ancient Egypt, ancient Iran ( Elam, ...
, the
Levant
The Levant () is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Western Asia. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in archaeology and other cultural contexts, it is ...
and the
Middle East
The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabian Peninsula, Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Anatolia, Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Pro ...
.
Postal services in the region were first established in the
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second pri ...
, during the rule of
Sargon of Akkad
Sargon of Akkad (; akk, ''Šarrugi''), also known as Sargon the Great, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.The date of the reign of Sargon is highl ...
, and successive empires have established and operated a number of different postal systems over the millennia.
In the era of modern postage, the
postal administration
This is a list of postal entities by country. It includes:
*The governmental authority responsible for postal matters.
*The regulatory authority for the postal sector. Postal regulation may include the establishment of postal policies, postal rat ...
s in
Palestine have included
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
n,
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
,
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
,
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
,
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...
ian, and
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
n post offices (through
arrangements
In music, an arrangement is a musical adaptation of an existing composition. Differences from the original composition may include reharmonization, melodic paraphrasing, orchestration, or formal development. Arranging differs from orchestr ...
made with the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
), the Egyptian Expeditionary Forces, the
British Mandate, and various interim authorities in the lead up to and after the
1948 Arab-Israeli war
Events January
* January 1
** The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is inaugurated.
** The Constitution of New Jersey (later subject to amendment) goes into effect.
** The railways of Britain are nationalized, to form Britis ...
. Since 1948, postal services have been provided by Egypt,
Jordan
Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Rive ...
,
Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
, and the
Palestinian National Authority
The Palestinian National Authority (PA or PNA; ar, السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية '), commonly known as the Palestinian Authority and officially the State of Palestine, .
When discussing the pre-1948 postal history, most
philatelists
Philately (; ) is the study of postage stamps and postal history. It also refers to the collection and appreciation of stamps and other philatelic products. Philately involves more than just stamp collecting or the study of postage; it is possi ...
refer to this geographic area as
Palestine or the
Holy Land
The Holy Land; Arabic: or is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. The term "Holy ...
, though some also use
Eretz Israel
The Land of Israel () is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant. Related biblical, religious and historical English terms include the Land of Canaan, the Promised Land, the Holy Land, and Palestine (see also Israe ...
. This article surveys the
postal history
Postal history is the study of postal systems and how they operate and, or, the study of the use of postage stamps and covers and associated postal artifacts illustrating historical episodes in the development of postal systems. The term is at ...
leading up to the area's two current postal administrations, that of the
State of Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
and the
Palestinian National Authority
The Palestinian National Authority (PA or PNA; ar, السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية '), commonly known as the Palestinian Authority and officially the State of Palestine, .
Background
Classic antiquity
Prior to modern
postal history
Postal history is the study of postal systems and how they operate and, or, the study of the use of postage stamps and covers and associated postal artifacts illustrating historical episodes in the development of postal systems. The term is at ...
, imperial administrations set up mechanisms for the delivery of packages and letters.
The earliest use of a postal system in the region is thought to date back to the
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second pri ...
, during the rule of
Sargon of Akkad
Sargon of Akkad (; akk, ''Šarrugi''), also known as Sargon the Great, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.The date of the reign of Sargon is highl ...
(2333–2279 BCE). His empire, "was bound together by roads, along which there was a regular postal service, and clay seals which took the place of stamps are now in the
Louvre
The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the '' Venus de Milo''. A central ...
bearing the names of Sargon and his son."
[Bristowe, 2003, p. 24.]
During
Persia
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
n rule (538–333 BCE), an extensive network of roads maintained by the Persian government formed part of an efficient imperial postal system. The postal system's establishment and the improvements to the road network are credited to the
monarch
A monarch is a head of stateWebster's II New College DictionarMonarch Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707. Life tenure, for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority ...
Darius I
Darius I ( peo, 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 ; grc-gre, Δαρεῖος ; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his ...
(521–486 BCE).
[Hitti, 2004, p. 220.] Mounted couriers, known as "fast messengers" (
Persian language
Persian (), also known by its endonym Farsi (, ', ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken an ...
:''pirradaziš''), carried correspondence between the royal court and the provinces, stopping only to eat and rest, and change horses as needed, at supply stations located about one day's travel apart.
[Yoder, 2001, p. 42.] The Persian courier system forms part of the backdrop to events described in the
Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;["Tanach"](_blank)
'' Book of Esther
The Book of Esther ( he, מְגִלַּת אֶסְתֵּר, Megillat Esther), also known in Hebrew as "the Scroll" ("the Megillah"), is a book in the third section (, "Writings") of the Jewish '' Tanakh'' (the Hebrew Bible). It is one of the ...
.
Arab Caliphates (628–1099)
The
Umayyad
The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; , ; ar, ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the ...
empire (661–750) who introduced the "first purely
Arab
The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, ...
coinage" in Palestine also developed a system of postal service.
[Hitti, 2004, p. 457.] Khans distributed along the main north-south and east-west roads that served as resting places for
pilgrims and travellers facilitated the operation of the postal service, known as the ''
barid''.
[Levy, 1995, p. 516.] A postal system known as the ''Barīd'' ( ar, بريد) was also operated under the rule of the
Abbasid
The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Mutta ...
caliphate (750–969), and the word is still used today for "mail" throughout the
Arab world
The Arab world ( ar, اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ '), formally the Arab homeland ( '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, refers to a vast group of countries, mainly located in Western A ...
.
[ Under ]Fatimid
The Fatimid Caliphate was an Ismaili Shi'a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries AD. Spanning a large area of North Africa, it ranged from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east. The Fatimids, a dyna ...
rule (969–1099), a pigeon post
Pigeon post is the use of homing pigeons to carry messages. Pigeons are effective as messengers due to their natural homing abilities. The pigeons are transported to a destination in cages, where they are attached with messages, then the pigeo ...
was maintained that was later perfected by the Mamluks
Mamluk ( ar, مملوك, mamlūk (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural), translated as "one who is owned", meaning " slave", also transliterated as ''Mameluke'', ''mamluq'', ''mamluke'', ''mameluk'', ''mameluke'', ''mamaluke'', or ''marmeluke'') ...
. The pedigree
Pedigree may refer to:
Breeding
* Pedigree chart, a document to record ancestry, used by genealogists in study of human family lines, and in selective breeding of other animals
** Pedigree, a human genealogy (ancestry chart)
** Pedigree (anim ...
s of carrier pigeons
The homing pigeon, also called the mail pigeon or messenger pigeon, is a variety of domestic pigeons (''Columba livia domestica'') derived from the wild rock dove, selectively bred for its ability to find its way home over extremely long dista ...
were kept in a special registrar.[Hitti, 1996, p. 240.]
Crusader period (1099–1187)
The chroniclers of the First Crusade
The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic ...
documented the chance interception of a message warning the duke of Caesarea
Caesarea () ( he, קֵיסָרְיָה, ), ''Keysariya'' or ''Qesarya'', often simplified to Keisarya, and Qaysaria, is an affluent town in north-central Israel, which inherits its name and much of its territory from the ancient city of Caesar ...
of the coming of the Crusader armies when a carrier pigeon was felled by a hawk
Hawks are birds of prey of the family Accipitridae. They are widely distributed and are found on all continents except Antarctica.
* The subfamily Accipitrinae includes goshawks, sparrowhawks, sharp-shinned hawks and others. This subfa ...
over a Crusader military encampment in May 1099. The message, written in Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
, read as follows:Greetings from the king of Acre
The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to 10 square chains, of a square mile, 4,840 square ...
to the duke of Caesarea. A generation of dogs, a foolish, headstrong, disorderly race, has gone through my land. If you value your way of life, you and others of the faith should bring harm to them, since you can easily do what you wish. Transmit this message to other cities and strongholds.[Runciman, 2006, p. 263.]
Carrier pigeons were regularly used in this period. For example, Edward Gibbon
Edward Gibbon (; 8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English historian, writer, and member of parliament. His most important work, '' The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788, i ...
notes that during the siege of Acre (1189–1191) by the Crusaders, the inhabitants of the besieged city kept a regular correspondence with the Sultan's forces by way of carrier pigeon.[Gibbon, 1837, p. 1051.]
Mamluk rule (1270–1516)
During the rule of the Mamluks
Mamluk ( ar, مملوك, mamlūk (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural), translated as "one who is owned", meaning " slave", also transliterated as ''Mameluke'', ''mamluq'', ''mamluke'', ''mameluk'', ''mameluke'', ''mamaluke'', or ''marmeluke'') ...
