Pikachu

is a fictional species of the ''Pokémon'' media franchise. Designed by Atsuko Nishida and Ken Sugimori, Pikachu first appeared in the 1996 Japanese video games ''Pokémon Red'' and ''Pokémon Green'' created by Game Freak and Nintendo, which were released outside of Japan in 1998 as ''Pokémon Red'' and ''Pokémon Blue''. Pikachu is a yellow, mouse-like creature with electrical abilities. It is a major character in the ''Pokémon'' franchise, serving as its mascot and as a major mascot for Nintendo.

Pikachu is widely considered to be the most popular and well-known Pokémon species, largely due to its appearance in the ''Pokémon'' anime television series as the companion of protagonist Ash Ketchum. In most vocalized appearances Pikachu is voiced by Ikue Ōtani, though it has been portrayed by other actors, notably Ryan Reynolds in the live-action animated film '' Pokémon Detective Pikachu''. Pikachu has been well-received by critics, with particular praise given for its cuteness, and has come to be regarded as an icon of Japanese pop culture.

Concept and design

Pikachu is a fictional species of Pokémon created for the ''Pokémon'' franchise. Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, the series began in Japan in 1996 with the release of the video games ''Pokémon Red'' and ''Blue'' for the Game Boy. In these games, the player assumes the role of a Pokémon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokémon. Players use the creatures' special abilities to combat other Pokémon, and some can transform into stronger species through a process called evolution.

Midway through ''Red'' and ''Blue''s development, lead designer Ken Sugimori felt that the game needed more "cute" designs, and was struggling to conceive such. Attributing it to his male perspective, he brought in female Game Freak staff such as Atsuko Nishida to join the development team. Tasked with developing the Pikachu species and their evolutionary line, she was given strictly gameplay guidelines to work with, namely their role as an Electric-type, that it evolved twice, and that the final form "look strong". Originally Pikachu was intended to evolve into Raichu, and then Raichu into a Pokémon called "Gorochu". However, Gorochu was cut due to cartridge space concerns, leaving Raichu to be Pikachu's sole evolution through use of the game's "Thunder Stone" item. While Nishida developed the sprites, a single color identity was chosen in order to work within the Super Game Boy's hardware limitations. Afterwards the design was finalized by Sugimori, who towards the end of development drew all the characters to give them a unified look and make any last minute changes. According to series producer Satoshi Tajiri, the name is derived from a combination of two Japanese onomatopoeia: ''ピカピカ (pikapika)'', a sparkling sound, and ''チューチュー (chūchū)'', a sound a mouse makes. Developer Junichi Masuda noted Pikachu's name as one of the most difficult to create, due to an effort to make it appealing to both Japanese and American audiences.

Pikachu was designed around the concept of electricity. They are creatures that have short, yellow fur with brown markings covering their backs and parts of their lightning bolt-shaped tails. They have black-tipped, pointed ears and red circular pouches on their cheeks, which can spark with electricity. They attack primarily by projecting electricity from their bodies at their targets. Within the context of the franchise, Pikachu can transform, or " evolve," into a Raichu when exposed to a "Thunder Stone." Pikachu was originally planned to have a second evolution called Gorochu, which was intended to be the evolved form of Raichu. In ''Pokémon Gold'' and ''Silver'', " Pichu" was introduced as an evolutionary predecessor to Pikachu. In ''Pokémon Diamond'' and ''Pearl'', gender differences were introduced; since those games, female Pikachu have an indent at the end of their tails, giving the tail a heart-shaped appearance.

Initially, both Pikachu and fellow Pokémon Clefairy were chosen to be lead characters for the franchise merchandising, with the latter as the primary mascot to make the early comic book series more "engaging". Production company OLM, Inc. suggested Pikachu as the mascot of the animated series after finding that Pikachu was popular amongst schoolchildren and could appeal to both boys and girls, as well as their mothers. Pikachu resembled a familiar, intimate pet, and yellow is a primary color and easier for children to recognize from a distance. Additionally, the only other competing yellow mascot at the time was Winnie-the-Pooh.

