The Philippine Revolutionary Army, later renamed Philippine Republican Army (

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...

: ''Ejército Revolucionario Filipino''; Tagalog: ''Panghimagsikang Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas''), was the official

armed forces A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. It is typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with its members identifiable by their distinct ...

of the

First Philippine Republic The Philippine Republic ( es, República Filipina), now officially known as the First Philippine Republic, also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was established in Malolos, Bulacan during the Philippine Revolution against ...

from its

formation Formation may refer to: Linguistics * Back-formation, the process of creating a new lexeme by removing or affixes * Word formation, the creation of a new word by adding affixes Mathematics and science * Cave formation or speleothem, a secondar ...

in March of 1897 to its dissolution in November of 1899 in favor of guerilla operations in the

Philippine–American War The Philippine–American War or Filipino–American War ( es, Guerra filipina-estadounidense, tl, Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano), previously referred to as the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency by the United States, was an arm ...

History

Insurgent soldiers in the Philippines 1899

The revolutionary army used the 1896 edition of the Spanish regular army's ''Ordenanza del Ejército'' to organize its forces and establish its character as a modern army. Rules and regulations were laid down for the reorganization of the army, along with the regulation of ranks and the adoption of new fighting methods, new rank insignias, and a new standard uniform known as the ''

rayadillo Rayadillo was a blue-and-white striped cotton or flannel material used to make the military uniforms worn by Spanish colonial soldiers from the mid 19th century until the early 20th century. It was commonly worn by soldiers posted in overseas Sp ...

''.

Filipino Filipino may refer to: * Something from or related to the Philippines ** Filipino language, standardized variety of 'Tagalog', the national language and one of the official languages of the Philippines. ** Filipinos, people who are citizens of th ...

artist

Juan Luna Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (, ; October 23, 1857 – December 7, 1899) was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one of the first recogniz ...

is credited with this design. Juan Luna also designed the collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services:

infantry Infantry is a military specialization which engages in ground combat on foot. Infantry generally consists of light infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry & mechanized infantry, airborne infantry, air assault infantry, and marine i ...

cavalry Historically, cavalry (from the French word ''cavalerie'', itself derived from "cheval" meaning "horse") are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback. Cavalry were the most mobile of the combat arms, operating as light cavalry ...

artillery Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during siege ...

sapper A sapper, also called a pioneer (military), pioneer or combat engineer, is a combatant or soldier who performs a variety of military engineering duties, such as breaching fortifications, demolitions, bridge-building, laying or clearing minefie ...

s, and

medic A medic is a person involved in medicine such as a medical doctor, medical student, paramedic or an emergency medical responder. Among physicians in the UK, the term "medic" indicates someone who has followed a "medical" career path in postgradu ...

s. His brother, General

Antonio Luna Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (; October 29, 1866 – June 5, 1899) was a Filipino army general who fought in the Philippine–American War before his assassination in 1899. Regarded as one of the fiercest generals of his ...

commissioned him with the task and personally paid for the new uniforms. At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

Norfolk jacket A Norfolk jacket is a loose, belted, single-breasted tweed jacket with box pleats on the back and front, with a belt or half-belt. It was originally designed as a shooting coat that did not bind when the elbow was raised to fire. Its origin is un ...

, since the Filipino version is not a copy of any Spanish-pattern uniform.

Infantry Infantry is a military specialization which engages in ground combat on foot. Infantry generally consists of light infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry & mechanized infantry, airborne infantry, air assault infantry, and marine i ...

officers wore blue pants with a black stripe down the side, while

Cavalry Historically, cavalry (from the French word ''cavalerie'', itself derived from "cheval" meaning "horse") are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback. Cavalry were the most mobile of the combat arms, operating as light cavalry ...

officers wore red trousers with black stripes. Soldiers and junior officers wore straw hats while senior officers often wore peaked caps. Orders and circulars were issued covering matters such as building trenches and fortifications, equipping every male aged 15 to 50 with bows and arrows (as well as

bolo knives A bolo ( tl, iták, ilo, bunéng, pag, baráng, ceb, súndang, hil, binangon) is a general term for traditional pre-colonial small to medium-sized single-edged swords or large knives of the Philippines that function as both tools and weapon ...

