Peter Pan (musical)

Peter Pan, his fellow characters, and the setting of Neverland have appeared in many works since the original books and 1904 play by J. M. Barrie. The earliest were the stage productions of the play, and an adaptation to silent film, done with Barrie's involvement and personal approval. Later works were authorised by Great Ormond Street Hospital, to which Barrie gave the rights to the Peter Pan works; these include adaptations of the main story in both animated and live-action films, musical stage productions, and a sequel novel. In addition, there have been numerous uses of Barrie's characters, settings, and storylines which challenged or took advantage of the changing copyright status of these elements, including reinterpretations, sequels, prequels, and spin-offs in a variety of media, including film, television series, and books.

Adaptations of ''Peter Pan'' for public performance have a unique status in UK copyright law: Great Ormond Street Hospital has the right to receive royalties in perpetuity under specific provisions in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

When dramatised, the character of Peter has usually been played by an adult woman. For boys' roles to be played by women is a convention of the pantomime tradition that was popular when the play was first produced, and was necessitated by laws restricting the use of child actors for evening performances. Later adaptations have often followed this example, for reasons that include tradition, the performance demands of the role, and the marketing advantages of "star" actresses. The roles of Captain Hook and George Darling happened to be played by the same actor in the original production, a tradition which has sometimes been continued in later dramatic adaptations.

Books and publications

Original works

* 1904 – ''Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up'' (play): Peter brings Wendy and her brothers to Neverland, where he has a showdown with his nemesis, Captain Hook. After the play was first staged in 1904, Barrie continued to make changes until the script was published officially in 1928. This play was later adapted as a novel by Barrie.
* 1906 – ''Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens'': an origin story where the infant Peter flies away from his home, takes up residence in Kensington Gardens and makes friends with the fairies. The story first appeared as a chapter in Barrie's ''The Little White Bird'' published in 1902.
* 1908 – ''When Wendy Grew Up – An Afterthought'', a short sequel play first staged in 1908, but only published in book form in 1957.
* 1911 – ''Peter and Wendy'' (novel), later published as ''Peter Pan and Wendy'', adapted as a novel from the play, it also incorporates events from ''When Wendy Grew Up – An Afterthought''.
* 1928 - ''Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up'', the first publication of the script of the play.