Pikachu's design has evolved from its once-pudgy body to having a slimmer waist, straighter spine, and more defined face and neck; Sugimori has stated these design changes originated in the anime, making Pikachu easier to animate, and were adopted to the games for consistency. "Fat Pikachu"
was revisited in '' Pokémon Sword and Shield'', where Pikachu received a Gigantamax Form resembling its original design.

Appearances

In the video games

Pikachu has appeared in all Pokémon video games, except ''Black'' and ''White'', without having to trade. The game '' Pokémon Yellow'' features a Pikachu as the only available Starter Pokémon. Based on the Pikachu from the ''Pokémon'' anime, it refuses to stay in its Poké Ball, and instead follows the main character around on screen. The trainer can speak to it and it displays different reactions depending on how it is treated.

An event from April 1 to May 5, 2010, allowed players of ''Pokémon HeartGold'' and ''SoulSilver'' to access a route on the Pokéwalker, which solely contained Pikachu which knew attacks that they were not normally compatible with, Surf and Fly. Seven "Cap" forms of Pikachu, wearing caps belonging to Ash Ketchum across different seasons, were released across Pokémon ''Sun'' and ''Moon'' as well as their '' Ultra'' versions. These games also released two Z-Crystals exclusive to Pikachu: Pikanium Z, which upgrades Volt Tackle into Catastropika, and Pikashunium Z, which upgrades Thunderbolt into 10,000,000 Volt Thunderbolt when held by a Cap form of Pikachu.

'' Pokémon Let's Go'', which is based heavily on ''Yellow'', has Pikachu as a starter in one of its two versions. This starter Pikachu has access to several secret techniques and exclusive moves. In '' Pokémon Sword and Shield'', Pikachu gained access to a special Gigantamax form.

Aside from the main series, Pikachu stars in '' Hey You, Pikachu!'' for the Nintendo 64; the player interacts with Pikachu through a microphone, issuing commands to play various mini-games and act out situations. The game '' Pokémon Channel'' follows a similar premise of interacting with the Pikachu, though without the microphone. Pikachu appear in almost all levels of ''Pokémon Snap'' and its sequel, ''New Pokémon Snap'', games where the player takes pictures of Pokémon for a score. A Pikachu is one of the sixteen starters and ten partners in the ''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon'' series. '' PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure'' and its sequel, '' PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond'', features a Pikachu as the main protagonist. Pikachu has appeared in all five ''Super Smash Bros.'' fighting games as a playable character, including in '' Pokkén Tournament'', along with "Pikachu Libre", based on "Cosplay Pikachu" from ''Omega Ruby'' and ''Alpha Sapphire''. '' Detective Pikachu'' features a talking Pikachu who becomes a detective and helps to solve mysteries. Pikachu has also appeared in ''Pokémon Unite'', '' Pokémon Rumble World'', '' Pokémon Go'', and also puzzle games such as '' Pokémon Shuffle'', '' Pokémon Battle Trozei'', ''Pokémon Picross'', and ''Pokémon Café Mix''.

In the anime

The ''Pokémon'' anime series and films feature the adventures of Ash Ketchum and his Pikachu. Ash journeys to train and capture Pokémon while the members of the villainous organization Team Rocket attempt to steal Ash's Pikachu.

Other wild and trained Pikachu appear throughout the series, often interacting with Ash and his Pikachu. The most notable among these is Ritchie's Pikachu, . Like most other Pokémon, Pikachu communicates only by saying syllables of his own name. Ash's Pikachu is voiced by Ikue Ōtani in all versions of the anime. In '' Pokémon Live!'', the musical stage show adapted from the anime, Pikachu was played by Jennifer Risser.

Following '' Pokémon Ultimate Journeys'', which concludes the story of Ash and his Pikachu, another Pikachu named "Captain Pikachu" was introduced as a major character in the followup series '' Pokémon Horizons'', also voiced by Ōtani. Taito Okiura, the vice president of marketing for The Pokémon Company International, stated that Pikachu would "continue to have a significant presence in the animated series and remain an icon for the brand".