, though officers wielded European swords), enticing Filipino soldiers in the Spanish army to defect, collecting empty cartridges for refilling, prohibiting unplanned sorties, inventories of captured arms and ammunition, fundraising, purchasing of arms and supplies abroad, unification of military commands, and exhorting the rich to give aid to the soldiers. Aguinaldo, a month after he declared Philippine independence, created a pay scale for officers in the army: Following the board, a brigadier general would receive 600 pesos annually, and a sergeant 72 pesos. When the

erupted on February 4, 1899, the Filipino army suffered heavy losses on every sector. Even

urged

Apolinario Mabini Apolinario Mabini y Maranan (, July 23, 1864 – May 13, 1903) was a Filipino revolutionary leader, educator, lawyer, and statesman who served first as a legal and constitutional adviser to the Revolutionary Government, and then as the first ...

, Aguinaldo's chief adviser, to convince the President that

guerrilla warfare Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or Irregular military, irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, Raid (military), raids ...

must be announced as early as April 1899. Aguinaldo adopted guerilla tactics on November 13, 1899, dissolving what remained of the regular army and after many of his crack units were decimated in set-piece battles.

Arsenal

The Filipinos were short on modern weapons. Most of its weapons were captured from the Spanish, were improvised or were traditional weapons. The service rifles of the nascent army were the Spanish M93 and the Spanish Remington Rolling Block rifle. Moreover, while in Hong Kong,

Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (: March 22, 1869February 6, 1964) was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and is recognized as the first president of the Philippine ...

purchased rifles from the Americans. Two batches of 2,000 rifles each including ammunition were ordered and paid for. The first batch arrived while the second batch never did. In his letters to

Galicano Apacible Galicano Apacible Antonio y del Castillo (June 25, 1864 – March 22, 1949) was a Filipino physician and politician from Batangas. A cousin to José Rizal, he co-founded La Solidaridad and the Nacionalista Party. He held the office of governo ...

Mariano Ponce Mariano Ponce y Collantes (March 22, 1863 – May 23, 1918) was a Filipino physician, writer and active member of the Propaganda Movement. In Spain, he was among the founders of ''La Solidaridad'' and ''Asociación Hispano-Filipino''. Among his ...

also sought weapons from both domestic and international dealers in the

Empire of Japan The also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II 1947 constitution and subsequent fo ...

. He was offered different breech-loading

single-shot Single-shot firearms are firearms that hold only a single round of ammunition, and must be reloaded manually after every shot. The history of firearms began with single-shot designs, then multi-barreled designs appeared, and eventually many ce ...

rifles since most nations were discarding them in favor of new smokeless

bolt-action Bolt-action is a type of manual firearm action that is operated by ''directly'' manipulating the bolt via a bolt handle, which is most commonly placed on the right-hand side of the weapon (as most users are right-handed). Most bolt-action ...

rifles. However, there was no mention of any purchase occurring. Another planned purchase was the Murata rifle from Japan but no record exists that it made its way into the hands of Filipino revolutionaries. Crew-served weapons of the Philippine military included captured Spanish guns such as

Krupp The Krupp family (see pronunciation), a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, is notable for its production of steel, artillery, ammunition and other armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG (Friedrich Krup ...

guns,

Ordóñez guns Ordóñez guns are a type of coastal artillery that Salvador Diaz Ordóñez, an artillery officer in the Spanish Army, designed in the late 19th century. Most of the models were field guns, but some were howitzers. The guns ranged in caliber from ...

, and Maxim-Nordenfelt multi-barreled guns. There were also improvised artillery weapons made of water pipes reinforced with bamboo or timber known as

lantaka The ''Lantaka'' (Baybayin: pre virama: ''ᜎᜆᜃ'': post virama: ''ᜎᜈ᜔ᜆᜃ'') also known as ''rentaka'' (In Malay) was a type of bronze portable cannon or swivel gun, sometimes mounted on merchant vessels and warships in Maritime Sou ...

s, which can only fire once or twice. Gen Aguinaldo

General Manuel Tinio, General Benito Natividad, LtCol Jose Alejandrino

File:Murata gun.jpg, The use of the Murata rifle was proposed by some revolutionaries. There was a planned purchase from Japan with the help of Japanese sympathizers. File:Gevär m-1867 Sverige (Typexemplar serienummer 1 - Armémuseum).jpg, The Spanish Remington Rolling Block rifle was one of the first rifles used by the Filipinos during the

Revolution In political science, a revolution (Latin: ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due ...

