Platinum Diselenide
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Platinum diselenide is a
transition metal dichalcogenide : 220px, Cadmium sulfide, a prototypical metal chalcogenide, is used as a yellow pigment. A chalcogenide is a chemical compound consisting of at least one chalcogen anion and at least one more electropositive element. Although all group 16 elements ...
with the formula PtSe2. It is a layered substance that can be split into layers down to three atoms thick. PtSe2 can behave as a metalloid or as a semiconductor depending on the thickness.


Synthesis

Minozzi was the first to report synthesising platinum diselenide from the elements in 1909. Platinum diselenide can be formed by heating thin foils of platinum in selenium vapour at 400 °C. A platinum 111 surface exposed to selenium vapour at 270 °C forms a monolayer of PtSe2. In addition to these selenization methods, PtSe2 can be made by precipitation in water solution of Pt(IV) treated with
hydrogen selenide Hydrogen selenide is an inorganic compound with the formula H2Se. This hydrogen chalcogenide is the simplest and most commonly encountered hydride of selenium. H2Se is a colorless, flammable gas under standard conditions. It is the most toxic sele ...
, or by heating platinum tetrachloride with elemental selenium.


Natural occurrence

Platinum diselenide occurs naturally as the mineral Sudovikovite. It was named after Russian petrologist, N.G. Sudovikov who lived from 1903 to 1966. The mineral's hardness is 2 to 2. Sudovikovite was found in the Srednyaya Padma mine, Velikaya Guba uranium-vanadium deposit, Zaonezhie peninsula, Karelia Republic, Russia.


Properties

Platinum diselenide forms crystals in the cadmium iodide structure. This means that the substance forms layers. Each of the monolayers has a central bed of platinum atoms, with a sheet of selenium atoms above and below. This structure is also called "1T" and has an trigonal structure. The layers are only weakly bonded together, and it is possible to exfoliate layers to bilayers or monolayers. In bulk the material is semi-metallic, but when reduced to few layers it becomes a semiconductor. The conductivity of the bulk material is 620,000 S/m. The XPS spectrum shows a peak at 72.3 eV from Pt 4f core, and also has peaks from Pt 5p3/2 and Se 3d3/2 and 3d5/2 at 55.19and 54.39 eV. Phonon vibrations are designated by the infrared active A2u (Se vibrating out of plane opposite to Pt), Eu (in layer vibration, Se opposite to Pt), and Raman active A1g (Se top and bottom atoms moving out of plane in opposite directions 205 cm−1), and Eg (In plane, top and bottom Se atoms moving opposite 175 cm−1). In the Raman spectrum, the A1g is lessened when stimulated emissions polarised perpendicular to the incoming rays are measured. The Eg mode is red-shifted when more layers are stacked. (166 cm−1 for bilayer and 155 cm−1 for bulk material) The A1g emission only has a slight change when thickness varies. The band gap is calculated as 1.2 eV for monolayers, and 0.21 eV for bilayers. For a trylayer or thicker the substance loses a bandgap and becomes semimetallic. PtSe2 can change its conductance in the presence of particular gases, such as nitrogen dioxide. Within a few seconds, NO2 absorbs on the surface of the PtSe2 material and lowers the resistance. When the gas is absent, high resistance returns again in about a minute. The Seebeck coefficient of PtSe2 is 40 μV/K. Although pristine platinum diselenide is nonmagnetic, the presence of platinum vacancies and strain were predicted to induce magnetism. Later magneto-transport studies have indeed shown that defective PtSe2 exhibits magnetic properties. Due to RKKY interaction between magnetic Pt-vacancies, this results in layer-dependent ferromagnetic or anti-ferromagnetic behavior. Monolayers of platinum diselenide show helical spin texture, which is not expected for
centrosymmetric In crystallography, a centrosymmetric point group contains an inversion center as one of its symmetry elements. In such a point group, for every point (x, y, z) in the unit cell there is an indistinguishable point (-x, -y, -z). Such point groups ...
materials such as this. This property could be due to a local dipole induced
Rashba effect The Rashba effect, also called Bychkov–Rashba effect, is a momentum-dependent splitting of spin bands in bulk crystalsMore specifically, uniaxial noncentrosymmetric crystals. and low-dimensional condensed matter systems (such as heterostructure ...
. It means that PtSe2 is a potential
spintronics Spintronics (a portmanteau meaning spin transport electronics), also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-sta ...
material.


Reactions

Water can physisorb to the surface of platinum diselenide with an energy of −0.19 eV, and similarly for oxygen with energy −0.13 eV. Water and oxygen do not react at toom temperature, because significant energy would be required to break apart the molecules.


Comparison

Palladium diselenide has a different modified
pyrite The mineral pyrite (), or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula Iron, FeSulfur, S2 (iron (II) disulfide). Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide mineral. Pyrite's metallic Luster (mineralogy), lust ...
structure. Palladium ditelluride has a similar structure to platinum diselenide. Platinum disulfide is a semiconductor, and platinum ditelluride is metallic in nature. More complex substances with platinum and selenium also exist, including the quaternary chalcogenides Rb2Pt3USe6 and Cs2Pt3USe6 Jacutingaite is a ternary platinum selenide HgPtSe3.


Use

Platinum diselenide can be utilized for boardband photodetector up to mid-infrared (MIR) region with stability in ambient condition. Also it can work as a catalyst, and can be built into field effect transistors. Combined with
graphene Graphene () is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice nanostructure.
it can be a photocatalyst, converting water and oxygen to reactive hydroxyl radical and superoxide. This reaction works when photons produce holes and electrons. The holes can neutralise hydroxide to make hydroxyl, and the electrons attach to oxygen to make superoxide. These reactive species can mineralise organic matter.


References

{{selenium compounds Transition metal dichalcogenides Selenium(−II) compounds Selenides,2