Porto, Portugal

Porto or Oporto () is the second-largest city in Portugal, the capital of the Porto District, and one of the Iberian Peninsula's major urban areas. Porto city proper, which is the entire municipality of Porto, is small compared to its metropolitan area, with an estimated population of just 231,800 people in a municipality with only 41.42 km². Porto's metropolitan area has around 1.7 million people (2021) in an area of ,Demographia: World Urban Areas
March 2010 making it the second-largest urban area in Portugal. It is recognized as a global city with a Gamma + rating from the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.

Located along the Douro River estuary in northern Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest European centres, and its core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996, as "Historic Centre of Porto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar". The historic area is also a National Monument of Portugal. The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Its settlement dates back many centuries, when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire. Its combined Celtic-Latin name, Portus Cale, has been referred to as the origin of the name ''Portugal'', based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin. In Portuguese, the name of the city includes a definite article: '' o Porto'' ("the port" or "the harbor"), which is where its English name "Oporto" comes from.

Port wine, one of Portugal's most famous exports, is named after Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in particular the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia, were responsible for the packaging, transport, and export of fortified wine. In 2014 and 2017, Porto was elected ''The Best European Destination'' by the Best European Destinations Agency. Porto is on the Portuguese Way path of the Camino de Santiago.

History

Early history

Proto-Celtic and Celtic people were among the first known inhabitants of the area. Ruins of that period have been discovered in several areas. Archaeological findings reveal that there were also human settlements at the mouth of the Douro River as early as 8th century BC, which hints to a Phoenician trading settlement there.

During the Roman occupation of the Iberian Peninsula, the city developed as an important commercial port, primarily in the trade between ''Olissipona'' (the modern Lisbon) and ''Bracara Augusta'' (the modern Braga). Porto was also important during the Suebian and Visigothic times, and a centre for the expansion of Christianity during that period.

Porto fell under the control of the Moors during the invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 711. In 868, Vímara Peres, an Asturian count from Gallaecia, and a vassal of the King of Asturias, Léon and Galicia, Alfonso III, was sent to reconquer and secure the lands back into Christian hands. This included the area from the Minho to the Douro River: the settlement of ''Portus Cale'' and the area that is known as Vila Nova de Gaia. Portus Cale, later referred to as Portucale, was the origin for the modern name of Portugal. In 868, Count Vímara Peres established the County of Portugal, or ( pt, Condado de Portucale), usually known as ''Condado Portucalense'' after reconquering the region north of Douro.

In 1387, Porto was the site of the marriage of John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt; this symbolized a long-standing military alliance between Portugal and England. The Portuguese-English alliance (see the Treaty of Windsor) is the world's oldest recorded military alliance.


In the 14th and 15th centuries, Porto's shipyards contributed to the development of Portuguese shipbuilding. Also from the port of Porto, in 1415, Prince Henry the Navigator (son of John I of Portugal) embarked on the conquest of the Moorish port of Ceuta, in northern Morocco. This expedition by the king and his fleet, which included Prince Henry, was followed by navigation and exploration along the western coast of Africa, initiating the Portuguese Age of Discovery. The nickname given to the people of Porto began in those days; Portuenses are to this day, colloquially, referred to as ''tripeiros'' (''tripe peoples''), referring to this period of history, when higher-quality cuts of meat were shipped from Porto with their sailors, while off-cuts and by-products, such as tripe, were left behind for the citizens of Porto; tripe remains a culturally important dish in modern-day Porto.

18th century

By the 13th century, the wine produced in the Douro valley was already transported to Porto in ''barcos rabelos'' (flat sailing vessels). In 1703, the Methuen Treaty established the trade relations between Portugal and England. In 1717, the first English trading post was established in Porto. The production of port wine then gradually passed into the hands of a few English firms. To counter this dominance, Prime Minister Marquis of Pombal established a Portuguese firm receiving the monopoly of the wines from the Douro valley. He demarcated the region for the production of port, to ensure the wine's quality; this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. The small winegrowers revolted against his strict policies on Shrove Tuesday, burning down the buildings of this firm. The revolt was called ''Revolta dos Borrachos'' (revolt of the drunkards).

Between 1732 and 1763, Italian architect Nicolau Nasoni designed a baroque church with a tower that became its architectural and visual icon: the Torre dos Clérigos (English: Clerics' Tower).
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became an important industrial centre and its size and population increased.

19th century

The invasion of the Napoleonic troops in Portugal under Marshal Soult brought war to the city of Porto. On 29 March 1809, as the population fled from the advancing French troopsSmithGlover and tried to cross the river Douro over the ''Ponte das Barcas'' (a pontoon bridge), the bridge collapsed under the weight. This event is still remembered by a plate at the Ponte D. Luis I. The French Army was rooted out of Porto by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, when his Anglo-Portuguese Army crossed the Douro River from the Mosteiro da Serra do Pilar (a former convent) in a brilliant daylight ''coup de main'', using wine barges to transport the troops, outflanking the French Army.