, mounted mail service was operated in Deir el-Balah
Deir al-Balah or Deir al Balah ( ar, دير البلح, , Monastery of the Date Palm) is a Palestinian city in the central Gaza Strip and the administrative capital of the Deir el-Balah Governorate. It is located over south of Gaza City. The c ...
, Lydda
Lod ( he, לוד, or fully vocalized ; ar, اللد, al-Lidd or ), also known as Lydda ( grc, Λύδδα), is a city southeast of Tel Aviv and northwest of Jerusalem in the Central District of Israel. It is situated between the lower Sheph ...
, Lajjun
Lajjun ( ar, اللجّون, ''al-Lajjūn'') was a large Palestinian Arab village in Mandatory Palestine, located northwest of Jenin and south of the remains of the biblical city of Megiddo. The Israeli kibbutz of Megiddo, Israel was built on ...
and other towns on the Cairo
Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East: The Greater Cairo metr ...
to Damascus
)), is an adjective which means "spacious".
, motto =
, image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg
, image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg
, seal_type = Seal
, map_caption =
, ...
route.[Shahin, 2005, pp. 421–423.] The postal system established by the Mamluks, under the leadership of Baybars
Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari ( ar, الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري, ''al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī'') (1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), of Turkic Kipchak ...
, was known as the ''Barīd'', as it was during the period of Arab caliphate rule. The nephew of the chief secretary to Sultan Baybars attributed the ''Barids adoption and development by the Mamluks to the recommendations of his uncle, al-Sahib Sharaf al-Din Abu Muhammed Al-Wahab. The nephew records that in response to a request from Baybars to be kept up-to-date on the most recent developments concerning the Franks
The Franks ( la, Franci or ) were a group of Germanic peoples whose name was first mentioned in 3rd-century Roman sources, and associated with tribes between the Lower Rhine and the Ems River, on the edge of the Roman Empire.H. Schutz: Tools ...
and the Mongols
The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...
, Al-Wahab, "explained to him that which the ''Barīd'' had achieved in ancient and caliphal times and proposed his systemto him; he sultan
He or HE may refer to:
Language
* He (pronoun), an English pronoun
* He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ
* He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets
* He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' in ...
liked the idea and ordered ts establishment"[Silverstein, 2007, pp. 165–166.]
After the Mamluks dislodged the Crusaders
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ...
, annexed the Ayyubid
The Ayyubid dynasty ( ar, الأيوبيون '; ) was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin ...
principalities, and defeated the Mongol army in Anatolia
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...
, Baybars established the province of Syria
Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
(which included Palestine), with Damascus as its capital. At this point, imperial communications throughout Palestine were so efficient that Baybars would boast that he could play polo
Polo is a ball game played on horseback, a traditional field sport and one of the world's oldest known team sports. The game is played by two opposing teams with the objective of scoring using a long-handled wooden mallet to hit a small ha ...
in Cairo
Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East: The Greater Cairo metr ...
and Damascus in the same week. An even more rapid carrier pigeon post was maintained between the two cities.[Oliver, 2001, p. 17.] Its use in forming a defensive league against the Crusaders was noted by Raymond of Agiles, who thought it rather "unsporting".[Brown, 1979, p. 81.]
Ottoman rule (1516–1918)
Postal services during the Ottoman period
During Ottoman rule in Palestine, stamps issued by the Ottoman authorities were valid in Palestine. In 1834, after improving its transport and communication systems, the Ottomans established a new imperial postal system. Ottoman post offices operated in almost every large city in Palestine, including Acre, Haifa
Haifa ( he, חֵיפָה ' ; ar, حَيْفَا ') is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of in . The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area, the third-most populous metropol ...
, Safed, Tiberias
Tiberias ( ; he, טְבֶרְיָה, ; ar, طبريا, Ṭabariyyā) is an Israeli city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. A major Jewish center during Late Antiquity, it has been considered since the 16th century one of Judaism's F ...
, Nablus, Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
, Jaffa, and Gaza.[Levy, 1998, p. 536.] Thanks to the work of philatelic scholars, it is possible to reconstruct a reliable list of Ottoman post offices in Palestine
The List of Ottoman post offices in Palestine contains those post offices operated in Palestine during Palestine (region)#Ottoman rule (1841–1917), Ottoman rule. The establishment of a new imperial postal system in 1834 and development of the tr ...
.
The Imperial edict of 12 Ramasan 1256 (14 October 1840)[Collins & Steichele, 2000, pp. 17-21.] led to substantial improvements in the Ottoman postal system and a web of prescribed and regular despatch rider (''tatar'') routes was instituted.[Collins & Steichele, 2000, p. 17.] Beginning in 1841, the Beirut-route was extended to serve Palestine, going from Beirut via Damascus and Acre to Jerusalem.[Collins & Steichele, 2000, p. 21]
Postal services were organized at the local level by the provincial governors and these leases (''posta mültesimi'') came up for auction annually in the month of March.[ It is reported that in 1846 ]Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
businessmen Santelli and Micciarelli became leaseholders and ran a service from Jerusalem to Ramle
Ramla or Ramle ( he, רַמְלָה, ''Ramlā''; ar, الرملة, ''ar-Ramleh'') is a city in the Central District of Israel. Today, Ramle is one of Israel's mixed cities, with both a significant Jewish and Arab populations.
The city was f ...
, Jaffa, Sûr, and Saida Saida may refer to:
Places
* Saïda, Algeria, a city in Algeria
* Saïda Province, a province of Algeria
* Saida, Lebanon, the Arabic name for Sidon, a city in Lebanon
* Saida, a village in Helan, Mandi Bahauddin, Punjab province, Pakistan
* Sai ...
.[Collins & Steichele, 2000, p. 21-22, quoting Tobias Tobler ''Memorabilia from Jerusalem'', 1853.]
By 1852, a weekly service operated from Saida via Sûr, Acre (connection to Beirut), Haifa, and Jaffa to Jerusalem, also serving Nablus beginning in 1856. That same year, two new routes came into operation: Jerusalem–Hebron
Hebron ( ar, الخليل or ; he, חֶבְרוֹן ) is a Palestinian. city in the southern West Bank, south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judaean Mountains, it lies above sea level. The second-largest city in the West Bank (after Eas ...
–Gaza, and Tiberias–Nazareth–Shefa-'Amr–Acre.[Collins & Steichele, 2000, p. 22.] In 1867, the Jerusalem—Jaffa route operated twice a week, and beginning in 1884, the Nablus—Jaffa route received daily despatches.[
In the last century of ]Ottoman rule
Ottoman is the Turkish spelling of the Arabic masculine given name Uthman ( ar, عُثْمان, ‘uthmān). It may refer to:
Governments and dynasties
* Ottoman Caliphate, an Islamic caliphate from 1517 to 1924
* Ottoman Empire, in existence fro ...
, in addition to the Ottoman state postal service, up to six foreign powers were also allowed to operate postal services on Ottoman territory, with such rights originating in the Ottoman capitulations and other bilateral treaties.[Tranmer, 1976, p. 54.] At the beginning of the First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, the specific postal rights enjoyed by these foreign powers throughout the empire were revoked by the Ottoman authorities. Beginning in 1900 through until the war's end, Ottoman citizens, including those in Palestine, were forbidden to use the services of the foreign post offices.[Tranmer, 1976, p. 54.][Lindenberg, 1926, p. 15.]
In ''A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine'' (1858), Josias Leslie Porter
Josias Leslie Porter DD LLD (1823–1889) was an Irish Presbyterian minister, missionary and traveller, who became an academic administrator. He was Moderator of the Irish General Assembly in 1875.
Early life
Born on 4 October 1823, he was you ...
describes the system operated by the Ottoman authorities at the time: "The ''Post Office'' in Syria is yet in its infancy. There are weekly mails between Jerusalem and Beyrout, performing the distance in about four days; there is a bi-weekly post between Damascus and Beyrout, taking about 22 hours in fine weather, but occasionally a fortnight
A fortnight is a unit of time equal to 14 days (two weeks). The word derives from the Old English term , meaning "" (or "fourteen days," since the Anglo-Saxons counted by nights).
Astronomy and tides
In astronomy, a ''lunar fortnight'' is ha ...
in winter; and there is a weekly Tartar from Damascus to Hums, Hamâh, Aleppo and Constantinople
la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه
, alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya ( Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis ( ...
—making the whole distance in 12 days. He leaves on Wednesday. All letters by these routes must be addressed in Arabic or Turkish, and prepaid. The Turkish posts have no connection with those of any other country; and consequently letters for foreign countries must be sent either through the consul
Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states throu ...
s, or the post agents of those countries, resident at the seaports."[Porter, 1858, p. 1viii.]