. File:Nordenfelt machine gun 10 barrels.jpg, the multi-barreled Nordenfelt machine gun. File:Philippine Revolutionary Army Rifles.jpg, Relics of Mauser 93 rifles used by Filipino infantry during the Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War on display at Clark Museum. File:Filipino knives.jpg,

Bolo knives A bolo ( tl, iták, ilo, bunéng, pag, baráng, ceb, súndang, hil, binangon) is a general term for traditional pre-colonial small to medium-sized single-edged swords or large knives of the Philippines that function as both tools and weapon ...

were widely available in the islands and were used extensively by the revolutionaries.

Ranks

Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, around 1898

The evolution of Philippine revolutionary insignia can be divided into three basic periods; early Katipunan, late Katipunan and the Republican army.

Revolutionary Army enlisted ranks

Recruit __NOTOC__ Recruit can refer to: Military * Military recruitment * Recruit training, in the military * '' Rekrut'' (English: Recruit), a military recruit or low rank in German-speaking countries * Seaman recruit Books *''Le Réquisitionnaire'' (E ...

, ''Rekluta'' , ''Recluta''

Branch colors

In 1898, the Philippine government prescribed branch colors twice:

Branch insignia

*Engineers: A castle superimposed on a diagonally crossed

pickax A pickaxe, pick-axe, or pick is a generally T-shaped hand tool used for prying. Its head is typically metal, attached perpendicularly to a longer handle, traditionally made of wood, occasionally metal, and increasingly fiberglass. A stan ...

and

shovel A shovel is a tool used for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials, such as soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore. Most shovels are hand tools consisting of a broad blade fixed to a medium-length handle. Shovel blades are usually made of ...

, surmounted by a

sun The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core. The Sun radiates this energy mainly as light, ultraviolet, and infrared radi ...

. *General staff: A

five-pointed star A five-pointed star (☆), geometrically an equilateral concave decagon, is a common ideogram in modern culture. Comparatively rare in classical heraldry, it was notably introduced for the flag of the United States in the Flag Act of 1777 and ...

within a

wreath A wreath () is an assortment of flowers, leaves, fruits, twigs, or various materials that is constructed to form a circle . In English-speaking countries, wreaths are used typically as household ornaments, most commonly as an Advent and Chri ...

surmounted by a sun. *Artillery: Crossed

field gun A field gun is a field artillery piece. Originally the term referred to smaller guns that could accompany a field army on the march, that when in combat could be moved about the battlefield in response to changing circumstances ( field artille ...

s above six cannonballs, surmounted by a sun. *Infantry: A diagonally crossed

dagger A dagger is a fighting knife with a very sharp point and usually two sharp edges, typically designed or capable of being used as a thrusting or stabbing weapon.State v. Martin, 633 S.W.2d 80 (Mo. 1982): This is the dictionary or popular-use de ...

and bolo surmounted by a sun, superimposed on three

concentric circles In geometry, two or more objects are said to be concentric, coaxal, or coaxial when they share the same center or axis. Circles, regular polygons and regular polyhedra, and spheres may be concentric to one another (sharing the same center point ...

. *Cavalry: Two crossed

lance A lance is a spear designed to be used by a mounted warrior or cavalry soldier ( lancer). In ancient and medieval warfare, it evolved into the leading weapon in cavalry charges, and was unsuited for throwing or for repeated thrusting, unlike si ...

s over two crossed

saber A sabre ( French: �sabʁ or saber in American English) is a type of backsword with a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the early modern and Napoleonic periods. Originally associated with Central European cavalry such as th ...

s, surmounted by a sun. *Light Infantry/Rifle battalions: Two crossed

rifle A rifle is a long-barreled firearm designed for accurate shooting, with a barrel that has a helical pattern of grooves ( rifling) cut into the bore wall. In keeping with their focus on accuracy, rifles are typically designed to be held with ...

s with fixed

bayonet A bayonet (from French ) is a knife, dagger, sword, or spike-shaped weapon designed to fit on the end of the muzzle of a rifle, musket or similar firearm, allowing it to be used as a spear-like weapon.Brayley, Martin, ''Bayonets: An Illustr ...

s surmounted by a sun, superimposed on three concentric circles. *Intendancy-Quartermaster: A

cockade A cockade is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colours which is usually worn on a hat or cap. Eighteenth century In the 18th and 19th centuries, coloured cockades were used in Europe to show the allegia ...

within a wreath surmounted by a sun. *Signals: Six lightning bolts over a semicircular wreath surmounted by a sun. *Medical Service: A bowl of Hygieia within a wreath surmounted by a sun.