On 24 August 1820, a liberal revolution occurred, quickly spreading without resistance to the rest of the country. It began with a military insurrection in the city of Porto. In 1822, a liberal constitution was accepted, partly through the efforts of the liberal assembly of Porto (Junta do Porto). When Miguel I of Portugal took the Portuguese throne in 1828, he rejected this constitution and reigned as an antiliberal, absolutist monarch. A Civil War was then fought from 1828 to 1834 between those supporting Constitutionalism, and those opposed to this change, keen on near-absolutism and led by D. Miguel. Porto rebelled again and had to undergo a siege of eighteen months between 1832 and 1833 by the absolutist army. Porto is also called "Cidade Invicta" (English: Unvanquished City) after successfully resisting the Miguelist siege. After the abdication of King Miguel, the liberal constitution was re-established.

Known as the city of bridges, Porto built its first permanent bridge, the ''Ponte das Barcas'' (a pontoon bridge), in 1806. Three years later, it collapsed under the weight of thousands of fugitives from the French invasions during the Peninsular War, causing thousands of deaths. It was replaced by the Ponte D. Maria II, popularised under the name ''Ponte Pênsil'' ( suspended bridge) and built between 1841 and 1843; only its supporting pylons have remained. The '' Ponte D. Maria'', a railway bridge, was inaugurated on 4 November of 1877; it was considered a feat of wrought iron engineering and was designed by Gustave Eiffel, notable for his Parisian tower. The later Ponte Dom Luís I replaced the aforementioned Ponte Pênsil. This last bridge was made by Teophile Seyrig, a former partner of Eiffel. Seyrig won a governmental competition that took place in 1879. Building began in 1881 and the bridge was opened to the public on 31 October 1886.

A higher-learning institution in nautical sciences (Aula de Náutica, 1762) and a stock exchange (Bolsa do Porto, 1834 – 1910) were established in the city, but were discontinued later.

Unrest by Republicans led to the first revolt against the monarchy in Porto on 31 January 1891. This resulted ultimately in the overthrow of the monarchy and proclamation of the republic by the 5 October 1910 revolution.

20th century

On 19 January 1919, forces favourable to the restoration of the monarchy launched a counter-revolution in Porto known as Monarchy of the North. During this time, Porto was the capital of the restored kingdom, as the movement was contained to the north. The monarchy was deposed less than a month later and no other monarchist revolution in Portugal happened again.

The historic centre of Porto was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. The World Heritage Site is defined in two concentric zones; the "Protected area", and within it the "Classified area". The Classified area comprises the medieval borough located inside the 14th-century Romanesque wall.

Geography

In 1996, UNESCO recognised Porto's historic centre as a World Heritage Site. Among the architectural highlights of the city, Porto Cathedral is the oldest surviving structure, together with the small romanesque Church of Cedofeita, the gothic Igreja de São Francisco (Church of Saint Francis), the remnants of the city walls and a few 15th-century houses. The baroque style is well represented in the city in the elaborate gilt work interior decoration of the churches of St. Francis (''São Francisco'') and St. Claire (''Santa Clara''), the churches of Mercy (''Misericórdia'') and of the Clerics ('' Clérigos''), the Episcopal Palace of Porto, and others. The neoclassicism and romanticism of the 19th and 20th centuries also added interesting monuments to the landscape of the city, like the magnificent Stock Exchange Palace (''Palácio da Bolsa''), the Hospital of Saint Anthony, the Municipality, the buildings in the Liberdade Square and the ''Avenida dos Aliados'', the tile-adorned São Bento railway station and the gardens of the Crystal Palace (''Palácio de Cristal''). A guided visit to the Palácio da Bolsa, and in particular, the Arab Room is a major tourist attraction.

Many of the city's oldest houses are at risk of collapsing. The population in Porto municipality dropped by nearly 100,000 since the 1980s, but the number of permanent residents in the outskirts and satellite towns has grown strongly.

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 7 civil parishes ('' freguesias''):
* Aldoar, Foz do Douro e Nevogilde
* Bonfim
*Campanhã
*Cedofeita, Santo Ildefonso, Sé, Miragaia, São Nicolau e Vitória
*Lordelo do Ouro e Massarelos
* Paranhos
*Ramalde

Climate

Porto features a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: ''Csb''), with influences of an oceanic climate (''Cfb''), like northern Spain. As a result, its climate shares many characteristics with the warm, dry Mediterranean climates of southern Europe and the wet marine west coast climates of the North Atlantic, providing it warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Cool and rainy days can, occasionally, interrupt the dry season. These occasional summer rainy periods may last a few days and are characterised by showers and cool temperatures around in the afternoon. The annual precipitation is high and concentrated in the winter months, making Porto one of the wettest major cities of Europe. However, long periods with warmer temperatures and sunny days are frequent even during the rainiest months.

Summers are typically sunny, with average temperatures between , but can rise to as high as during occasional heat waves. During such heatwaves, the humidity remains quite low. Nearby beaches are often windy and usually cooler than the urban areas. Summer average temperatures are a few degrees cooler than those expected in more continentally Mediterranean-influenced Portuguese cities because of the oceanic influence.