Ottoman post offices
Initially all the postal facilities had the status of relay stations, and letters received their postmarks only at the Beirut post office, with one exception: markings '' Djebel Lubnan''[Collins & Steichele, 2000, p. 25.] are believed to have been applied at the relay station Staura (Lebanon
Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to Lebanon–Syria border, the north and east and Israel to Blue ...
). In the 1860s, most relay stations were promoted to the status of branch post offices and received postmarks, initially only negative seals, of their own.[Collins & Steichele, 2000, p. 23.] The postmarks of an office's postal section usually contained the words ''posta shubesi'', as opposed to ''telegraf hanei'' for the telegraph section. In 1860, ten postal facilities operated in Palestine, rising to 20 in 1900 and 32 in 1917. Travelling post offices existed on three routes: ''Jaffa–Jerusalem'',[Lindenberg, 1926, p. 15.] ''Damascus–Haifa'',[Collins & Steichele, 2000, pp. 201-202.] and Messudshi— Nablus.[Collins & Steichele, 2000, p. 202.][Birken, 2007, Vol. Beyrut, pp. 29-30, 37.] No TPO postmarks are known for other railway lines.
Ottoman postal rates (1840–1918)
The Imperial edict of 12 Ramasan 1256 and later ordinances made the distinction between three types of mail items: ordinary letters, registered letters (markings ''te'ahudd olunmoshdur''), and official letters (markings ''tahirat-i mühümme'').[Steichele, 1977-1981, p. 1015.3] Fees were calculated by the type of mail, the weight, and the distance (measured in hours): in 1840, an ordinary letter, weighing less than 10g, had a cost per hour of 1 para
Para, or PARA, may refer to:
Businesses and organizations
* Paramount Global, traded as PARA on the Nasdaq stock exchange
* Para Group, the former name of CT Corp
* Para Rubber, now Skellerup, a New Zealand manufacturer
* Para USA, formerly ...
.[Collins & Steichele, 2000, p. 13.][Steichele, 1977-1981, p. 1015.4.] Special fees applied to samples, insured mail, special delivery, and printed matters, etc. These postal rates changed frequently, and new services were added over the years. Upon joining the Universal Postal Union
The Universal Postal Union (UPU, french: link=no, Union postale universelle), established by the Treaty of Bern of 1874, is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to ...
on 1 July 1875, Ottoman overseas rates conformed to UPU rules.
Foreign post offices
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
and France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...
obtained permits to provide postal service in the main cities of the Ottoman Empire as early as 1837. In 1852, the two countries opened foreign post offices in Palestine's main cities. Other Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
an countries followed suit: Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
in 1856, Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
in 1898, and Italy in 1908. These foreign post offices facilitated family and social contacts and transfers of money from Europe to the Holy Land.
Russian post offices
In the early 19th century, the Russians established shipping routes in the Eastern Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa ...
and provided a mail service. Russian postal service in the Ottoman Empire began in 1856 operated by the Russian Company of Trade and Navigation (''Russkoe Obschchestvo Parokhodstva i Torgovli'' or ''ROPiT''). ''ROPiT'' handled mail service between the various offices, and forwarded mail to Russia through Odessa and their offices received a status equivalent to regular Russian post offices in 1863. ''ROPiT'' shipping and postal agencies existed in Akko (1868–1873), Haifa (1859–1860, 1906–1914), Jaffa (1857–1914) and Jerusalem (1901–1914).
Austrian post offices
The Austrian Empire established a mail system in the Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa ...
through the shipping company Österreichischer Lloyd
''Österreichischer Lloyd'' ( it, Lloyd Austriaco, en, Austrian Lloyd) was the largest Austro-Hungarian shipping company. It was founded in 1833. It was based at Trieste in the Austrian Littoral, the main port of the Cisleithanian (Austrian ...
. Lloyd postal agencies operated in Jaffa (1854), Haifa
Haifa ( he, חֵיפָה ' ; ar, حَيْفَا ') is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of in . The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area, the third-most populous metropol ...
(1854), and Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
(1852). These three offices later became the ''Austrian Imperial and Royal Post Offices'': Jerusalem (March 1859), Jaffa and Haifa (1 February 1858). Collecting or forwarding agencies existed in Mea Shearim
Mea Shearim ( he, מאה שערים, lit., "hundred gates"; contextually, "a hundred fold") is one of the oldest Jewish neighborhoods in Jerusalem outside of the Old City. It is populated by Haredi Jews, and was built by members of the Old Yish ...
(Jerusalem), Safed, and Tiberias.[Lindenberg, 1926, p. 35.] Safed and Tiberias
Tiberias ( ; he, טְבֶרְיָה, ; ar, طبريا, Ṭabariyyā) is an Israeli city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. A major Jewish center during Late Antiquity, it has been considered since the 16th century one of Judaism's F ...
were served by a private courier via the local Austrian consular agent.[Tranmer, 1976, p. 72.] Nazareth and Bethlehem
Bethlehem (; ar, بيت لحم ; he, בֵּית לֶחֶם '' '') is a city in the central West Bank, Palestine, about south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000,Amara, 1999p. 18.Brynen, 2000p. 202. and it is the capital o ...
were never served by the Austrians. Postal service to Jerusalem was arranged privately.[Tranmer, 1976, pp. 59-62.]
In a number of Jewish settlements, local traders or officials served as auxiliary collection and deposit agents: Gedera, Hadera
Hadera ( he, חֲדֵרָה ) is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel, in the northern Sharon region, approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along 7 km (5&nb ...
, Be'er Tuvia
Be'er Tuvia ( he, בְּאֵר טוֹבִיָּה, ''Be'er Toviya'', "Tuvia's Well") is a moshav in the Southern District of Israel. Located near the city of Kiryat Malakhi, it falls under the jurisdiction of Be'er Tuvia Regional Council. In it ...
, Petah Tikva, Rehovot, Rishon Le Zion, Yavne'el
Yavne'el ( he, יַבְנְאֵל, ar, يفنيئيل) is a moshava and local council in the Northern District of Israel. Founded in 1901, it is one of the oldest rural Jewish communities in the country. According to the Israel Central Bureau o ...
, and Zikhron Ya'akov
Zikhron Ya'akov ( he, זִכְרוֹן יַעֲקֹב, ''lit.'' "Jacob's Memorial"; often shortened to just ''Zikhron'') is a town in Israel, south of Haifa, and part of the Haifa District. It is located at the southern end of the Carmel mounta ...
.[Lindenberg, 1926, p. 35.][Tranmer, 1976, p. 55 lists only Rishon Le Zion, Petah Tiqva, Gedera, and Zichron Yaacov.] By special arrangement, as an inducement to use the Austrian service for foreign mail as well, the Austrian post transported letters and cards between these Jewish settlements free of charge.[Tranmer, 1976, pp. 55-66.] The use of local or JNF labels on such postal matter was not necessary.[Tranmer, 1976, p. 57.]
The stamps used were Austrian stamps for Lombardy–Venetia and, after 1867, Austrian Levant
The Levant () is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Western Asia. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in archaeology and other cultural contexts, it is ...
stamps, as pictured here.[Lindenberg, 1926, pp. 30-32.]
French post offices
The French operated a number of post offices in the Ottoman Empire, often in conjunction with the local French consulates. In Palestine, three offices were opened: Jaffa (1852), Jerusalem (1890) and Haifa (1906).[Lindenberg, 1926, pp. 25-26.] The stamps used were regular French ones, after 1885 stamps overprinted in Turkish currency, and from 1902 also French ''Levant'' stamps.[ Of the ]French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
postal arrangement, Porter describes it as "quick and safe, though frequently altered."[ French mail-steamers, known as the ''Messagerie Imperiale'' ("Postal Line"),][Forsyth, 1861, p. 117.] operated by the ''Compagnie des Services Maritimes des Messageries Nationales'', departed every fortnight from the coast of Syria to Alexandria
Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandri ...
and Constantinople. From the ports at Alexandretta, Latikia, Tripoli
Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to:
Cities and other geographic units Greece
*Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in ...
, Beirut, and Yâfa, letters could be posted to Italy, France, England or America.[
]
German post offices
The German Empire opened its first office on October 1, 1898, in Jaffa, followed on March 1, 1900, by an office in Jerusalem.[Lindenberg, 1926, p. 18.] Both offices closed in September 1914.