In the live-action film

In the 2019 film '' Detective Pikachu'', a detective Pikachu is voiced by Ryan Reynolds and Ōtani. Pikachu is featured in a 2021 Katy Perry music video, " Electric".

In other media

Pikachu is a prominent Pokémon in many of the Pokémon manga series. In '' Pokémon Adventures'', main characters Red and Yellow both train Pikachu, which create an egg that Gold hatches into a Pichu. Other series, including ''Pokémon Pocket Monsters'', ''Magical Pokémon Journey'' and ''Getto Da Ze'' also feature Pikachu. Other manga series, such as ''Electric Tale of Pikachu'', and '' Ash & Pikachu'', feature Ash Ketchum's Pikachu from the anime series.Animerica Interview Toshihiro Ono
" VIZ Media. May 10, 2000. Retrieved on May 31, 2009.

Collectible cards featuring Pikachu have appeared since the initial '' Pokémon Trading Card Game'' released in October 1996, including limited edition promotional cards. One of these collectible cards was "Pikachu Illustrator", limited to about 20-40 printed in 1998, and was auctioned off for about $55,000 in 2016, and then $375,000 in 2021. For the franchise's 25th anniversary, The Pokémon Company announced special trading cards in 2021, each featuring 25 Pikachu drawn by 25 artists. The character has also been used in promotional merchandising at fast-food chains such as McDonald's, Wendy's, and Burger King.

Legacy

Promotion and merchandise

As the mascot of the franchise, Pikachu has made multiple appearances in various promotional events and merchandise. In 1998, then Topeka, Kansas Mayor Joan Wagnon renamed the town "ToPikachu" for a day, and the renaming was repeated in 2018 by Mayor Michelle De La Isla with the release of the ''Pokémon Let's Go'' games. A " got milk?" advertisement featured Pikachu on April 25, 2000. A Pikachu balloon has been featured in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade since 2001. The original balloon was flown for the last time publicly at the Pokémon: Tenth Anniversary "Party of the Decade" on August 8, 2006, in Bryant Park in New York City, and a new Pikachu balloon that chases a Poké Ball and has light-up cheeks debuted at the 2006 parade. In the 2014 parade, a new Pikachu balloon was wearing a green scarf and holding a smaller Pikachu snowman. As of 2021, the latest balloon is that of a Pikachu and Eevee together in a sled.

Pikachu and ten other Pokémon were chosen as Japan's mascots in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. ANA Boeing 747-400 (JA8962) planes have been covered with images of Pokémon including Pikachu since 1998. In 2021, the first Pokémon Jet (Boeing 747-400D) featuring entirely Pikachu debuted.

Critical reception

Pikachu has been well-received by reviewers; it was ranked as the "second best person of the year" by '' Time'' in 1999, who called it "the most beloved animated character since Hello Kitty". The magazine noted Pikachu as the "public face of a phenomenon that has spread from Nintendo's fastest selling video game to a trading-card empire", citing the franchise's profits for the year as "the reason for the ranking", behind singer Ricky Martin but ahead of author J.K. Rowling.

Pikachu has ranked 20th to 4th place in anime, cartoon character, and video game character polls since 2000. In 2003, '' Forbes'' ranked Pikachu as the "eighth top-earning fictional character of the year" with an income of $825 million. In 2004, the character dropped two spots to tenth on the list, taking in $825 million for a second straight year. The character has been regarded as the Japanese answer to Mickey Mouse and as being part of a movement of "cute capitalism". Allison, Anne (2002
The Cultural Politics of Pokémon Capitalism
''Media in Transition 2: globalization and convergence'' Manga artist Hiro Mashima referred to Pikachu as "the greatest mascot character of all time!" when talking about adding these types of characters to series.