Recruitment and conscription

During the revolution against

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

, the

Katipunan The Katipunan, officially known as the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK; en, Supreme and Honorable Association of the Children of the Nation ...

gave leaflets to the people to encourage them to join the revolution. Since the revolutionaries had become regular soldiers at the time of

, they started to recruit males and some females aged 15 and above as a form of national service. A few Spanish and Filipino enlisted personnel and officers of the Spanish Army and Spanish Navy defected to the Revolutionary Army, as well as a number of foreign individuals and American defectors who volunteered to join during the course of the revolution. Conscription in the revolutionary army was in effect in the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

and

military service Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, air forces, and naval forces, whether as a chosen job (volunteer) or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription). Some nations (e.g., Mexico) require a ...

was mandatory at that time by the order of Gen.

, the Chief Commander of the Army during the

Philippine Revolutionary Navy

The Philippine Revolutionary Navy was established during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution when General

formed the Revolutionary Navy. On May 1, 1898, the first ship handed by Admiral George Dewey to the Revolutionary Navy is a small

pinnace Pinnace may refer to: * Pinnace (ship's boat), a small vessel used as a tender to larger vessels among other things * Full-rigged pinnace The full-rigged pinnace was the larger of two types of vessel called a pinnace in use from the sixteenth c ...

from the Reina Cristina of Admiral Patricio Montojo, which was named ''Magdalo''. The Navy was initially composed of a small fleet of eight Spanish steam launches captured from the Spaniards. The ships were refitted with 9-centimeter guns. The rich, namely Leon Apacible, Manuel Lopez and Gliceria Marella de Villavicencio, later donated five other vessels of greater tonnage, the ''Taaleño'', the ''Balayan'', the ''Bulusan'', the ''Taal'' and the ''Purísima Concepción''. The 900-ton inter-island tobacco steamer further reinforced the fleet, ''

Compania de Filipinas ''Compañía de Filipinas'' was a cargo steamship that was built in Scotland in 1890 for the Compañía General de Tabacos de Filipinas (CGTF). In the Philippine–American War the Navy of the First Philippine Republic armed her as its flagshi ...

'' (renamed as the navy flagship ''Filipinas''), steam launches purchased from China and other watercraft donated by wealthy patriots. Naval stations were later established to serve as ships' home bases in the following: ::*Ports of Aparri ::*Ports of Legaspi ::*Ports of Balayan ::*Ports of Calapan ::*Ports of San Roque, Cavite On September 26, 1898, Aguinaldo appointed Captain Pascual Ledesma (a

merchant ship A merchant ship, merchant vessel, trading vessel, or merchantman is a watercraft that transports cargo or carries passengers for hire. This is in contrast to pleasure craft, which are used for personal recreation, and naval ships, which are u ...

captain) as Director of the Bureau of the Navy, assisted by Captain Angel Pabie (another merchant ship captain). After passing of the

Malolos Constitution The Political Constitution of 1899 ( es, Constitución Política de 1899), informally known as the Malolos Constitution, was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic. It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as ...

the Navy was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Relations to the Department of War (thereafter known as the Department of War and the Navy) headed by Gen. Mariano Trías. As the tensions between Filipinos and Americans erupted in 1899 and a continued blockade on naval forces by the Americans, the Philippine naval forces started to be decimated.

Flags and early banners of the revolution

File:Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg, Official Flag of the

. File:Philippines Aguinaldo flag (obverse).svg, Banner of General

during his campaign. File:Flag of the Tagalog people.svg, Flag of the

Republic of Biak-na-Bato Republic of Biak-na-Bato is a designation referring to the second revolutionary republican government led by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution, That government referred to itself as Republic of the Philippines ( es, República d ...