Auxiliary collecting agencies existed in Ramleh (1902), Rishon LeTzion (1905), Wilhelma Hamidije (1905), Sarona (1910), Emmaus
Emmaus (; Greek: Ἐμμαούς, ''Emmaous''; la, Emmaus; , ''Emmaom''; ar, عمواس, ''ʻImwas'') is a town mentioned in the Gospel of Luke of the New Testament. Luke reports that Jesus appeared, after his death and resurrection, before tw ...
(1909), Sebil Abu Nebbut (1902, a quarantine station at the Jaffa city boundary), and Jerusalem's Jaffa Gate. Mail collecting points were also present in Beit Jala, Bethlehem, Hebron, and Ramallah. Regular German stamps, and stamps overprinted in Turkish currency,[Rachwalsky & Jacobs, 1962.] and French currency were in use.[Lindenberg, 1926, pp. 19-20.] Stamps were only cancelled at the three post offices, mail from the agencies received boxed cachets.
Italian post offices
The Italian post office in Jerusalem opened on June 1, 1908. Temporarily closed between October 1, 1911, and November 30, 1912, it operated until September 30, 1914.[Lindenberg, 1926, p. 27.] The stamps used were regular (unoverprinted) Italian ones, stamps overprinted in Turkish currency, and stamps overprinted ''Gerusalemme''.[Rachwalsky, 1957][Lindenberg, 1926, p. 28.]
Egyptian post offices
An Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...
ian post office operated in Jaffa between July 1870 and February 1872. The postmark reads ''V.R. Poste Egiziane Iaffa''. An interpostals seal for Jaffa also exists.[Michael M. Sacher. "The Egyptian post office in Jaffa" in ''The BAPIP Bulletin''. No. 83, 1975, p. 14][Lindenberg, 1926, pp. 16-18.]
Other postal services
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
travellers in the region could receive mail from abroad if addressed to the care of the English consuls in Beirut, Aleppo, Jerusalem or Damascus, or alternatively to the care of a merchant or banker.[
]
British E.E.F. stamps and service (1917–1920)
In November 1917, the British
British may refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies.
** Britishness, the British identity and common culture
* British English, ...
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning ...
occupied Palestine.[Dorfman, 1989, p. 5.][Hoexter, 1970, p. 4] Initially, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (and the Indian Expeditionary Force) had given civilian
Civilians under international humanitarian law are "persons who are not members of the armed forces" and they are not " combatants if they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war". It is slightly different from a non-combatant ...
s basic postal services for free, with additional services paid in British or India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
n stamps. Free mail was withdrawn with the printing of appropriate stamps.[Dorfman, 1989, p. 7.][Hoexter, 1970, pp. 4, 28] Two stamps inscribed ''E.E.F.'' (1 Piastre, and 5 Millièmes) were issued in February 1918,[Dorfman, 1989, p. 8.][Hoexter, 1970, pp. 5-7.] the first definitives (11 values) were circulated from June 1918.[Dorfman, 1989, p. 17.][Hoexter, 1970, p. 25.] These E.E.F. stamps were valid in Palestine, Cilicia
Cilicia (); el, Κιλικία, ''Kilikía''; Middle Persian: ''klkyʾy'' (''Klikiyā''); Parthian: ''kylkyʾ'' (''Kilikiyā''); tr, Kilikya). is a geographical region in southern Anatolia in Turkey, extending inland from the northeastern coa ...
,[Mayo, 1984, p. 24.] Syria
Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
, Lebanon
Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to Lebanon–Syria border, the north and east and Israel to Blue ...
, and Transjordan.[Dorfman, 1989, p. 20.] Prior to the British Mandate in Palestine, Hebrew
Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...
was not an official language, and so these stamps bore only Arabic inscriptions besides English.[Fisher, 1999, p. 215.]
British Mandate (1920–1948)
In 1920, Transjordan was separated and distinctive overprints for the two territories came into use.[Dorfman, 1989, p. 23.]
As Palestine came under the civil administration of the British Mandate of Palestine British Mandate of Palestine or Palestine Mandate most often refers to:
* Mandate for Palestine: a League of Nations mandate under which the British controlled an area which included Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan.
* Mandatory P ...
,[Dorfman, 1989, p. 23.] falling into line with League of Nations
The League of Nations (french: link=no, Société des Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ...
rules, the High Commissioner sanctioned stamps (as pictured here) and coins bearing the three official languages of British Mandate Palestine: English, Arab, and Hebrew.
Between 1920 and 1923 six such distinctive overprints were issued: four produced in Jerusalem, two in London.
Local Jews and Arabs lobbied the British about the overprint (pictured):[Cohen, 1951.]''The Jewish members of the dvisory/nowiki> Council objected to the Hebrew transliteration of the word "Palestine", on the ground that the traditional name was "Eretz Yisrael
The Land of Israel () is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant. Related biblical, religious and historical English terms include the Land of Canaan, the Promised Land, the Holy Land, and Palestine (see also Israe ...
", but the Arab members would not agree to this designation, which, in their view, had political significance. The High Commissioner therefore decided, as a compromise, that the Hebrew transliteration should be used, followed always by the two initial letters of "Eretz Yisrael", Aleph Yod, and this combination was always used on the coinage and stamps of Palestine and in all references in official documents.''
During the Mandate, postal services were provided by British authorities. The British Post service designed its first four stamps in 1923, upon the suggestion of the Sir Herbert Samuel
Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel, (6 November 1870 – 5 February 1963) was a British Liberal politician who was the party leader from 1931 to 1935.
He was the first nominally-practising Jew to serve as a Cabinet minister and to be ...
(the High Commissioner), following a public invitation for designs.[Dorfman, 1989, p. 73.] The first values in this series of definitive stamps were issued on June 1, 1927.[Dorfman, 1989, p. 74.] The stamps pictured the Rachel's Tomb, the Tower of David
The Tower of David ( he, מגדל דוד, Migdál Davíd), also known as the Citadel ( ar, القلعة, al-Qala'a), is an ancient citadel located near the Jaffa Gate entrance to the Old City of Jerusalem.
The citadel that stands today dates ...
, the Dome of the Rock, and a view of a mosque in Tiberias
Tiberias ( ; he, טְבֶרְיָה, ; ar, طبريا, Ṭabariyyā) is an Israeli city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. A major Jewish center during Late Antiquity, it has been considered since the 16th century one of Judaism's F ...
and the Sea of Galilee. According to Reid, the British Mandate "scenes carefully balanced sites of significance to Muslims, Jews, and Christians."
The postal service operated by the Mandatory authorities was reputed to be the best in the Middle East. Letters were delivered daily in Jerusalem. Palestine joined the Universal Postal Union
The Universal Postal Union (UPU, french: link=no, Union postale universelle), established by the Treaty of Bern of 1874, is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to ...
in October 1923.[Proud, 2006, p. 14.] The post was transported by boat, train, cars and horses, and after 1927, also by air.[Baker, 1992, p. 187.] Sale and exchange of international reply coupon
An international reply coupon (IRC) is a coupon that can be exchanged for one or more postage stamps representing the minimum postage for an unregistered priority airmail letter of up to twenty grams sent to another Universal Postal Union (UPU) m ...
s started in 1926[Proud, 2006, p. 15.] and were joined by Imperial Reply Coupons from January 1, 1935.[Proud, 2006, p. 17.]
'' Air letter sheets'' (or air letter cards as they were then known) were first introduced in Palestine in November 1944. During the volatility of 1947 and 1948, British postal services deteriorated and were replaced by ''ad hoc'' interim services prior to the partition and the establishment of the State of Israel. Just before the formal end to the British Mandate over Palestine, the Mandatory government destroyed the existing stocks of postage stamps and had Palestine removed from the World Postal Union.[Rosenzweig, 1989, p. 136.] A total of 104 stamps bearing the name "Palestine" were issued by the British between 1918 and 1942.[
]
Mandate post offices
During the British Mandate over Palestine about 160 post offices, rural agencies, travelling post offices, and town agencies operated, some only for a few months, others for the entire length of the period. Upon the advance of allied forces in 1917 and 1918, initially ''Field Post Offices'' and ''Army Post Offices'' served the local civilian population. Some of the latter offices were converted to ''Stationary Army Post Offices'' and became civilian post offices upon establishment of the civilian administration. In 1919 fifteen offices existed, rising to about 100 by 1939, and about 150 by the end of the Mandate in May 1948. With most of the Jerusalem General Post Office archives destroyed, research depends heavily on philatelists recording distinct postmarks and dates of their use.
Mandate postal rates
After occupation by allied forces in 1917, basic postage was free for civilians. Registration fees and parcels had to be franked using British or Indian stamps. Once the EEF stamps printed in Cairo came on sale, mail to overseas destinations had to be paid for from 10 February 1918, and from 16 February 1918 also mail to the then occupied territories and Egypt.
