Peki (Krepi) is an ancient autochthonous society located at the south-eastern corner of present-day Republic of

Ghana Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...

. Geographically, Peki is located on latitude 6° 32’ 0” N and longitude 0° 14’ 0” E.

History

Peki was first visited by Portuguese traders who sailed along the Gulf coast later named the

Gold Coast Gold Coast may refer to: Places Africa * Gold Coast (region), in West Africa, which was made up of the following colonies, before being established as the independent nation of Ghana: ** Portuguese Gold Coast (Portuguese, 1482–1642) ** Dutch G ...

when these forest inhabitants supplied hides, honey, ivory and later cotton and palm kernel.

People

The population of Peki is composed predominantly of three sets of inhabitants. The first being a collection off gatherers, iron smelters, hunters and harvesters mainly autochthonous elements who bear the name Peki and occupied that forest grove located between two mountains ranges called Eyeto (sun mountain) and Akpato (fish mountain). This group forms and bears the name Peki and resided in caves and other fortresses within the area to be called Akwapim-Togo ranges. The ranges lying just about 80 miles North East of Accra and was accessed by few day's journey. The second group, in fact, most predominant segment of the population were Ewe migrants who claimed to have arrived from Glime or Notsie in present-day Togo. Their story was that they suffered under a wicked ruler called Agorkorli. These elements were on reconnaissance for their lost relations who deserted their fold when they migrated from Glime. The group formed part of the Gbe or Gbi segment of Ewe division. The lost elements were identified as the Gbeses of present-day Ga population in the capital city of

Accra Accra (; tw, Nkran; dag, Ankara; gaa, Ga or ''Gaga'') is the capital and largest city of Ghana, located on the southern coast at the Gulf of Guinea, which is part of the Atlantic Ocean. As of 2021 census, the Accra Metropolitan District, , ...

. The third group was mostly war survivors, fugitives, and renegade elements from other kingdoms like

Akwamu Akwamu was a state set up by the Akwamu people in present-day Ghana. After migrating from Bono state, the Akan founders of Akwamu settled in Twifo-Heman. The Akwamu led an expansionist empire in the 17th and 18th centuries. At the peak of their ...

, Akwapim, Asante,

Dahomey The Kingdom of Dahomey () was a West African kingdom located within present-day Benin that existed from approximately 1600 until 1904. Dahomey developed on the Abomey Plateau amongst the Fon people in the early 17th century and became a region ...

Kwahu Kwahu refers to an area and group of people that live in Ghana, part of the Twi-speaking Akan group. The region has been dubbed Asaase Aban, or the Natural Fortress, in view of its position as the highest habitable elevation in the country. Kwahu ...

and

Denkyira Denkyira was a powerful nation of Akan people that existed before the 1620s, in what is now modern-day Ghana. Like all Akans, they originated from Bono state. Before 1620, Denkyira was called Agona. The ruler of the Denkyira was called Denkyirah ...

. These elements introduced warfare, mercenary economy and brutality to the first and second groups who were mostly gatherers, iron smelters and farmers. These final elements organized the state to engage other adjacent states. Some of them worked to destabilize their home societies in brutal warfare in the 18th and 19th Centuries.

Language

The first autochthon elements speak a language today classified in Ghana as of Guan extract. Due to sparse numbers, friendly disposition and ability to learn, they learn the languages of arriving migrants quickly. Today, except for a few words, this language is extinct. The migrants who arrived with the language of the Kwara region of Adja Ewe quickly spread their dialect, and their language was adopted by Peki. The third group arrived with languages of other Guan, Kyerepong and Ga extracts. There were also minority communities residing on top of Akwapim-Togo ranges who joined the population of Peki with several mixes of languages. They sought refuge in the mountain ranges from other marauding tribes west of the Firao, or Amu also known as the

Volta river The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows south into Ghana from the Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main parts of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In ...

. There were others with linguistic traits of Akan dialects. These combinations merged to create a type of

Ewe language Ewe (''Eʋe'' or ''Eʋegbe'' ) is a language spoken by approximately 20 million people in West Africa, mainly in Ghana, Togo and Benin, and also in some other countries like Liberia and southwestern Nigeria. Ewe is part of a cluster of related ...

unknown within the region.

The name Krepi

Krepi or Creppe is a Danish corruption of the actual name, Peki. Peki's political and military influence in the region resulted in the area referred to as Krepi by various European powers in the region.

Communities

There is always a contest about the communities that formed Peki. European explorers first classified all communities east of the Volta as Peki or Krepi/Krepe. This was later reduced to inland Ewe communities. The dominant role played by Peki over other Ewe and non-Ewe groups stretching into present day Togo however set Peki aside within the Volta until the first decade of the 20th century. The following communities and towns signed formal treaties as part of the Peki State and recognized Kwadzo Dei the King of Krepi as their lord in 1880; Boso, Awudome, Anum, Betekwase (Peki Wudome), (Peki Avetile),

Tsito Tsito is a town in the Volta Region of Ghana. Tsito means 'by water' or 'by the river' In the Ewe language, Eʋe language. It is also a settlement discovered after a migratory exploit of its founders, when they were trying to erect a police post ...

, Toseng, Kpalime, Abutia, Tonkor, Sokodei, Dzake, Adzokoe, Tsame, Tsate, Afefieve, Ziavi, Kwanta, Tsibu, Agovi, Siripo, Saviefe, Dadome, Atsoi, Valeme, Nyangbo,

Kpandu Kpando is a town and capital of Kpando Municipal District in the northern Volta Region of Ghana. It is near the north eastern arm of Lake Volta and the Togo border. Kpando is the fifty-fourth most populous place in Ghana, in terms of population, ...