Winter temperatures typically range between early in the morning and in the afternoon, but rarely drop below at night. The weather is often rainy for long stretches, although prolonged sunny periods do occur.

Politics and government

Local election results 1976–2021

Active political parties established in Porto

The Portuguese party ''Iniciativa Liberal'' (IL), founded and headquartered in Porto, is the only Portuguese party represented in parliament which is headquartered out of Lisbon area.

Demographics

Breaking down the population further shows that there is a higher percentage of women than men. Estimates from 2016 show that the population is 55% female, compared to 45% male. The largest age group, according to 2016 estimates, is 60 to 69, followed by residents in the 50 to 59 demographic. The majority 93.7% of residents were born in Portugal. The city also has residents that originally were born in Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, and countries across Europe. Porto has seen its population climb over the years and with a thriving economy and a growing tourism industry, the population is only expected to continue to increase in the upcoming years.

Economy

Porto plus the conurbation to which it belongs and has Porto municipality as its central core forming the nucleus of the conurbation, is a major industrial and financial center of both Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula. As the most important city in the heavily industrialized northwest, many of the largest Portuguese corporations from diverse Economy, economic sectors, like Altri, Ambar – Ideas on Paper S.A., Ambar, Corticeira Amorim, Amorim, Bial, Banco Português de Investimento, BPI, Cerealis, Corporação Industrial do Norte, CIN, Cofina, EFACEC, Frulact, Lactogal, Banco Comercial Português, Millennium bcp, Porto Editora, Grupo RAR, RAR, Sonae, Sonae Indústria, and Super Bock Group, are headquartered in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto, most notably, in the core municipalities of Maia (city), Maia, Matosinhos, Porto, and Vila Nova de Gaia.

The city's former stock exchange (Euronext Lisbon, Bolsa do Porto) was transformed into the largest Futures exchange, derivatives exchange of Portugal, and merged with Euronext Lisbon, Lisbon Stock Exchange to create the Euronext Lisbon, Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa e Porto, which eventually merged with Euronext, together with Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris stock and futures exchanges. The building formerly hosting the stock exchange is currently one of the city's touristic attractions, with the Salão Árabe (Arab Room in English) being its major highlight. The Banco Português de Fomento (BPF), a Portuguese state-owned development bank established in 2020, is headquartered in Porto.

Porto hosts a popular Portuguese newspaper, ''Jornal de Notícias''. The building where its offices are located (which has the same name as the newspaper) was at a time one of the tallest in the city (it has been superseded by a number of modern buildings which have been built since the 1990s).

Porto Editora, one of the biggest Portuguese publishers, is also located in Porto. Its dictionaries are among the most popular references used in the country, and the translations are very popular as well.

The economic relations between the city of Porto and the Upper Douro River have been documented since the Middle Ages. However, they were greatly deepened in the modern ages. Indeed, sumach, dry fruits and Nut (fruit), nuts and the Douro olive oils sustained prosperous exchanges between the region and Porto. From the riverside quays at the river mouth, these products were exported to other markets of the Old World, Old and New World. However, the greatest lever to interregional trade relations resulted from the commercial dynamics of the Port wine (''Vinho do Porto'') agro-industry. It decidedly bolstered the complementary relationship between the large coastal urban centre, endowed with open doors to the sea, and a region with significant agricultural potential, especially in terms of the production of extremely high quality fortified wines, known by the world-famous label ''Port''. The development of Porto was also closely connected with the left margin of River Douro in Vila Nova de Gaia, where is located the amphitheatre-shaped slope with the Port wine cellars.

The city is very much the gateway to Portugal's northern region as well as the northern and western areas of Spain. Within a two-hour drive of Porto's airport there are four Unesco World Heritage sites and popular Spanish tourist hotspots such as Santiago de Compostela.
In a study concerning Competition (companies), competitiveness of the 18 Portuguese district capitals, Porto was the worst-ranked. The study was made by Minho University economics researchers and was published in Público (Portugal), Público newspaper on 30 September 2006. The best-ranked cities in the study were Évora, Lisbon and Coimbra. Nevertheless, the validity of this study was questioned by some Porto notable figures (such as local politicians and businesspersons) who argued that the city proper does not function independently but in conurbation with other municipalities. A 2007 ranking published in ''Expresso (Portuguese newspaper), Expresso'' ranked Porto as the third best city to live in Portugal – tied with Évora and below Guimarães and Lisbon.

The Porto metropolitan area had a List of cities by GDP, GDP amounting to $43.0 billion, and $21,674 per capita.

Tourism

Over the last few years, Porto has experienced significant tourism increases, which may be partly linked to the Ryanair hub at Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport. Porto won the European Best Destination 2012, 2014 and 2017 awards.

The city received 2.8 million overnight visitors and 1.4 million day trippers between January and November 2017, with 73% from other countries. Tourism revenue has been increasing by over 11%, according to a 2018 report.

According to a February 2019 report, over 10% of economic activity in Porto is generated by tourism. The hotel occupancy rate in 2017 was 77%. A scholarly study published in June 2019 stated that "Porto is one of the fastest-growing European tourist destinations that has experienced
exponential growth in the demand for city-break tourists".