The structure of postal rates followed broadly British practice and new services, like airmail and express delivery, were added over the years. From 1926 reduced rates applied for mail to Britain and Ireland, and from 1 March 1938 to 4 September 1939, Palestine was part of the ''All Up Empire'' airmail rates system.
Transitional and local postal services (1948)
In early 1948, as the British government withdrew, the area underwent a violent transition, affecting all public services. Mail service was reportedly chaotic and unreliable. Nearly all British postal operations shut down during April. Rural services ended on April 15 and other post offices ceased operations by the end of April 1948, except for the main post offices in Haifa, Jaffa, Jerusalem, and Tel Aviv, Jaffa, and Jerusalem, which persevered until May 5.[Ernst Fluri, 1973, pp. 6-7.]
In Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
, the French consulate
The Consulate (french: Le Consulat) was the top-level Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804. By extension, the term ''The Co ...
is claimed to have issued stamps in May 1948 for its staff and local French nationals. The French stamps supposedly went through three issues: the first and second were "Affaires Étrangères" stamps, inscribed gratis
Gratis may refer to:
* Free, meaning without charge. See Gratis versus libre
* Gratis, Ohio, a village in Preble County, US
* Gratis Township, Preble County, Ohio, US
See also
* Free (disambiguation)
{{disambiguation ...
but overprinted, while the third were "Marianne
Marianne () has been the national personification of the French Republic since the French Revolution, as a personification of liberty, equality, fraternity and reason, as well as a portrayal of the Goddess of Liberty.
Marianne is displayed in ...
" stamps (6 francs) that arrived from France by the end of May. The consulate also created its own cancellation: ''Jerusalem Postes Françaises''. Philatelic research has exposed the French Consular post as a fraud perpetrated by the son of the then consul, though other philatelists have maintained their claims that the postal service and its stamps are genuine.
Minhelet Ha'am
In early May 1948, the Jewish provisional government, known as ''Minhelet Ha'am'', did not have its own postage stamps ready, so it used existing labels,[Fluri, 1973, pp. 8–9.] both JNF
Jewish National Fund ( he, קֶרֶן קַיֶּימֶת לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, ''Keren Kayemet LeYisrael'', previously , ''Ha Fund HaLeumi'') was founded in 1901 to buy and develop land in Ottoman Syria (later Mandatory Palestine, and subsequ ...
labels, which otherwise have been printed since 1902 for fundraising purposes, and local community tax stamps. The JNF labels were given a Hebrew overprint
An overprint is an additional layer of text or graphics added to the face of a Postage stamp, postage or revenue stamp, postal stationery, banknote or Ticket (admission), ticket after it has been Printing, printed. Post offices most often use ...
meaning postage (''doar''),[Fluri, 1973, pp. 15-16.] (as shown in the picture), whereas local community tax stamps were not given overprints.[Fluri, 1973, pp. 13–14.] The JNF stamps were printed from May 3 to 14, 1948, their sale ended on May 14, 1948, with remaining stocks ordered to be returned and destroyed.[Fluri, 1973, p. 10.] Use of these stamps was tolerated until May 22, 1948. The Mandate's postal rates remained unchanged during this period.[Fluri, 1973, p. 11.]
Since Jerusalem was under siege
A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characteriz ...
, its residents continued to use JNF stamps until June 20, 1948, whereupon Israeli stamps reached the city. These stamps, overprinted with a JNF seal, bore a map of the UN Partition Plan
The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was a proposal by the United Nations, which recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate. On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted the Plan as R ...
.
''Minhelet Ha'am'' used 31 different JNF labels. Owing to different denomination and overprints, there are at least 104 variants catalogued. Eight of the stamps feature Jewish Special operations
Special operations (S.O.) are military activities conducted, according to NATO, by "specially designated, organized, selected, trained, and equipped forces using unconventional techniques and modes of employment". Special operations may include ...
paratroopers
A paratrooper is a military parachutist—someone trained to parachute into a military operation, and usually functioning as part of an airborne force. Military parachutists (troops) and parachutes were first used on a large scale during World ...
killed during WWII, including Abba Berdichev, Hannah Szenes
Hannah Szenes (often anglicized as Hannah Senesh or Chanah Senesh; he, חנה סנש; hu, Szenes Anna; 17 July 19217 November 1944) was a poet and a Special Operations Executive (SOE) member. She was one of 37 Jewish SOE recruits from Mandate ...
, and Haviva Reik
Haviva Reik (alternately Haviva Reick, Havivah Reich, Chaviva Reiková or Chaviva Reich) (22 June 1914 – 20 November 1944) was one of 32 or 33 parachutists sent by the Jewish Agency and Britain's MI9 on military missions in Nazi-occupied Europe ...
, Enzo Sereni
Enzo Sereni (17 April 190518 November 1944) was an Italian Socialist Zionist, co-founder of kibbutz Givat Brenner, celebrated intellectual, advocate of Jewish-Arab co-existence and a Jewish Brigade officer who was parachuted into Nazi-occupied ...
. The JNF also honored kibbutzim Hanita and Tirat Zvi
Tirat Zvi ( he, טִירַת צְבִי, lit. ''Zvi Castle'') is a religious kibbutz in the Beit She'an Valley, ten kilometers south of the city of Beit She'an, Israel, just west of the Jordan River and the Israel-Jordan border. It falls under the ...
, the Jewish Brigade
The Jewish Infantry Brigade Group, more commonly known as the Jewish Brigade Group or Jewish Brigade, was a military formation of the British Army in the World War II, Second World War. It was formed in late 1944 and was recruited among Yishuv, Y ...
, the Technion, the Warsaw Ghetto uprising
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; pl, powstanie w getcie warszawskim; german: link=no, Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany' ...
, an illegal immigrant ship, and Zionists Yehoshua Hankin
Yehoshua Hankin ( he, יהושע חנקין, 1864 – 11 November 1945) was a Zionist activist who was responsible for most of the major land purchases of the Zionist Organization in Ottoman Palestine and Mandatory Palestine – in particular f ...
, Chaim Weizmann
Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( he, חיים עזריאל ויצמן ', russian: Хаим Евзорович Вейцман, ''Khaim Evzorovich Veytsman''; 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born biochemist, Zionist leader and Israe ...
, Eliezer Ben Yehuda
Eliezer Ben‑Yehuda ( he, אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֵּן־יְהוּדָה}; ; born Eliezer Yitzhak Perlman, 7 January 1858 – 16 December 1922) was a Russian–Jewish linguist, grammarian, and journalist, renowned as the lexicographer of ...
, and, pictured here, Theodor Herzl
Theodor Herzl; hu, Herzl Tivadar; Hebrew name given at his brit milah: Binyamin Ze'ev (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish lawyer, journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer who was the father of modern po ...
with Chaim Nachman Bialik.
Local postal services
In the town of Safed, the departure in April of the British left the Haganah trying to establish control. The Haganah enlisted a postal clerk to print up postal envelopes, which were never used, as well as 2,200 stamps (10 mils each). On the stamps was written, in Hebrew: ''Safed mail Eretz Israel
The Land of Israel () is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant. Related biblical, religious and historical English terms include the Land of Canaan, the Promised Land, the Holy Land, and Palestine (see also Israe ...
''. Once stamped, mail was routed by the Haganah through Rosh Pina
Rosh Pina (ראש פינה) is a lay-led independent minyan in Washington, D.C. It meets for Shabbat morning services twice a month in the National Museum of American Jewish Military History (NMAJMH). It also meets occasionally for Friday night a ...
. These Safed emergency stamps were the only ones issued by the Haganah.[A. Ben-David, 1995, p. 71-74.] The "Doar Ivri" stamps issued by ''Minhelet Ha'am'' went on sale in Safed on May 16, 1948.[A. Ben-David, 1995, p. 74.]
In rural Rishon Lezion, the local council voted to issue their own stamps and provide a mail service via armored car. The stamps were first sold on April 4, 1948, more than a month before the establishment of the state of Israel, and service discontinued on May 6. These stamps were not authorized by ''Minhelet Ha'am''.[A. Ben-David, 1995, p. 71.]
During the 1948 War
The 1948 Palestine war was fought in the territory of what had been, at the start of the war, British-ruled Mandatory Palestine. It is known in Israel as the War of Independence ( he, מלחמת העצמאות, ''Milkhemet Ha'Atzma'ut'') and ...
the city of Nahariya was cut off and the town administration, without authorization from ''Minhelet Ha'am'', issued local stamps.