. File:Philippine revolution flag pugadlawin.svg, Flag used during the Cry of Pugadlawin. File:Philippine revolution flag magdiwang.svg, Flag of Magdiwang faction led by

Mariano Álvarez Mariano M. Álvarez ( : March 15, 1818 – August 25, 1924) was a Filipino revolutionary and statesman. Pre-war life Álvarez was born in Noveleta, Cavite. He received formal schooling at the San José College in Manila, and obtained a tea ...

File:Philippine revolution flag magdalo alternate.svg, ''()'' Flag of the Magdalo faction led by

Baldomero Aguinaldo Baldomero Aguinaldo y Baloy (February 27, 1869 – February 4, 1915) was a leader of the Philippine Revolution. He was the first cousin of Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of the Philippines, as well as the grandfather of Cesar Virata, a f ...

File:Philippine revolution flag kkk1.svg, The KKK flag of the

was also used in many campaigns. File:Philippine revolution flag llanera.png, The ''Skull Banner'' by General Mariano Llanera of the republican army. File:Flag of Pio del Pilar.svg, Banner of Pio del Pilar, called the ''Bandila ng Matagumpay'' (Flag Of the Triumphants). File:Philippine revolution flag gregoriodelpilar.svg, Banner of General

Gregorio del Pilar Gregorio Hilario del Pilar y Sempio (; ; November 14, 1875 – December 2, 1899) was a Filipino general of the Philippine Revolutionary Army during the Philippine–American War. As one of the youngest generals in the Revolutionary Army, he ...

, which he used during his campaigns. File:Flag of the Katagalugan Republic.svg, Flag of "''Republic of Katagalugan''" established by

Macario Sakay Macario Sakay y de León (March 1, 1878 – September 13, 1907) was a Filipino general who took part in the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and in the Philippine–American War. After the war was declared over by the Un ...

File:Red flag.svg, The supposed flag adopted by the Kakarong Republic was either the Katipunan banner or a plain red banner shown above. File:Flag of the Katipuneros of Bicol.svg, Flag of the Katipuneros of the

Bicol region Bicol, known formally as the Bicol Region or colloquially as Bicolandia ( bcl, Rehiyon kan Bikol; Rinconada Bikol: ''Rehiyon ka Bikol''; Waray Sorsogon, Masbateño: ''Rehiyon san Bikol''; tl, Rehiyon ng Bikol), is an administrative region of ...

. File:Flag of Negros Republic.svg, Flag of the Revolutionary Government in Bacolod (1899),

Republic of Negros The Republic of Negros ( hil, Republika sang Negros; ceb, Republika sa Negros; es, República de Negros) was a short-lived revolutionary entity which had existed on the island of Negros first as a canton of the First Philippine Republic and ...

. File:Negrense revolution banner.svg, Flag of the

Negros Revolution The Negros Revolution ( fil, Himagsikang Negrense; ceb, Rebolusyong Negrense; es, Revolución negrense), commemorated and popularly known as the Fifth of November ( es, links=no, Cinco de noviembre) or Negros Day ( hil, Adlaw sang Negros; ce ...

General officers

During the existence of the Revolutionary Army, over 100 individuals were appointed to

General Officer A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". OED O ...

grades. For details, see the

List of Filipino generals in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War This is a compendium of the Filipino generals, commanders and who fought during the Philippine Revolution, Filipino-American War and the Post-war insurgencies against US occupation of the Philippines. There are 165 generals listed in this artic ...

article.

Other notable officers

*General Águeda Kahabagan y Iniquinto - Commander of the Reserve Corps from April 6, 1899. The only female General in the roster. *Colonel Agapito Bonzón *Colonel Felipe Salvador – Commander of the Santa Iglesia faction. *Colonel Apolinar Vélez *Colonel Alejandro Avecilla *Colonel Francisco "Paco" Román – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna. *Colonel Manuel Bernal – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna. *Colonel Pablo Tecson – Leader,

Battle of Quingua The Battle of Quingua ( fil, Labanan sa Quingua, es, Batalla de Quingua) was fought on April 23, 1899, in Quingua — now Plaridel, Bulacan, Philippines, during the Philippine–American War (1899–1902). The engagement was a two-part battl ...

. *Colonel Alipio Tecson – Supreme Military Commander of

Tarlac Tarlac, officially the Province of Tarlac ( pam, Lalawigan ning Tarlac; pag, Luyag/Probinsia na Tarlac; ilo, Probinsia ti Tarlac; tgl, Lalawigan ng Tarlac; ), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. It ...

in 1900 and exiled to

Guam Guam (; ch, Guåhan ) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States (reckoned from the geographic cent ...