Transport

Roads and bridges

The road system capacity is augmented by the ''Via de Cintura Interna'' or A20, an internal highway connected to several motorways and city exits, complementing the ''Circunvalação'' 4-lane peripheric road, which borders the north of the city and connects the eastern side of the city to the Atlantic shore. The city is connected to Valença (Viana do Castelo) by highway A28, to Estarreja (Aveiro, Portugal, Aveiro) by the A29, to Lisbon by the A1, to Bragança, Portugal, Bragança by the A4 and to Braga by the A3. There is also an outer-ring road, the A41, that connects all the main cities around Porto, linking the city to other major metropolitan highways such as the A7, A11, A42, A43 and A44. Since 2011, a new highway, the A32, connects the metropolitan area to São João da Madeira and Oliveira de Azeméis.

The Dom Luís I Bridge (Ponte de Dom Luís I) is a double-deck metal arch bridge that spans the River Douro between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia. Built in 1886, its 172 metres (564 ft) span was then the longest of its type in the world. The top-level is used for the Porto Metro trains, with an option for pedestrians; the lower level carries traffic and pedestrians.

During the 20th century, major bridges were built: ''Arrábida Bridge'', which at its opening had the biggest concrete supporting arch in the world, and connects the north and south shores of the Douro on the west side of the city, ''Ponte de São João, S. João'', to replace ''D. Maria Pia'' and ''Freixo Bridge, Freixo'', a highway bridge on the east side of the city. The newest bridge is Infante Dom Henrique Bridge, finished in 2003. Two more bridges are said to be under designing stages and due to be built in the next 10 years, one on the Campo Alegre area, nearby the Faculty of Humanities and the Arts, and another one in the area known as the Massarelos valley.

Porto is often referred to as ''Cidade das Pontes'' (City of the Bridges), besides its more traditional nicknames of "Cidade Invicta" (Unconquered/ Invincible City) and "Capital do Norte" (Capital of the North).

Cruising

In July 2015 a new Porto Leixões Cruise Terminal, cruise terminal was opened at the port of Leixões, which is north of the city in Matosinhos.

Airports

Porto is served by Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport which is located in Pedras Rubras, Moreira da Maia civil parish of the neighbouring Maia (city), Municipality of Maia, some to the north-west of the city centre. The airport underwent a massive programme of refurbishment due to the UEFA Euro 2004, Euro 2004 football championships being partly hosted in the city. It is connected to central Porto by metro’s line E.

Public transport

Railways

Porto's main railway station is Campanhã railway station, located in the eastern part of the city and connected to the lines of Douro (Peso da Régua/Tua/Pocinho), Minho (Barcelos/Viana do Castelo/Valença) and centre of Portugal (on the main line to Aveiro, Portugal, Aveiro, Coimbra and Lisbon).

From Campanhã station, both Porto Metro, light rail and Regional rail, suburban rail services connect to the city center. The main central station is São Bento railway station, São Bento Station, which is itself a notable landmark in the heart of Porto. This station was built between 1900 and 1916, based on plans by architect José Marques da Silva. The large panels of azulejo tile were designed by Jorge Colaço; the murals represent moments in the country's history and rural scenes showing the people of various regions.

Porto is connected with Lisbon via high-speed trains, ''Alfa Pendular'', that cover the distance in 2h 42min. The intercities take slightly more than 3 hours to cover the same distance. In addition, Porto is connected to the Spanish city of Vigo with the Celta train, running twice every day, a 2h 20 min trip.

Light rail

Currently, the major network is the Porto Metro, a light rail system. Consequently, the Infante bridge was built for urban traffic, replacing the Dom Luís I, which was dedicated to the light rail on the second and higher of the bridge's two levels. Six lines are open: lines A (blue), B (red), C (green) and E (purple) all begin at Estádio do Dragão (home to FC Porto) and terminate at Senhor de Matosinhos, Póvoa de Varzim (via Vila do Conde), ISMAI (via Maia) and Francisco Sá Carneiro airport respectively. Line D (yellow) currently runs from Hospital S. João in the north to Santo Ovídio on the southern side of the Douro river. Line F (orange), from Senhora da Hora (Matosinhos) to Fânzeres (Gondomar). The lines intersect at the central Trindade (station), Trindade station. Currently, the whole network spans using 68 stations, thus being the biggest urban rail transit system in the country.

Buses

The city has an extensive bus network run by the Sociedade de Transportes Colectivos do Porto, STCP (Sociedade dos Transportes Colectivos do Porto, or Porto Public transport Society) which also operates lines in the neighbouring cities of Vila Nova de Gaia, Gaia, Maia, Matosinhos, Gondomar, Portugal, Gondomar and Valongo. Other smaller companies connect such towns as Paços de Ferreira and Santo Tirso Municipality, Santo Tirso to the town center. In the past, the city also had trolleybuses. A bus journey is 2.00 €, which must be paid in cash.