Literary – Fiction

*''The Peter Pan Picture Book'' (sometimes entitled ''The Story of Peter Pan''), retold by Daniel O'Connor, illustrated by Alice B. Woodward (1907), based on the original stage production of 1904. The text was also published as ''Peter Pan Keepsake'' but illustrated with photographs from the first productions. It is the first novelisation of the play and also the first illustrated version of the story. This version differs from Barrie's own 1911 novelisation because he had made several changes to his play and story since it was first staged in 1904.
*''Peter Pan and Wendy'', retold by May Byron (1915), authorized novelisation of the novel, later illustrated by Mabel Lucie Attwell in 1921. It was the first time that this form of the title was used, later reused also for Barrie's own novel.
*''Peter Pan and the Only Children'' by Gilbert Adair (1987), an unauthorised sequel/prequel novel. This book is written and presented in a format similar to ''Peter and Wendy'', with bound-in colour illustrations by Jenny Thorne. It has Peter living with a different gang of Lost Boys under the ocean, recruiting "only children" who jump from passing ships as new members, including the newest: 10-year-old Marissa Porter. They have adventures under the sea, including a duel with Captain Hook which ends indecisively. The narrator suggests at the end that perhaps this is a ''prequel'' to the adventure with Wendy Darling, or they take place without sequence. Adair's previous novel was ''Alice through the Needle's Eye'', a sequel to the Alice in Wonderland stories.
*''Neverland'' by Toby Forward (1989), where Peter Pan, Captain Hook etc. are brought back to life through a computer game. Published by Simon & Schuster when Peter Pan first entered the public domain in the UK, before the copyright was revived in 1995.
*''Hook'' by Terry Brooks (1991), a novelization of the Spielberg film.
*''After the Rain: A New Adventure for Peter Pan'' by J. E. Somma (1999), an unauthorised sequel novel. Set in modern times, telling of Peter's reaction to a world that has grown to neglect him, and his rescue by three children who teach him that it's OK to grow up. It was published without incident in Canada, where the copyright to Peter Pan was generally agreed to have expired, but Somma and GOSH were in legal dispute when it was published in the U.S. in 2002, where GOSH claimed their copyrights were still valid. They eventually settled out of court.
*''Wendy'' by Karen Wallace (2003), an unauthorised prequel novel for young adults. An attempt to explain the Darling children's willingness to fly away with Peter on the grounds that their home life, up until shortly before Peter appeared, had been filled with abuse and tragedy: a cruel nanny, a criminally irresponsible father, and a suggestion of insanity in the family.
*''Jardines de Kensington'' (translated as "Kensington Gardens") by Rodrigo Fresán (2003), interweaves the story of Peter Pan, his creator JM Barrie, and various aspects of 1960s London pop culture. The narrator is called "Peter Hook"
*''The Lost Girls: A Novel'' by Laurie Fox (2004), an unauthorised sequel novel. Follows the interaction of Peter Pan with each generation of Wendy Darling's female descendants, up to a distinctly 21st-century great-great-granddaughter. Published by Simon & Schuster.
*The "Starcatchers" books by Dave Barry and Ridley Pearson, an unauthorized series reboot, published by Hyperion Books (a subsidiary of Disney) in the US and by Walker Books in the UK.
**'' Peter and the Starcatchers'' (2004). Set on a ship called ''Never Land'' featuring Peter and an earlier group of Lost Boys. In 2005, the publisher announced plans by Disney to adapt the book as a digitally animated movie. "Peter and the Starcatchers" was adapted to a play similarly titled "Peter and the Starcatcher" winning several Tony awards.
**''Peter and the Shadow Thieves'' (2006).
**''Peter and the Secret of Rundoon'' (2007).
**'' Peter and the Sword of Mercy'' (2009). Twenty-three years since Peter and the Lost Boys returned from Rundoon.
**'' The Bridge to Never Land'' (2011). Sarah and Aidan are drawn from the modern world as they follow clues left by an ancient coded document.
*The " Never Land Books" by Dave Barry, Ridley Pearson, Greg Call (ill.), a series of unauthorised spin-off chapter books. Based on the continuity established by the "Starcatchers" novels, for a younger audience.
**''Escape from the Carnivale'' (2006).
**''Cave of the Dark Wind'' (2007).
**''Blood Tide'' (2008)
*''Capt. Hook: The Adventures of a Notorious Youth'' by James V. Hart (co-writer of the movie ''Hook''), Brett Helquist (ill.) (2005), an authorised (non-canon) prequel illustrated novel, published by HarperCollins in the US. Details the history of 15-year-old James Matthew, young Oppidan Scholar and future Captain Hook. The book portrays the villainous youth in a sympathetic light.