. *Colonel Simón Tecson – Leader of

Siege of Baler The siege of Baler ( fil, Pagkubkob sa Baler; es, Sitio de Baler) was a battle of the Philippine Revolution. Filipino revolutionaries laid siege to a fortified church defended by Spanish troops in the town of Baler, Aurora, for 337 days, from ...

; signatory of the Biak-na-Bato Constitution. *Colonel Simeón Villa *Colonel Luciano San Miguel *Colonel

Joaquin Luna Joaquin Damaso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (December 11, 1864 – November 7, 1936) was a Filipino revolutionary and politician. He was a colonel during the Philippine Revolution, senator (1916–1919), governor of La Union (1904-1907), ...

*Colonel José Tagle – Known for his role in the

Battle of Imus The Battle of Imus ( fil, Labanan sa Imus, es, Batalla de Imus), or the siege of Imus ( fil, Pagkubkob sa Imus, es, El Cerco de Imus), was the first major battle of the Philippine revolution against the Spanish colonial government in the provi ...

. *Lieutenant Colonel Lázaro Macapagal – Commanding officer in-charge at the execution of Andrés and Procopio Bonifacio brothers. *Lieutenant Colonel

José Torres Bugallón José Torres Bugallón y Gonzales (August 28, 1873 – February 4, 1899) was a Filipino military officer who fought and served the Spanish Government during the Philippine Revolution against the revolutionaries and joins the Philippine Revolu ...

– Hero of the

Battle of La Loma The Batalle of la Loma was a minor engagement of the Second French intervention in Mexico which took place on 16 July 1865 in the vicinity of Hacienda de la Loma in the current municipality of Tacámbaro, Michoacán. The battle occurred members o ...

. *Lieutenant Colonel

Regino Díaz Relova Regino Díaz Relova (August 2, 1874 – June 18, 1961) was a Filipino revolutionary who fought during the Philippine Revolution in Los Baños, Bay, Calauan and his hometown Pila, Laguna during the Philippine–American War. He was rank as ...

– Fought as one of the heads of columns under General

Juan Cailles Juan Kauppama Cailles (born Juan Cailles y Kauppama; November 10, 1871 – June 28, 1951) was a Filipino of French-Indian descent. A member of the revolutionary movement Katipunan, he was a commanding officer of the Philippine Revolutionary Army ...

in the Laguna province. *Major

Manuel Quezon Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina, (; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), also known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier and politician who served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 until his dea ...

– Aide to President Emilio Aguinaldo. Eventually succeeded him as the

second The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds ...

president of the Philippines The president of the Philippines ( fil, Pangulo ng Pilipinas, sometimes referred to as ''Presidente ng Pilipinas'') is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of t ...

under the United States-sponsored

Commonwealth A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. Historically, it has been synonymous with "republic". The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the ...

. *Major

Eugenio Daza Don Eugenio Daza y Salazar (November 15, 1870 – December 16, 1954) is a Filipino '' principale'' (nobleman) recognized by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) as the first ''maestro'' (teacher) in the Samar province. He was ...

– Area Commander Southeastern

Samar Samar ( ) is the third-largest and seventh-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 1,909,537 as of the 2020 census. It is located in the eastern Visayas, which are in the central Philippines. The island is divided in ...

and overall Commander and chief organizer of the Balangiga Encounter. *Major Juan Arce *Captain José Bernal – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna. *Captain Eduardo Rusca – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna. *Captain Pedro Janolino – Commanding Officer of the Kawit Battalion. *Captain Vicente Roa *Captain Serapio Narváez – Officer of the 4th Company, Morong Battalion. *Captain Cirilo Arenas- Captain of Maguagui (Naic), Cavite. *Lieutenant García – one of Gen. Luna's favorite sharpshooters of the Black Guard units. *Corporal Anastacio Félix – 4th Company, Morong Battalion the first Filipino casualty of the Philippine–American War.

Notable officers and servicemen and their ethnic background

;Army: *General

– Franco-Indian ''

mestizo (; ; fem. ) is a term used for racial classification to refer to a person of mixed Ethnic groups in Europe, European and Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous American ancestry. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also r ...