Trams

A Trams in Porto, tram (streetcar) network, of which only three lines remain one of them being a tourist line on the shores of the Douro, saw its construction begin on 12 September 1895, therefore being the first in the Iberian Peninsula. The lines in operation all use vintage tramcars, so the service has become a Heritage streetcar, heritage tramway. STCP also operates these routes as well as a Porto Tram Museum, tram museum. The first line of the area's modern-tram, or light rail system, named ''Porto Metro, Metro do Porto'', opened for revenue service in January 2003 (after a brief period of Free public transport, free, introductory service in December 2002).

Porto public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Porto, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 47 minutes. About 6.5% of public transit riders ride for more than two hours every day. The average time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 minutes, while 17.4% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people ride in a single trip with public transit is 6 km, while 5% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.

Culture

In 2001, Porto shared the designation European Capital of Culture, European Culture Capital with Rotterdam. In the scope of these events, the construction of the major concert hall space Casa da Música, designed by the Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas, was initiated and finished in 2005.

The first Portuguese moving pictures were taken in Porto by Aurélio da Paz dos Reis and shown there on 12 November 1896 in the Teatro do Príncipe Real do Porto, less than a year after the first public presentation by Auguste and Louis Lumière. The country's first movie studios Invicta Filmes was also erected in Porto in 1917 and was open from 1918 to 1927 in the area of Carvalhido. Manoel de Oliveira, a Portuguese film director and the oldest director in the world to be active until his death in 2015, was from Porto. Fantasporto is an international film festival organized in Porto every year. The DCEU film ''The Suicide Squad (film), The Suicide Squad'' (2021) written and directed by James Gunn based on a Suicide Squad story, shows the city twice in the movie, in which shows us Daniela Melchior a Portuguese actress, who portrays Ratcatcher 2 in which the character is the heart of the film, a Portugal, Portuguese version of Ratcatcher (comics), Ratcatcher.

Many renowned Music of Portugal, Portuguese music artists and cult bands such as GNR (band), GNR, Rui Veloso, Sérgio Godinho, Clã, Pluto (Portuguese band), Pluto, :pt:Os Azeitonas, Azeitonas and Ornatos Violeta are from the city or its metropolitan area.
Porto has several museums, concert halls, theaters, cinemas, Art museum, art galleries, libraries and bookshops. The best-known museums of Porto are the National Museum Soares dos Reis (''Museu Nacional de Soares dos Reis''), which is dedicated especially to the Portuguese Art movement, artistic movements from the 16th to the 20th century, and the Museum of Contemporary Art of the Serralves Foundation (''Museu de Arte Contemporânea'').

The city has concert halls such as the Coliseu do Porto by the Portuguese architect Cassiano Branco, an example of the Portuguese decorative arts. Other notable venues include the historical São João National Theatre, the ''Rivoli'' theatre, the ''Cinema Batalha (Porto), Batalha cinema'' and ''Casa da Música'', inaugurated in 2005. The city has the Lello Bookshop, which is frequently rated among the top bookstores in the world.

Porto houses the largest synagogue in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the largest in Europe – Kadoorie Synagogue, inaugurated in 1938.

Entertainment

Porto's most popular event is St. John (Festa de São João, São João Festival) on the night of 23–24 June. In this season it's a tradition to have a vase with bush basil decorated with a small poem. During the dinner of the great day, people usually eat sardines and boiled potatoes together with red wine.

Another major event is Queima das Fitas, which starts on the first Sunday of May and ends on the second Sunday of the month. Basically, before the beginning of the Study hall, study period preceding the school year's last exams, academia tries to have as much fun as possible. The week has 12 major events, starting with the Monumental Serenata on Sunday, and reaching its peak with the Cortejo Académico on Tuesday, when about 50,000 students of the city's higher education institutions march through the downtown streets till they reach the city hall. During every night of the week, a series of concerts takes place on the Queimódromo, next to the city's park, where it is also a tradition for the students in their second-to-last year to erect small tents where alcoholic beverages, alcohol is sold to finance the trip that takes place during the last year of their course of study; an average of 50,000 students attend these events.

Porto was considered the fourth-best value destination for 2012, by Lonely Planet.

Arts

Porto was the birthplace in 1856 of Susanna Roope Dockery, an Anglo-Portuguese watercolour painter who produced many paintings of the city and the people and landscape of the surrounding rural areas. An Englishman, Frederick William Flower, moved to Porto in 1834 at the age of 19 to work in the wine trade and subsequently became a pioneer of photography in Portugal. Like Dockery, he drew his inspiration from the city, the Douro river and the rural areas.

In 2005, the municipality funded a Public art, public sculpture to be built in the Waterfront Plaza of Matosinhos. The resulting sculpture is entitled ''She Changes'' by American artist, Janet Echelman, and spans the height of 50 × 150 × 150 metres.

Architecture

Due to its long history, the city of Porto carries immense architectural patrimony. From the Romanesque architecture, Romanesque Porto Cathedral, Cathedral to the Social Housing projects developed through the late 20th century, much could be said surrounding architecture.