*The Disney Fairies books by Gail Carson Levine, David Christiana (ill.), a series of spin-off illustrated novels for children. Part of the Disney Fairies franchise, published by Disney Press in the US and HarperCollins in the UK. Introduces a new cast of "Never Fairies", in addition to Tinker Bell. Peter Pan and Captain Hook are mentioned but play very minor roles. Additional chapter books in the series are intended for younger readers, and were written by various authors, focusing on the different characters invented by Levine.
**''Fairy Dust and the Quest for the Egg'' (2005).
**''Fairy Haven and the Quest for the Wand'' (2007).
*''Peter Pan in Scarlet'' by Geraldine McCaughrean (2006), the official sequel novel, commissioned by Great Ormond Street Hospital following a competition launched in 2004. It has been sold in 40 different editions in 37 languages. The book is published by Oxford University Press in the UK and Margaret K McElderry (Simon & Schuster) in the US.
*''Tigerheart'' by Peter David (2008), a novel retelling the Peter Pan stories from another character's perspective, referring to him as "the boy" throughout the novel, and referencing both ''Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens'' and ''Peter and Wendy'', with changes to many of the original characters.
*''The Child Thief'' by artist Gerald Brom (2009), an illustrated novel reinterpreting Peter Pan based on the darker themes in the story as a ruthless figure recruiting children to serve toward his own ends.
*''Another Pan'' by Daniel Nayeri and Dina Nayeri (2010), a darker version featuring an 18-year-old Peter Pan searching for the magic bone dust so he will never grow old. Characters also include Wendy, John and their father George Darling.
*''Always Neverland'' by Zoe Barton (2011). Ashley is to be another in a long series of "Wendy girls" Peter brings to Neverland, but she is more interested in adventuring.
*''Tiger Lily'' by Jodi Lynn Anderson (2013). The story of fifteen-year-old Tiger Lily who becomes enthralled and entangled in the life of Peter Pan, told from the perspective of Tinker Bell.
*''Alias Hook'' by Lisa Jensen (2014). Captain Hook is stuck in an endless loop of warring with Peter Pan until a grown woman named Stella Parrish dreams her way into Neverland and begins to change things.
*''Hook's Revenge Series'' by Heidi Schulz, a humorous adventure series about the 12-year-old daughter of Captain Hook on a quest to avenge her father's death.
**''Hook's Revenge'' (2014)
**''The Pirate Code'' (2015)
*''Never Never'' by Brianna R. Shrum (2015), the origin of James Hook and his rivalry with Peter.
*''Lost Boi'' by Sassafras Lowrey (2015). A novel for adults retelling the story through the lens of homeless queer youth with prominent BDSM themes. Told from the point of view of Tootles, "Pan's best boi".
*''Everland'' by Wendy Spinale (2016), steampunk retelling set in an alternate version of the Blitz, where Gwen's sister Joanna is kidnapped by Hook and his Marauders.
*''Unhooked'' by Lisa Maxwell (2016), Gwendolyn's mother's fears are proven right when shadowy creatures kidnap her and her best friend Olivia to a terrifying place called Neverland. She must choose whom to trust: the charming fairy-tale hero or the roguish young pirate.
*''The Neverland Wars'' by Audrey Greathouse (2016). The story of sixteen-year-old Gwen who gets caught between the looming war of Neverland and her personal reality.
*''Never Ever Series'' by Sara Saedi loosely based on Peter Pan. Wylie meets Phinn in a club and he whisks her and her brother off to a magical island where no one ages past seventeen.
**''Never Ever'' (2016)
**''The Lost Kids'' (2018)
*''Peter Darling'' by Austin Chant (2017), a romance between an adult Peter Pan (who is a transgender man born as "Wendy") and Captain Hook. Winner of the 2017 Rainbow Award for best cover and best transgender science fiction/fantasy.
*'' Lost Boy'' (2017). Set in the world of Neverland, Lost Boy is about Jamie, one of Peter Pan's Lost Boys, who begins to grow increasingly disenchanted with Peter as he slowly grows up.
*''Straight on Till Morning'' by Liz Braswell (2020). A tale of sixteen-year-old Wendy Darling that takes place four years after the original story. In order to escape her teenage reality, she gets mixed up in the dealings of Captain Hook, and must partner with Tinkerbell in order to save Peter's life. Part of the Twisted Tale Series from the Disney Book Group.
*''Son of Neverland'' by Cal Barnes (2021). An epic fantasy sequel that takes place exactly one hundred years after Peter Pan and Hook's final battle in the evolved world of Neverland.