'' who led Filipino forces in Laguna. *General José Valesy Nazaraire – Spanish. *Brigadier General

José Ignacio Paua José Ignacio Paua ( zh, s=刘亨赙, t=劉亨賻, poj=Lâu Hingpua̍h; 29 April 1872–24 May 1926) was a Chinese-Filipino general who joined the Katipunan, a secret society that spearheaded the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empi ...

– Full-blooded Chinese general in the Army.. *Brigadier General B. Natividad – Brigade Acting Commander in Vigan under General Tinio. *Colonel Manuel Sityar – Half-Spanish Director of Academía Militar de Malolos. A former captain in the Spanish colonial army who defected to the Filipino side.. *Colonel Sebastian de Castro – Spanish director of the military hospital at

Malasiqui, Pangasinan Malasiqui, officially the Municipality of Malasiqui ( pag, Baley na Malasiqui; ilo, Ili ti Malasiqui; tgl, Bayan ng Malasiqui), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a popula ...

. *Colonel Dámaso Ybarra y Thomas – Spanish. *Lieutenant Colonel Potenciano Andrade – Spanish. *Estaquio Castellor – French ''mestizo'' who led a battalion of sharpshooters. *Major Candido Reyes – Instructor at the Academía Militar de Malolos. Former sergeant in the Spanish Army.. *Major José Reyes – Instructor at the Academía Militar de Malolos. Former sergeant in the Spanish Army. *Major José Torres Bugallón – Spanish officer who served under General Luna. *Captain Antonio Costosa – Former officer in the Spanish Army. *Captain Tei Hara – Japanese officer who fought in the Philippine-American war with volunteer soldiers. *Captain Chizuno Iwamoto – Japanese officer who served on Emilio Aguinaldo's staff. Returned to Japan after Aguinaldo's capture. *A Japanese national named Tobira ("Tomvilla" in American records) who was adjutant to General Licerio Geronimo. *Captain

David Fagen David Fagen (born 1875, date of death unknown) was an African-American soldier who defected during the Philippine–American War. He acquired the rank of captain in the Philippine Revolutionary Army. Service A native of Tampa, Florida, Fagen se ...

– An

African-American African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an Race and ethnicity in the United States, ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American ...

Captain who served under Brigadier General Urbano Lacuna. A former Corporal in

United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cla ...

24th Colored Regiment.. *Captain Francisco Espina – Spanish.. *Captain Estanislao de los Reyes – Spanish aide-de-camp to General Tinio. *Captain Feliciano Ramoso – Spanish aide-de-camp to General Tinio. *Captain Mariano Queri – Spanish officer who served under General Luna as an instructor in the Academía Militar de Malolos and later as the director-general of the staff of the war department. *Captain

Camillo Ricchiardi Giuseppe Camillo Pietro Richiardi or Ricchiardi (1865 – 1940) was an Italian journalist, adventurer and soldier. Early life Born on 5 July 1865, as son of Giovanni and Rosa (née Volpino), he attended the Modena Military Academy and the Cavalr ...

– Italian. *Captain Telesforo Centeno – Spanish. *Captain Arthur Howard – American deserter from the 1st California Volunteers. *Captain Glen Morgan – American who organized insurgent forces in central Mindanao. *Captain John Miller – American who organized insurgent forces in central Mindanao. *Captain Russel – American deserter from the 10th Infantry. *Lieutenant Danfort – American deserter from the 10th Infantry. *Lieutenant Maximino Lazo – Spanish. *Lieutenant Gabriel Badelly Méndez – Cuban. *2nd Lieutenant Segundo Paz – Spanish. *Lieutenant Alejandro Quirulgico – Spanish. *Lieutenant Rafael Madina – Spanish. *Lieutenant Saburo Nakamori – Japanese. *Lieutenant Arsenio Romero – Spanish. *Private John Allane – United States Army. *Private Harry Dennis – United States Army. *Private William Hyer – United States Army. *Private Meeks (given name not specified) – United States Army. *Private George Raymond – 41st Infantry, United States Army. *Private Maurice Sibley – 16th Infantry, United States Army. *Private

John Wagner John Wagner (born 1949) is an American-born British comics writer. Alongside Pat Mills, he helped revitalise British comics in the 1970s, and continues to be active in the British comics industry, occasionally also working in American comics. ...