Porto is home to the Porto School of Architecture, one of the most prestigious architecture schools in Europe and the world. It is also home to two earners of the Pritzker Architecture Prize (two former students of the aforementioned Porto School of Architecture, school): Álvaro Siza Vieira and Eduardo Souto de Moura.

This historic area includes the cathedral with its Romanesque choir, the neoclassical Stock Exchange and the Manueline-style Church of Santa Clara. The entire historic centre has been a National Monument since 2001 under Law No. 107/2001. The "Historic Centre of Porto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar" is a Unesco World Heritage site.

Gastronomy

Porto is home to a number of dishes from traditional Portuguese cuisine. A typical dish from this city is ''Tripas à Moda do Porto'' (Tripe Porto style). ''Bacalhau à Gomes de Sá'' (cod in the style of Gomes de Sá) is another typical codfish dish born in Porto and popular in Portugal.

The ''Francesinha'' is the most popular native snack food in Porto. It is a kind of sandwich with several types of meat covered with cheese and a special sauce made with beer and other ingredients.

Rojões (fried pork meat) and sarrabulho (pig blood-based dish) are also typical dishes of North Region, Portugal, Norte Region which are very popular in the regional capital, the city of Porto. Like in almost all coastal areas of the Portuguese littoral with wide availability of fresh fish, sardinha assada (grilled sardine) is also an usual, classic main dish.

Port wine, an internationally renowned wine, is widely accepted as the city's dessert wine, especially as the wine is made along the Douro River, which runs through the city.

Education

The city has a large number of public and private education in Portugal, elementary and secondary schools, as well as kindergartens and nurseries. The oldest and largest international school located in Porto is the Oporto British School, established in 1894. There are more international schools in the city, such as the Lycée Français International de Porto, French School, the Deutsche Schule zu Porto, and the Oporto International School, which were created in the 20th century.

Higher education

Porto has several institutions of higher education, the largest one being the state-managed University of Porto (''Universidade do Porto''), which is the second largest Portuguese university, after the University of Lisbon, with approximately 28,000 students and considered one of the 100 best Universities in Europe. There is also a state-managed polytechnic (Portugal), polytechnic institute, the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto (a group of technical colleges), and private institutions like the Lusíada University of Porto, Fernando Pessoa University, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), the Porto's Higher Education School of Arts (''ESAP- Escola Superior Artística do Porto'') and a Vatican City, Vatican state university, the Catholic University of Portugal, Portuguese Catholic University in Porto (''Universidade Católica Portuguesa – Porto'') and the Portucalense University in Porto (''Universidade Portucalense – Infante D. Henrique''). Due to the recognition, potential for employment and higher revenue, there are many students from the entire country, particularly from the Norte Region, Portugal, north of Portugal, attending a college or university in Porto.

For foreigners wishing to study Portuguese in the city there are a number of options. As the most popular city in Portugal for Erasmus Programme, ERASMUS students, most universities have facilities to assist foreigners in learning the language. There are also several private language learning institutions in the city.

Sport

Porto, in addition to football stadia since football is by far the most popular sport in Porto and across the entire country, is home to many athletic sports arenas, most notably the city-owned Super Bock Arena (formerly Pavilhão Rosa Mota), swimming pools in the area of ''Constituição'' (between the ''Marquês'' and ''Boavista''), and other minor arenas, such as the ''Pavilhão do Académico'', as well as to other sports fields. These sports arenas, swimming pools and sports fields are used for the practice of sports, including varsity and competitive professional sports, in a diversity of sport disciplines ranging from handball, basketball, futsal and field hockey to rink hockey, volleyball, water polo and rugby.

Porto is home to northern Portugal's only Cricket club, the Oporto Cricket and Lawn Tennis Club. Annually, for more than 100 years, a match (the Kendall Cup) has been played between the Porto Club and the Casuals Club of Lisbon, in addition to regular games against touring teams (mainly from England). The club's pitch is located off the ''Rua Campo Alegre''.

In 1958 and 1960, Porto's streets hosted the Formula One Portuguese Grand Prix on the Circuito da Boavista, Boavista street circuit, which are reenacted annually, in addition to a World Touring Car Championship race.

Every year in October the Porto Marathon is held through the streets of the old city of Porto.

Football

As in most Portuguese cities, Association football, football is the most popular sport. There are two main teams in Porto: FC Porto in the parish of Campanhã, in the eastern part of the city and Boavista F.C., Boavista in the area of Boavista in the parish of Ramalde, in the western part of the city, close to the city centre. FC Porto is one of the "Big Three (Portugal), Big Three" teams in the main Portuguese football league, and was European champion in 1987 and 2004, won the UEFA Cup (2003) and Europa League (2011) and the Intercontinental Toyota Cup in 1987 and 2004. Boavista have won the championship once, in the 2000–01 Primeira Liga, 2000–01 season and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup in 2003, where they lost 2–1 to Celtic F.C., Celtic.

Formerly, S.C. Salgueiros, Salgueiros from Paranhos, Porto, Paranhos was a regular first division club during the 1980s and 1990s but, due to financial indebtedness, the club folded in the 2000s. The club was S.C. Salgueiros 08, refounded in 2008 and began playing at the regional level. They now play at the third level of Portugal's national football pyramid.