Zack Zwiezen of ''Kotaku'' praised the simplicity of Pikachu's design, describing it as "possibly one of the most iconic characters on the planet". Dale Bishir of ''IGN'' described Pikachu as the most important Pokémon that impacted the franchise's history, and further stated that "Its irresistible cuteness, merchandising power, army of clones in every generation... if your mom calls every Pokémon 'Pikachu', then you know in your heart that it is the most important Pokémon of all time." In 2019, Mitsuhiro Arita said that Pikachu and Charizard were "fan favourites" in Pokémon's design on the trading cards. Lauren Rouse of ''Kotaku'' listed Pikachu as the best animal companions that are the real MVPs of video games, stating that "Pikachu symbolises one of the best animal-human friendships in pop culture history and it makes a damn good Pokémon to have in your roster." ''Time Magazine'' named Pikachu as one of the twelve most influential video game characters of all time, lauding its appearance as the "most recognizable and beloved sidekick in pop culture."

Conversely, Pikachu was ranked first in '' AskMen''s top 10 of the most irritating 1990s cartoon characters. Similarly, in a poll conducted by ''IGN'', it was voted as the 48th best Pokémon, with the staff commenting "despite being the most recognized Pokémon in the world... Pikachu ranks surprisingly low on our top 100". ''Kotaku'' writer Patricia Hernandez criticized Pikachu's over-representation in ''Pokémon''-related media, saying: "it's hard not to be barraged by Pikachu's constant presence if you're a ''Pokémon'' fan, and it sucks."

Cultural impact

In 2008, a ligand believed to provide better visual acuity was discovered by the Osaka Bioscience Institute Foundation and named "Pikachurin", in reference to the nimbleness of Pikachu. The name was inspired due to Pikachu's "lightning-fast moves and shocking electric effects". In 2021, the Chilean independent politician Giovanna Grandón famously went to many protests during the 2019–2021 Chilean protests dressed in an inflatable Pikachu suit. She went on to be elected as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 2021-2022, and is known as Aunt Pikachu (Tía Pikachú). In July 2021 during the Group of Seven climate summit, a group of protestors dressed as Pikachus demonstrated on Gyllyngvase Beach, Falmouth, while in November 2021, a group of activists dressed up as Pikachu to protest Japan's refusal to reduce coal consumption at COP26.

In 2016, the ''Pikachu'', also known as the ''Pokemonument'', a fiberglass sculpture depicting Pikachu by an unknown artist, was installed in Lower Garden District, a New Orleans neighborhood. The statue of the Japanese icon was erected as an apparent tribute to '' Pokémon Go'' on July 31, 2016, in a decommissioned fountain along Terpsichore Street. and was a fiberglass sculpture coated to look like bronze. Within a few days, the sculpture was vandalized by someone with a baseball bat, but repaired. Some two weeks after its placement, the "Pokemonument" was removed, and an online statement from the artist said that the artwork would be auctioned to benefit restoration of the park's fountains.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

* Loe, Casey, ed. ''Pokémon Special Pikachu Edition Official Perfect Guide''. Sunnydale, California: Empire 21 Publishing, 1999.
* Barbo, Maria. ''The Official Pokémon Handbook''. Scholastic Publishing, 1999. .
* Mylonas, Eric. ''Pokémon Pokédex Collector's Edition: Prima's Official Pokémon Guide''. Prima Games, September 21, 2004.
* Nintendo Power. ''Official Nintendo ''Pokémon FireRed'' Version & ''Pokémon LeafGreen'' Version Player's Guide''. Nintendo of America Inc., August 2004.
* Nintendo Power. ''Official Nintendo ''Pokémon Emerald'' Player's Guide''. Nintendo of America Inc., April 2005.
*

External links

Pikachu
on Pokemon.com
*

Pikachu on Serebii

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Characters in animated television series
Television characters introduced in 1997
Animated characters introduced in 1997
Nintendo protagonists
Fictional mice and rats
Pokémon species
Super Smash Bros. fighters
Video game characters introduced in 1996
Video game characters with electric or magnetic abilities
Video game mascots
Fictional rodents
Characters created by Atsuko Nishida