Post-1948
Since 1948, the postal administrations for the region have been Egypt, Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian National Authority.
Egypt and Jordan
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...
and Jordan
Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Rive ...
provided the postal stamps for Gaza and the West Bank
The West Bank ( ar, الضفة الغربية, translit=aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; he, הגדה המערבית, translit=HaGadah HaMaʽaravit, also referred to by some Israelis as ) is a landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediter ...
(incl. East Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
) between 1948 and 1967. Both countries overprinted their own stamps with the word "Palestine".[ Of these "Palestine" stamps, 44 issued by Jordan and 180 issued by Egypt are listed in the Scott catalogues. On occasion, the Arab Higher Committee and other entities have issued propaganda labels.
By May 5, 1948, ]Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...
set up postal services and issued overprints of Egyptian stamps, with ''Palestine'' in Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
and English. Egypt primarily employed definitives, with one express stamp, picturing a motorbike, and airmail stamp
An airmail stamp is a postage stamp intended to pay either an airmail fee that is charged in addition to the surface rate, or the full airmail rate, for an item of mail to be transported by air.
Airmail stamps should not be confused with airma ...
s featuring King Farouk
Farouk I (; ar, فاروق الأول ''Fārūq al-Awwal''; 11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965) was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1 ...
.
In the West Bank
The West Bank ( ar, الضفة الغربية, translit=aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; he, הגדה המערבית, translit=HaGadah HaMaʽaravit, also referred to by some Israelis as ) is a landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediter ...
, prior to its incorporation into Jordan
Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Rive ...
in 1950, Jordanian authorities issued stamps from 1948 until April 1950. With overprints of "Palestine" in Arabic and English, the Jordanians used definitives, postage dues, and obligatory tax stamps.
Israel
From May 16, 1948, stamps have been issued by the State of Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
by the Israel Postal Authority. The first set of stamps were entitled ''Doar Ivri'' (lit. "Hebrew postage"), as pictured, while later stamps were issued for ''Israel''. Israeli stamps are trilingual, in Arabic, English and Hebrew, following the practice of the British Mandate of Palestine British Mandate of Palestine or Palestine Mandate most often refers to:
* Mandate for Palestine: a League of Nations mandate under which the British controlled an area which included Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan.
* Mandatory P ...
. Israel Post first issued postage due stamps, tete-beche and gutter pairs in 1948, airmail stamps in 1950, official mail
Official mail is mail sent from, or by, an authorized department of government, governmental agency or international organizationHorning (1970), pp. 97–98 and normally has some indication that it is official; a certifying cachet, return address ...
stamps in 1951 and provisional stamp
Linn's World Stamp Almanac defines a provisional stamp as "a postage stamp issued for temporary use to meet postal demands until new or regular stocks of stamps can be obtained."
The issuance of provisional stamps might be occasioned by a change ...
s in 1960. The Israel Defense Forces operate a military postal system but, in 1948, dropped plans to print their own stamps.
In 1955, Israel's first mobile post office began in the Negev
The Negev or Negeb (; he, הַנֶּגֶב, hanNegév; ar, ٱلنَّقَب, an-Naqab) is a desert and semidesert region of southern Israel. The region's largest city and administrative capital is Beersheba (pop. ), in the north. At its sout ...
. By 1990, Israel ran 53 routes for 1,058 locations, including Israeli settlements
Israeli settlements, or Israeli colonies, are civilian communities inhabited by Israeli citizens, overwhelmingly of Jewish ethnicity, built on lands occupied by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. The international community considers Israeli se ...
in the West Bank
The West Bank ( ar, الضفة الغربية, translit=aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; he, הגדה המערבית, translit=HaGadah HaMaʽaravit, also referred to by some Israelis as ) is a landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediter ...
and Gaza. Due to hyperinflation
In economics, hyperinflation is a very high and typically accelerating inflation. It quickly erodes the real value of the local currency, as the prices of all goods increase. This causes people to minimize their holdings in that currency as t ...
, in 1982 and 1984 Israel issued non-denominated stamps. During the 1990s, Israel experimented with vending machines for postal labels (franking labels).
Israel produced a total of 110 new issues in the 1960s, 151 in the 1970s, 162 in the 1980s and 216 in the 1990s. More than 320 new stamps have been created since 2000. Israel stamps have distinctive tabs, on the margins of printed sheets, with inscriptions in Hebrew and usually English or French. The design of national and local postmarks
A postmark is a postal marking made on an envelope, parcel, postcard or the like, indicating the place, date and time that the item was delivered into the care of a postal service, or sometimes indicating where and when received or in transit. ...
is also popular.
From 1967 to 1994, Israel operated postal services in the West Bank
The West Bank ( ar, الضفة الغربية, translit=aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; he, הגדה המערבית, translit=HaGadah HaMaʽaravit, also referred to by some Israelis as ) is a landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediter ...
and the Gaza Strip
The Gaza Strip (;The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p.761 "Gaza Strip /'gɑːzə/ a strip of territory under the control of the Palestinian National Authority and Hamas, on the SE Mediterranean coast including the town of Gaza.. ...
, and continues to provide postal services in East Jerusalem and the Syrian Golan Heights
The Golan Heights ( ar, هَضْبَةُ الْجَوْلَانِ, Haḍbatu l-Jawlān or ; he, רמת הגולן, ), or simply the Golan, is a region in the Levant spanning about . The region defined as the Golan Heights differs between di ...
.
Palestinian National Authority
Starting in 1994, the Palestinian National Authority
The Palestinian National Authority (PA or PNA; ar, السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية '), commonly known as the Palestinian Authority and officially the State of Palestine, (PNA) established post offices throughout the PNA, developed its own unique postmark
A postmark is a postal marking made on an envelope, parcel, postcard or the like, indicating the place, date and time that the item was delivered into the care of a postal service, or sometimes indicating where and when received or in transit ...
s and issued stamps. The PNA has issued dozens of stamps and souvenir sheets since 1994, with the exception of 2004 and 2007.
The PNA is authorized to manage postal operations, issue stamps and postal stationery, and set rates, under agreements signed between Israel and the PNA following the Oslo Accords. In 1999, the PNA and Israel agreed that PNA mail could be sent directly to Egypt and Jordan. The PNA's Ministry of Telecom & Information Technology has sharply criticized postal services in areas under Israeli control.[?]
Despite some initial doubts in philatelic circles, the PNA stamps came to be used for postal activities within Palestine and for international postal communications as well. The Universal Postal Union
The Universal Postal Union (UPU, french: link=no, Union postale universelle), established by the Treaty of Bern of 1874, is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to ...
and its member countries generally do not recognize stamps issued by administrations that have not achieved full independence, though the UPU maintains ties and supports these administrations.[
]
State of Palestine stamps
On January 9, 2013, the first stamp with the "State of Palestine" wording was issued by Palestinian postal service. The move came following the historic upgrade of Palestine mission of PLO (Palestinian Authority) to the UN to non-member observer state on 29 November 2012.
Propaganda Labels
Labels issued by The Jewish National Fund
The Jewish National Fund (JNF) produced and sold thirty million labels between 1902 and 1914 as "promotional materials" to "help spread the message of Zionism
Zionism ( he, צִיּוֹנוּת ''Tsiyyonut'' after '' Zion'') is a nationalist movement that espouses the establishment of, and support for a homeland for the Jewish people centered in the area roughly corresponding to what is known in Je ...
."[Berkowitz, 1993, pp. 166–167.] The "Zion" label was its biggest seller with 20 million copies of this blue-and-white label with the Star of David and the word "Zion
Zion ( he, צִיּוֹן ''Ṣīyyōn'', LXX , also variously transliterated ''Sion'', ''Tzion'', ''Tsion'', ''Tsiyyon'') is a placename in the Hebrew Bible used as a synonym for Jerusalem as well as for the Land of Israel as a whole (see Nam ...
" sold. Four million copies of the "Herzl" label, issued between 1909 and 1914, were sold. The label depicted Theodor Herzl
Theodor Herzl; hu, Herzl Tivadar; Hebrew name given at his brit milah: Binyamin Ze'ev (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish lawyer, journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer who was the father of modern po ...
gazing at a group of workers in Palestine, using the famous image of him on the Rhine Bridge from the First Zionist Congress
The First Zionist Congress ( he, הקונגרס הציוני הראשון) was the inaugural congress of the Zionist Organization (ZO) held in Basel (Basle), from August 29 to August 31, 1897. 208 delegates and 26 press correspondents attende ...