The biggest stadiums in the city are FC Porto's Estádio do Dragão and Boavista's Estádio do Bessa. The first team in Porto to own a stadium was Académico F.C., Académico, who played in the ''Estádio do Lima'', Académico was one of the eight teams to dispute the first division. Salgueiros, sold the grounds of Estádio Engenheiro Vidal Pinheiro field to the Porto Metro and planned on building a new field in the ''Arca d'Água'' area of Porto. Located a few hundred metres away from the old grounds, it became impossible to build on this plot of land due to a large underground water pocket, and, consequently, they moved to the Estádio do Mar (owned by Leixões S.C.) in the neighboring Matosinhos municipality. For the UEFA Euro 2004, Euro 2004 football competition, held in Portugal, the Estádio do Dragão was built (replacing the old Estádio das Antas) and the Estádio do Bessa was renovated.

Basketball

The FC Porto (basketball), FC Porto's basketball team plays its home games at the Dragão Caixa. Its squad won the second most championships in the history of Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol, Portugal's 1st Division. Traditionally, the club provides the Portuguese national basketball team with numerous key players.

Twin towns – sister cities

Porto is Sister city, twinned with:

* Liège, Belgium (1977)
* Ndola, Zambia (1978)
* Nagasaki, Japan (1978)
* Recife, Brazil (1981)
* Jena, Germany (1984)
* Bristol, England, UK (1984)
* Vigo, Spain (1986)
* Beira, Mozambique, Beira, Mozambique (1989)
* Bordeaux, France (1990)
* Duruelo de la Sierra, Spain (1989)
* São Vicente, Cape Verde, São Vicente, Cape Verde (1993)
* Lembá District, Lembá, São Tomé and Príncipe (1994)
* Shanghai, China (1995)
* Macau, China (1997)
* Luanda, Angola (1999)
* León, Spain, León, Spain (2001)
* Santos, São Paulo, Santos, Brazil (2015)
* Guatemala city, Guatemala (2015)
* Shenzhen, China (2016)
* Marsala, Italy (2016)
* Timișoara, Romania (2018)

Notable people

Explorers and public service

*Prince Henry the Navigator (1394–1460), responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other continents.
*Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia (1415–1481), nautical explorer
*Pêro Vaz de Caminha (1450–1500), wrote the letter ''Carta de Pêro Vaz de Caminha, Carta do Achamento do Brasil'', announcing the discovery of Brazil
*Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480–1521), the globe circumnavigation navigator; lived and studied in Porto
*Estêvão Gomes (c. 1483–1538), cartographer and explorer
*Duarte Coelho (c. 1485–1554), nobleman, military leader, colonial administrator and founder of Olinda in Brazil
*Brás Cubas (1507–1589), explorer, colonial administrator and founder of Santos, São Paulo, Santos in Brazil
*Inácio de Azevedo (1526–1570), Jesuit missionary
*Sir John Croft, 1st Baronet (1778–1862), English diplomat and spy for Wellington against Napoleon
*António Pinto Soares (1780–1865), List of presidents of Costa Rica, Head of State of Costa Rica in 1842
*Sir William Warre (1784–1853), English officer of the British Army
*Charles Albert of Sardinia (1798–1849), Italian monarch; died here
*António da Silva Porto (1817–1890), trader and explorer in Angola
*Venceslau de Lima (1858–1919), geologist, paleontologist, viticulturist and politician, the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1909
*Mary of the Divine Heart (1863–1899), countess Droste zu Vischering and Mother Superior of the Good Shepherd Sisters Convent; died here
*António Ferreira Gomes (1906–1989), Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Diocese of Porto, Portugal, bishop of Porto
*Kaúlza de Arriaga (1915–2004), Portuguese Army, Army general, writer, professor and politician
*Maria de Lourdes Belchior Pontes (1923–1998) a writer, poet, University of Porto, professor and diplomat
*Francisco de Sá Carneiro (1934–1980) – politician, Prime Minister of Portugal in 1980
*Manuel Clemente (born 1948) a Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinal of the Catholic Church, the Metropolitan Patriarch of Lisbon since 2013 and Roman Catholic Diocese of Porto, Portugal, bishop of Porto in 2007–2013
*José Pacheco Pereira (born 1949), politician, professor and political analyst
*Alexandre Quintanilha (born 1945), scientist and Member of Parliament, lives in Porto
*Rui Moreira (politician), Rui Moreira (born 1956), businessman and politician, Mayor of Porto
*Augusto Santos Silva (born 1956), sociologist, academic, politician and Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Portugal), Minister of Foreign Affairs
*Rui Rio (born 1957), politician, Mayor of Porto 2002–2013
*Diogo Vasconcelos (1968–2011), politician and social innovator