Literary – Non-fiction

*''Fifty Years of Peter Pan'' by Roger Lancelyn Green is an account of the first 50 years in Peter Pan's stage history.
*''J.M. Barrie and The Lost Boys'' by Andrew Birkin is an account of the meeting and relationship between Barrie and the Llewelyn Davies family, and how Peter Pan came to be created, based on his docudrama The Lost Boys broadcast in 1978.
*Dr. Dan Kiley popularised the Peter Pan syndrome in his 1983 book, ''The Peter Pan Syndrome: Men Who Have Never Grown Up'', about individuals (usually male) with underdeveloped maturity; his next book, ''The Wendy Dilemma'' (1984), advises women romantically involved with "Peter Pans" how to improve their relationships.
*''Peter Pan on Stage and Screen, 1904–2010'' by Bruce Hanson covers the genesis of Peter Pan and its productions in the UK and US; updated edition of Hanson's work ''The Peter Pan Chronicles'', published in 1993.

Comics

*Disney produced picture book and comic book adaptations of the story, based on their 1953 animated version, published by Dell Comics and Gold Key.
*'' Peter Pank'' by Spanish cartoonist "Max" (Francesc Capdevila) (1985–1990), an unauthorised comic reinterpretation for "adults only". Peter is a violent, spiked-hair anarchist living in Punkland with a gang of punk Lost Boys. The pirates are a gang of rockers, the Indians are hippies, and the female characters are often depicted bare-breasted, with numerous sexual scenes. It was published in three albums: ''Peter Pank'', ''El Licantropunk'', and ''Pankdinista''.
*''Peter Pan'' by French cartoonist Régis Loisel (1990–2004), an unauthorised prequel bandes dessinées. A bawdy, violent series of six albums (two of which won the Angoulême Audience Award), giving Peter Pan's back story a distinctly Dickensian flavour.
*''Peter Pan: Return to Never-Never Land'' by Ron Fortier and Gary Kato (1991), an unauthorised sequel. Peter brings two modern African-American boys to Never-Never Land, published by Malibu Comics under the Adventure Comics imprint, two issues later reprinted in a single volume.
*''The Lost'' by Marc Andreyko, Galen Showman, and Jay Geldhof (1997), an unauthorised sequel comic book. This urban horror-themed mini-series published by Caliber Comics and Chaos! Comics continues the story in present-day New York City, with Peter revealed as a vampire boy hustler who leads a small group of vampire boys including Michael, and lures another girl named Wendy to join them.
*''Lost Boys'' (ロストボーイズ) by Kaname Itsuki (2004), an unauthorised manga reinterpretation, in which a character based on Peter Pan brings a young man to Neverland to be his father, with romantic themes.
* Japanese manga artist, Mayu Sakai, appropriated the English version of the term, ''puer aeternus'', for her series, ''Peter Pan Syndrome''.
*''Lost Girls'' by Alan Moore and Melinda Gebbie (July 2006), an unauthorised reinterpretation graphic novel. A controversial use of Wendy Darling alongside Dorothy Gale from ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' and Alice from ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' in 1913, telling each other stories about their sexual experiences. In it, Peter is a boy that Wendy and her brothers meet in Kensington Gardens, who gives them their first sexual experiences.
*''Peter Panzerfaust'' by Kurtis J. Wiebe (2012 - 2016), a retelling of the story of Peter Pan, set in France during World War II. Peter, an American boy looking for his past in France at the outbreak of the Second World War, recruiting several orphans (The Lost Boys), saving the Darling children and coming across SS-Hauptmann/Kapitan Haken.
*'' Marvel Fairy Tales'' by C. B. Cebulski features various Marvel Comics characters as characters from fairy tales and fables. In issue #1 of the third miniseries of the line, Peter Pan is played by Captain America, with Scarlet Witch as Wendy, The Wasp as Tinker Bell, and Klaw as Captain Hook.
*''Peter Pan – The Graphic Novel'' by Stephen White (2015), a retelling of the original work in graphic novel form.
*''Pan Peter'' by Jang Maro, a Tapas-exclusive manhwa that retells the character as a mysterious, magic boy who avenges the weak by torturing and killing the aggressors.
*''Cheshire Crossing'' written by Andy Weir, a comic which takes characters and locations from ''Peter Pan'' as well as from ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' and ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.''

Radio

*''Peter Pan'', book, music, and lyrics by Philip Glassborow (1995), an authorised musical radio adaptation. Directed by Dirk Maggs for the BBC
...