, superimposed onto a scene of a balcony overlooking the Old City of Jerusalem. Labels with pictures of Max Nordau
Max Simon Nordau (born ''Simon Maximilian Südfeld''; 29 July 1849 – 23 January 1923) was a Zionist leader, physician, author, and social critic.
He was a co-founder of the Zionist Organization together with Theodor Herzl, and president or vic ...
, David Wolffsohn
David Wolffsohn ( yi, דוד וואלפסאן; he, דוד וולפסון; 9 October 1855 in Darbėnai, Kovno Governorate – 15 September 1914) was a Lithuanian-Jewish businessman, prominent early Zionist and second president of the Zion ...
, the Wailing Wall
The Western Wall ( he, הַכּוֹתֶל הַמַּעֲרָבִי, HaKotel HaMa'aravi, the western wall, often shortened to the Kotel or Kosel), known in the West as the Wailing Wall, and in Islam as the Buraq Wall (Arabic: حَائِط ...
, a map of Palestine, and historical scenes and landscape in Palestine, sold about one million copies each.[ A total of 266 different labels were produced by the JNF's Head Office in Jerusalem between 1902 and 1947.][Bar-Gal, 2003, p. 183.]
Anglo Palestine Company
Labels were also issued by the Anglo Palestine Company (APC), the forerunner to Israel's Bank Leumi. In 1915, Ahmed Djemal
Ahmed Djemal ( ota, احمد جمال پاشا, Ahmet Cemâl Paşa; 6 May 1872 – 21 July 1922), also known as Cemal Pasha, was an Ottoman military leader and one of the Three Pashas that ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
Djemal ...
, who ruled over Syria
Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
and Palestine on behalf of the Ottoman Empire, issued an anti-Zionist proclamation ordering the "confiscation of the postage stamps, Zionist flags, paper money, bank notes of the Anglo-Palestine Company
Bank Leumi ( he, בנק לאומי, lit. ''National Bank''; ar, بنك لئومي) is an Israeli bank. It was founded on February 27, 1902, in Jaffa as the ''Anglo Palestine Company'' as subsidiary of the Jewish Colonial Trust (Jüdische Kolonia ...
, Ltd. in the form of checks which are spread among these elements and has decreed the dissolution of all the clandestine Zionist societies and institutions ..."[Sicker, 1999, p. 118.] After World War I, the APC relied on the postage stamps of British authorities, which were marked with an APC perforation.
Labels issued by Arab Organisations
During the Mandate period, Arab groups issued four distinct propaganda labels (or series): a promotional label for the Jerusalem Arab Fair (April 1934), a series of five labels issued by the Financial Department of the Arab Higher Committee (''Beit al-Mal al-'Arabi'', 1936), a series of three labels issued by the Arab Community Fund (''Sandouk al-Umma al-'Arabi'', no date known), and a series of five labels (1, 2, and 5 Mils; 1 and 2 US-Cents) inscribed ''Palestine For The Arabs'' and depicting the Dome of the Rock and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in front of a map of Palestine (Jaffa, 1938).[Palestine Stamps 1865-1981, p. 14][Abuljebain, 2001, p. 26]
After 1948, Arab organizations issued numerous propaganda labels, so the following lists may be incomplete:
''Syria and Lebanon Day'' (one label, no date known, 1940s?), ''Islamic Orphan House'' (five labels, no date known, 1940s?), ''General Union of Palestine Workers'' (one label, 5 Fils, no date known, 1960s?), ''Charitable Association for the Families of Prisoners and Detainees'' (one label, depicting a mother and child, no date known, 1960s?).[Abuljebain, 2001, p. 26]
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) issued in Gaza a 5 Mils label depicting a map and sun (1964).[Abuljebain, 2001, p. 26] Fateh (Palestinian National Liberation Movement) issued a number of series: ten labels (1968–69) and a sheet of four (1969?), mainly on the battle of Karameh
Al-Karameh ( ar, الكرامة), or simply Karameh, is a town in west-central Jordan, near the Allenby Bridge which spans the Jordan River. Karameh sits on the eastern bank of the river, along the border between Jordan, Israel, as well as the Isr ...
,[Palestine Stamps 1865-1981, p. 19][Abuljebain, 2001, p. 27] a series of three label commemorating the fifth anniversary of Fateh (1970, motif: Mandate stamps).[Abuljebain, 2001, p. 27]
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( ar, الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين, translit=al-Jabhah al-Sha`biyyah li-Taḥrīr Filasṭīn, PFLP) is a secular Palestinian Marxist–Leninist and revolutionary so ...
(PFLP) issues: set of four labels issued in 1969[Abuljebain, 2001, p. 26] or 1970.[ The labels ''Charitable Association for the Families of Prisoners and Detainees'' were issued in the 1970s with the PFLP name in English (two labels: 5 US-Cents and 5 US-$), followed by seven labels commemorating ]Ghassan Kanafani
Ghassan Kanafani ( ar, غسان كنفاني, 8 April 1936 – 8 July 1972) was a Palestinian author and a leading member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). On 8 July 1972 ...
(1974), a sheet of 25 labels depicting martyrs (1974) and a sheet of 12 labels with city views (1975).[Abuljebain, 2001, p. 26]
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP; ar, الجبهة الديموقراطية لتحرير فلسطين, ''al-Jabha al-Dīmūqrāṭiyya li-Taḥrīr Filasṭīn'') is a secular Palestinian Marxist–Leninist organi ...
(DFLP) issued two sets of labels in the 1970s: five labels depicting martyrs and two labels with freedom fighters in front of the globe.[Abuljebain, 2001, p. 27] The Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
The Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (PPSF, occasionally abbr. PSF), (Arabic: جبهة النضال الشعبي الفلسطيني, ''Jabhet Al-Nedal Al-Sha'abi Al-Falestini''), is a Palestinian political party. Samir Ghawshah was elected sec ...
(PPSF) contributed two sets of labels with motifs Leila Khaled
Leila Khaled ( ar, ليلى خالد, born April 9, 1944) is a Palestinian refugee, terrorist, and member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).
Khaled came to public attention for her role in the TWA Flight 840 hijackin ...
and party symbols (map, gun, Dome of the Rock).[Abuljebain, 2001, p. 27] Other groups issuing propaganda labels in the 1970s include Organization for Arab Palestine and Action Organization for the Liberation of Palestine
Action may refer to:
* Action (narrative), a literary mode
* Action fiction, a type of genre fiction
* Action game, a genre of video game
Film
* Action film, a genre of film
* Action (1921 film), ''Action'' (1921 film), a film by John Ford
* Ac ...
.[Abuljebain, 2001, p. 27]
During the 1980s, at least 18 different labels pertain to the First Intifada.[Abuljebain, 2001, p. 27] For example, label sheets and miniature sheet
A souvenir sheet or miniature sheet is a postage stamp or a small group of postage stamps still attached to the sheet on which they were printed. They may be either regular issues that just happen to be printed in small groups (typical of many ea ...
s reproduce the Mandate's 1927 ''Pictorials'' with overprints in English, French, German, and Arabic: ''Intifadah 7 December 1987'' and ''Declaration of Statehood 15 November 1988''.[Abuljebain, 2001, p. 57]
See also
* Harrison & Sons Collection
*
Notes, references and sources
;Notes
* /sup>From 1918-22, the area today known as Jordan
Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Rive ...
was part of the British Mandate of Palestine, before it was separated out to form the Emirate of Transjordan
The Emirate of Transjordan ( ar, إمارة شرق الأردن, Imārat Sharq al-Urdun, Emirate of East Jordan), officially known as the Amirate of Trans-Jordan, was a British protectorate established on 11 April 1921, . Unless otherwise specified, this article uses "British Mandate" and related terms to refer to the post-1922 mandate, west of the Jordan river.
;References
;Sources
* Abuljebain, Nader K. (2001). ''Palestinian history in postage stamps'' = تاريخ فلسطين في طوابع البري. Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies/Welfare Association.
* Aron, Joseph (1988). ''Forerunners to the forerunners: a pre-philatelic postal history of the Holy Land''. Jerusalem: Society of the Postal History of Eretz Israel.
* ''BALE : the stamps of Palestine Mandate 1917–1948'', 9th ed. (2000). Joseph D. Stier (ed.). Chariot. .
* Bar-Gal, Yoram (2003).
Propaganda and Zionist Education: The Jewish National Fund
'. Boydell & Brewer. .
* Ben-David, Arieh (1995). ''Safad : the transition period from the termination of the British Mandate until the implementation of the State of Israel postal service''. World Philatelic Congress of Israel, Holy Land, and Judaica Societies.
* Berkowitz, Michael (1993).