Arts and sciences

*Pedro de Escobar (c. 1465 – after 1535), Renaissance composer of polyphony
*Daniel de Fonseca (1672 – c. 1740), Jewish court physician
*Tomás António Gonzaga (1744 – c. 1810), Brazilian poet
*Vieira Portuense (1765–1805), painter and pioneer of Neoclassicism
*Almeida Garrett (1799–1854), writer, theatre director and liberalist
*Júlio Dinis (1839–1871), doctor and poet, playwright and novelist
*Arthur Napoleão dos Santos (1843–1925), composer and pianist
*Annibal Napoleão (1845–1880), composer and pianist
*Alfredo Napoleão (1852–1917), composer and pianist
*Artur Loureiro (1853–1932), painter, lived and worked in Porto
*António Nobre (1867–1900), poet, published Só (poetry collection), Só in 1892, a collection of poems
*Abigail de Paiva Cruz (1883–1944), naturalist painter, sculptor and feminist activist
*Guilhermina Suggia (1885–1950), cellist, lived and worked in the UK for many years
*Armando de Basto (1889–1923), painter, illustrator, sculptor and decorator
*Aurora Teixeira de Castro (1891–1931), feminist, notary and playwright
*Manoel de Oliveira (1908–2015), film director and screenwriter
*Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (1919–2004), poet and writer
*Ana Hatherly (1929–2015), poet, visual artist, essayist, film maker, painter and writer
*Álvaro Siza Vieira (born 1933), architect and architectural educator
*Maria Antónia Siza (1940–1973), artist
*Alexandre Quintanilha (born 1945), scientist, academic and politician
*Sérgio Godinho (born 1945), singer-songwriter, composer, actor, poet and author
*Armando J. L. Pombeiro, Armando Pombeiro (born 1949), chemical engineer
*Miguel Sousa Tavares (born 1952), lawyer, journalist and writer
*Eduardo Souto de Moura (born 1952), architect and academic
*Rui Reininho (born 1955), singer, lead vocalist of rock band GNR (band), GNR
*Jorge Chaminé (born 1956), operatic baritone
*Richard Zimler (born 1956), novelist, lives and works in Porto
*Pedro Abrunhosa (born 1960), singer, songwriter, musician and composer
*J. K. Rowling (born 1965), writer who taught English as a foreign language in Porto and lived there in 1991–1993
*Armindo Freitas-Magalhães (born 1966), psychologist and scientist
*Mónica de Miranda (born 1976), visual artist, photographer, filmmaker, and researcher
*Abel Pereira (musician), Abel Pereira (born 1978), classical horn player
*Luciana Abreu (born 1985), singer, actress and television host
*Sara Sampaio (born 1991), supermodel
*Cláudia Pascoal (born 1994), musician

Business

*Charles Augustus Howell (1840–1890), art dealer and alleged Blackmailer
*Fernando Van Zeller Guedes (1903–1987), co-founded Sogrape, the inspiration behind Mateus (wine), Mateus rosé
*Belmiro de Azevedo (1938–2017), entrepreneur, industrialist, founder of Sonae
*Paulo de Azevedo (born 1965), businessman, son and successor of Belmiro de Azevedo
*José Neves (born 1974), billionaire entrepreneur and the founder of Farfetch

Sport

*Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa (born 1937), president of FC Porto
*Humberto Coelho (born 1950), footballer
*Fernando Gomes (Portuguese footballer), Fernando Gomes (born 1956), footballer
*Rosa Mota (born 1958), marathon runner, Olympic winner
*Nuno Marques (born 1970), tennis player
*Jorge Costa (born 1971), football player and manager
*João Pinto (born 1971), footballer
*Miguel Ramos (born 1971), racing driver
*Ricardo Sá Pinto (born 1972), football player and manager
*Tiago Monteiro (born 1976), racing driver
*Petit (Portuguese footballer), Petit (born 1976), football player and manager
*André Villas-Boas (born 1977), football manager
*Bruno Alves (born 1981), footballer
*Raul Meireles (born 1983), footballer
*Diogo Leite (footballer, born 1989), Diogo Leite (born 1989), footballer
*João Mário (footballer, born January 1993), João Mário (born 1993), footballer
*Diogo Jota (born 1996), footballer

Notes

References

Bibliography

*
* Francis, A.D. ''John Methuen and the Anglo-Portuguese Treaties of 1703''. The Historical Journal Vol. 3, No. 2
* Glover, Michael, ''The Peninsular War 1807–1814'' Penguin, 1974.
*
* Loyrette, Henri. ''Gustave Eiffel''. New York: Rizzoli, 1985
*
* Redacção Quidnovi, com coordenação de José Hermano Saraiva, ''História de Portugal, Dicionário de Personalidades'', Volume VIII, Ed. QN-Edição e Conteúdos, S.A., 2004
* Smith, Digby, ''The Napoleonic Wars Data Book'' Greenhill, 1998.

External links

Coordination and Development Committee of the North RegionMetropolitan Area of PortoTourism of Porto and Norte Region, Portugal

{{Authority control
Porto,

Cities in Portugal
Populated coastal places in Portugal
Municipalities of Porto District
Municipalities of Norte Region, Portugal,
Cities of Norte Region, Portugal,
World Heritage Sites in Portugal
Port cities and towns in Portugal
Populated places in Porto District
Populated places established in the 3rd century BC