– United States Army. *Private

Edward Walpole Sir Edward Walpole KB PC (Ire) (1706 – 12 January 1784) was a British politician, and a younger son of Sir Robert Walpole, Prime Minister from 1721 to 1742. Early life The second son of Sir Robert Walpole, he was educated at Eton (1718) an ...

– United States Army. *Henry Richter – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry. *Gorth Shores – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry. *Fred Hunter – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry. *William Denten – American deserter who joined General Lukban in Samar. *Enrique Warren – American deserter who served under

Francisco Makabulos Francisco Macabulos y Soliman (September 17, 1871 – April 20, 1922), commonly known today as Francisco Makabulos, was a Filipino patriot and revolutionary general who led the Katipunan revolutionary forces during the Philippine Revolution ag ...

in Tarlac. *Frank Mekin - American deserter from the 37th Infantry who served as a lieutenant under General Juan Cailles. *Earl Guenther - American deserter and canteen keeper from the 37th Infantry at the Paete garrison who served under General Juan Cailles. *Antonio Prisco – Spanish. *Manuel Alberto – Spanish. *Eugenia Plona – Spanish aide-de-camp to Baldermo Aguinaldo. *Alexander MacIntosh – English.. *William McAllister – English. *Charles MacKinley – Englishman who served in Laoag. *James O'Brian – English. ;Navy: *Captain Simplicio Agoncillo Orosa- Captain of the first steam flagship of the navy, SS Bulusan. *Captain Vicente Catalán – Captain of the

Philippine Navy The Philippine Navy (PN) ( tgl, Hukbong Dagat ng Pilipinas, , Sea Army of the Philippines) ( es, Armada de Filipinas, , Ejército del Mar de las Filipinas) is the naval warfare service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. It has an e ...

ship ''Filipinas''. A

Criollo Criollo or criolla (Spanish for creole) may refer to: People * Criollo people, a social class in the Spanish race-based colonial caste system (the European descendants) Animals * Criollo duck, a species of duck native to Central and South Ameri ...

from

Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...

and a former member of the

Royal Spanish Navy The Spanish Navy or officially, the Armada, is the maritime branch of the Spanish Armed Forces and one of the oldest active naval forces in the world. The Spanish Navy was responsible for a number of major historic achievements in navigation, ...

. Admiral of the Philippine Navy.Flagships of the Philippine Navy up to the Present Day
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References

Bibliography

* * * * * * * *

In popular media

The Philippine revolutionary army has been mentioned in several books and films.

Books

Films

* ''Teniente Rosario'' (1937) * '' Dugo sa Kapirasong Lupa'' (1975) * ''

Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon? ''Ganito Kami Noon... Paano Kayo Ngayon?'' () is a 1976 Philippine period drama film set in the end of Spanish colonization and the start of American colonization in the Philippines. Directed by Eddie Romero and written by Romero and Roy C. Igle ...

'' (1976) * ''Aguila'' (1980) * '' Tirad Pass: The Last Stand of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar (1996) * ''

José Rizal José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (, ; June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist, writer and polymath active at the end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. He is considered the national he ...

'' (1998) * ''

Baler A baler or hay baler is a piece of farm machinery used to compress a cut and raked crop (such as hay, cotton, flax straw, salt marsh hay, or silage) into compact bales that are easy to handle, transport, and store. Often, bales are configured ...

'' (2008) * ''

Amigo Amigo(s) (Portuguese and Spanish for ''male friend'') may refer to: People * Carlos Amigo Vallejo (born 1934), Spanish Roman Catholic archbishop emeritus of Seville Places Facilities * Amigos School, a bilingual primary school in Cambridge, Mas ...

'' (2010) * '' El Presidente'' (2012) * '' Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo'' (2014) * ''

Heneral Luna ''Heneral Luna'' () is a 2015 Filipino historical biopic film depicting General Antonio Luna's leadership of the Philippine Revolutionary Army during the Philippine–American War. Directed by Jerrold Tarog and produced by Artikulo Uno Product ...

'' (2015) * '' Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral'' (2018)

External links

Philippines Independence Armies: Insignia 1896 – 1902
*

{{Philippine Revolution Military of the Philippines Philippine Revolution Military history of the Philippines Disbanded armies Rebel groups in the Philippines