Zionist Culture and West European Jewry Before the First World War
'. Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press in the world. It is also the King's Printer.
Cambridge University Pre ...
. .
* Birken, Andreas (2003). ''Die Poststempel = The postmarks''. Volumes Beirut and Suriye. Hamburg: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osmanisches Reich/Türkei, ©2007. (CD-ROM)
* Bristowe, Sydney (2003).
Sargon the Magnificent
'. Kessinger. .
* Brown, Reginald A. (1979).
Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies
'. Boydell & Brewer. .
* Cohen, Israel (1951). ''A Short History of Zionism''. London.
* Coles, John H. and Howard E. Walker (1987). ''Postal cancellations of the Ottoman Empire. Part 2: the lost territories in Africa and Asia.'' London & Bournemouth: Christie's Robson Lowe. .
* Collins, Norman J. and Anton Steichele (2000). ''The Ottoman post and telegraph offices in Palestine and Sinai''. London: Sahara. .
* Collins, Norman J. (1959). ''Italian ship mail from Palestine and Israel.''. In: ''The BAPIP Bulletin''. No. 28.
* Dorfman, David (1985). ''Palestine Mandate postmarks.'' Sarasota, Fla.: Tower Of David.
* Dorfman, David (1989). ''The postage stamps of Palestine: 1918–1948.
* Firebrace, John A. (1991). ''British Empire campaigns and occupations in the Near East, 1914–1924: a postal history.'' London & Bournemouth: Christie's Robson Lowe. .
* Fisher, John (1999).
Curzon and British Imperialism in the Middle East, 1916-1919
'. Routledge
Routledge () is a British multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanities, behavioural science, education, law ...
. .
* Fluri, Ernst (1973). ''The minhelet ha’am period : (1 to 15 May 1948)''. World Philatelic Congress of Israel, Holy Land and Judaica Societies.
* Forsyth, James B. (1861).
A Few Months in the East, Or, A Glimpse of the Red, the Dead, and the Black Seas
'. University of Michigan
, mottoeng = "Arts, Knowledge, Truth"
, former_names = Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania (1817–1821)
, budget = $10.3 billion (2021)
, endowment = $17 billion (2021)As o ...
.
* Gibbon, Edward (1837).
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
'. Oxford University
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to th ...
.
* Goldstein, Carlos and Emil S. Dickstein (1983). ''Haifa and Jaffa postmarks of the Palestine Mandate.'' Beachwood, Oh.: Society of Israel Philatelists.
* Groten, Arthur H. (1988). ''The postmarks of Mandate Tel Aviv.'' Beachwood, Oh.: Society of Israel Philatelists.
* Hitti, Phillip K. (1996).
The Arabs: A Short History
'. Regnery Gateway. .
* Hitti, Phillip K. (2004).
History of Syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine
'. Gorgias. .
* Hoexter, Werner (1970). ''The stamps of Palestine: I. The stamps issued during the period of the military administration (1918 to 1 July 1920).'' World Philatelic Congress of Israel, Holy Land, and Judaica Societies.
*
Ideology and Landscape in Historical Perspective
'. Alan R. Baker and Gideon Biger; editors. Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press in the world. It is also the King's Printer.
Cambridge University Pre ...
. .
* Levy, Thomas E. (1995).
The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land
'. Continuum. .
* Lindenberg, Paul P. (1926). ''Das Postwesen Palästinas vor der britischen Besetzung''. Vienna: Die Postmarke.
* Mayo, Menachim M. (1984). ''Cilicie : occupation militaire francaise.'' New York.
* Oliver, Anthony R. and Anthony Atmore (2001).
Medieval Africa, 1250-1800
'. Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press in the world. It is also the King's Printer.
Cambridge University Pre ...
. .
* ''Palestine: Stamps (1865–1981)''. Beirut: Dar Al-Fata Al-Arabi, 1981.
* Shaath, Nabeel Ali and Hasna' Mikdashi (1981). ''Palestine: Stamps (1865–1981)''. Beirut: Dar al-Fata al-Arabi, 1985 (2nd ed.)
* Porter, Josias L. (1858).
A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine
'. Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...
.
* Proud, Edward B. (2006). ''The postal history of Palestine and Transjordan.'' Heathfield. . First edition (1985): ''The postal history of British Palestine 1918-1948.''
* Rachwalsky, E. (1957). ''Notes on the Italian post office in Jerusalem.'' In: ''The BAPIP Bulletin''. No. 21, pp. 16–18.
* Rachwalsky, E. and A. Jacobs (1962). ''The civilian German postal services in Palestine, 1898-1914.'' In: ''BAPIP Bulletin''. No. 39, pp. 5–8, and no, 40, pp. 12–13.
* Reid, Donald M. (1984). ''The symbolism of postage stamps: A source for the historian.'' In: ''Journal of Contemporary History'', 19:2, pp. 223–249.
* Rosenzweig, Rafael N. (1989).
The Economic Consequences of Zionism
'. BRILL. .
* Runciman, Steven and Elizabeth Jeffreys (2006).
Byzantine style, religion and civilization : in honour of Sir Steven Runciman
'. Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press in the world. It is also the King's Printer.
Cambridge University Pre ...
. .
* Sacher, Michael M. (1995). ''The postal markings of Mandate Palestine: 1917-1948.'' London: Royal Philatelic Society. .
* Shahin, Mariam (2005). ''Palestine: A Guide.'' Interlink. pp. 421–423.
* Siegel, Marvin (1964). ''The "postage paid" markings of Palestine and Israel.'' In: ''The BAPIP Bulletin''. No. 45, p. 16.
* Sicker, Martin (1999).
Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922
'. Greenwood. .
* Silverstein, Adam J. (2007).
Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World
'. Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press in the world. It is also the King's Printer.
Cambridge University Pre ...
. .
* Steichele, Anton (1990/1991). ''The foreign post offices in Palestine : 1840–1918''. 2 vols. Chicago: World Philatelic Congress of Israel, Holy Land, and Judaica Societies.
* Tranmer, Keith (1976). ''Austrian post offices abroad : part eight ; Austrian Lloyd, Liechtenstein, Cyprus, Egypt, Palestine, Syria-Lebanon, Asia Minor.'' Tranmer.
* Yoder, Christine E. (2001). ''Wisdom As a Woman of Substance: A Socioeconomic Reading of Proverbs 1-9''. deGruyter. .
* Zywietz, Tobias
A Short Introduction To The Philately Of Palestine
Further reading
* 20th anniversary publication, World Philatelic Congress of Israel Holy Land & Judaica Societies. World Philatelic Congress of Israel, Holy Land and Judaica Societies. Downsview, Ont., Canada: The WPC, 1986.
* Ashkenazy, Danielle. ''Not Just for Stamp Collectors.'' Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Feb. 25 199
See als
Israeli government description
* Bale, Michael H. (ed.). ''Holyland catalogue: stamps & postal history during the rule of the Ottoman Empire: Turkish & foreign post offices.'' Tel-Aviv: Chariot Global Marketing, 1999.
* Bard, Dr. Leslie A. ''Commercial Airmail Rates from Palestine to North America : 3 August 1933 to 30 April 1948.'' In: ''Israel Philatelist.'' 57:5, Oct
* Blau, Fred F. ''The air mail history of the Holyland.'' hicago 1988.
* Blau, Fred F. ''The Allied Military Air Mail to and from Palestine in WWII.'' In: ''Holy Land Postal History'' 1987 Autumn.
* Blau, Fred F. ''Air accident mail to and from Palestine and Israel.'' In ''The BAPIP Bulletin.'' No. 107-8, 1984
* Hirst, Herman H. and John C.W. Fields ''Palestine and Israel: Air Post History eview'' In: ''The BAPIP Bulletin.'' No. 8, 1954, p. 29.
* Lachman, S. ''Postage rates in Palestine and Israel.'' In: ''The BAPIP Bulletin''. No. 2, 1952, p. 13–14
* McSpadden, Joseph Walker (1930). ''How They Carried the Mail: From the Post Runners of King Sargon to the Air Mail of Today.'' University of California
The University of California (UC) is a public land-grant research university system in the U.S. state of California. The system is composed of the campuses at Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego, San Franci ...
.
External links
A Short Introduction to the Philately of Palestine
(includes links for Collectors Societies and extensive bibliography)
Society of Israel Philatelists (SIP)
Cercle Français Philatélique d'Israël (CFPI)
(fr)
Ottoman and Near East Philatelic Society (ONEPS)
by Tony Goldstone
{{DEFAULTSORT:Postage Stamps And Postal History Of Palestine
History of Palestine (region)
Philately of Palestine