, Dzibi,

Nkonya Nkonya is a town in the Oti Region of Ghana. As a state, it consists of nine towns namely Ahenkro, Asakyiri, Betenase, Kadjebi, Ntsumuru, Ntumda, Tayi, Tepo and Wurupong. The town is known for the Nkonya Senior High School. The school is a second ...

Adaklu Adaklu is a town in the Adaklu District of Volta Region of Ghana. The town is known for the Adaklu Commercial Secondary School. The school is a second cycle institution. References Mountain Adaklu Behind Ho Kpedze, Taviefe, Todzikofe, Kpetoe, Ziokpe, Nyetoi, Agotime,

Buem The Buem constituency is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It is located in the Jasikan district of the Oti Region of Ghana. ...

, and Nkabi (Nkawkubio). By the beginning of the 20th century, and after annulment of Asante-Akwamu hegemony in the area, these satellite towns who first sought protection of Peki began to assert their independence. Peki was there reduced to Metropolitan Peki composed of Blengo (capital; and residence of Kwadzo Dei the king of Peki), Anum, Boso, Avetile, Dzake, Tsame, Aƒeviwoƒe, Dzogbati, Seremase, Adzokoe, Anyirawase, Tsito, Aveŋui, Kwanta, Tsibu, Bame, Kpalime, Ɖoɖi, Toseng, Tonkor, Tsate, Kayera, Nkwakubio, To and Ʋegbe. Metropolitan Peki is now the only officially recognized Peki State presently with its administrative District Capital at Kpeve.

European Influence

Until the arrival of European on the Gold Coast, Kwadzo Dei the King of Peki administered the entire region. They kept close ties with their kith and kins; Gbeses at the Coast. From the Danish forts, Peki traded with the Europeans offering palm oil, kernel oil, ivory, hides, honey and cotton. Europeans brought fabrics, guns and gunpowder and drinks. Peki is located at the confluence of two major trading routes;

Salaga Salaga is a town and is the capital of East Gonja District, East Gonja district, a district in the Savannah Region, Ghana, Savannah Region of north Ghana. Salaga had a 2012 Human settlement, settlement population of 25,472 people. Etymology The ...

to Christianborg Castle at Osu and Agou-Kpalime route to

Fort Prinzenstein Fort Prinzenstein ( da, Fort Prinsensten) is a fort located at Keta, Ghana which was used in the slave trade. Many such forts were built in Africa, but Prinzenstein is one of the few that lie east of the Volta River. Keta served as an open po ...

in Keta. The Pekis although not directly involved with trade taxed merchants plying these routes and also offered protection and security on the routes. Tax collected from merchants was invested in ammunitions and manufacturing of gunpowder essential commodities which Kwadzo Dei controlled within the region. Adequately armed, the state engaged in warfare against any rising state capable of been a threat to Peki. There were military engagements between Asante/Akwamu/Anlo forces against Peki in 1869-72. Danish traders who were operating at the coast sought protection of their wares from Peki and in turn rewarded Kwadzo Dei handsomely with sophisticated weaponry from Europe. In 1850, the Danes devised their interest in the Gold Coast to the British. Peki was specifically visited by Governors Winniet and Carstentein and the town was shown as one of the properties in exchange. After the transaction, the British were unable to impact Peki as the British did not have adequate resources. Kwadzo Dei thus remained an independent King for over thirty years until the scramble for Africa in mid-1885. By extension, Kwadzo Dei ruled over Krepi; areas deep into present day Togo singularly until the turn of the 20th century.

Warfare

In 1826, Peki led a contingent under Akoto of

in the Akatamanso/Katamanso battle of Dodowa; a battle that broke the back of Kumasi and erased Asante's invincibility within the region. In spite of constant battles, there were trade and cultural exchanges among all these societies. Wars are declared by rulers. When Peki was first visited by Danish traders at the close of the 17th century, the society was seen as engaging in farming for most part of the year while spending the rest on mercenary warfare.

The Norddeutsche Missionsgellshaft (The North German Mission Society) or The Bremen Mission

Background

This society established in the early part of the 19th century was inspired by the Pietist Movement and the Christian Awakening which occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries which were themselves outshoots of the Reformation which took place earlier in the 16th century. Their objective was to send European missionaries to other lands to establish the Christian faith among other peoples. On 10 June 1835 at Stade, The German Protestants had an open meeting where it was mooted to form a single North German Missionary Society to send out men into the world to spread the Gospel.

Missionary Work

The Society had reasonable financial support and the General Meeting held in 1842 decided to open two mission fields in

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...

and

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

. Later,

West Africa West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Maurit ...

was added and four young graduates from the Mission School; Lorenz Wolf of Bingen on the Rhine, 26 years old; Luer Bultman of Vahr near Bremen, 28 years old; James Graff of Jutland in Denmark, 32 years old; and Karl Flato of Horn near Bremen, 25 years old were sent to Africa to locate a suitable mission area, free from slave traders and where the climate was agreeable. By profession they were tradesmen: carpenters and leather and shoemakers. These men set out from

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

for their missionary endeavor on 17 March 1847. The first point of call of the missionaries was Cape Coast the hub of European activities in the Gold Coast where they landed on 5 May 1847. The Wesleyan missionary at Cape Coast, Rev.

Thomas Birch Freeman Thomas Birch Freeman (6 December 1809 in Twyford, Hampshire – 12 August 1890 in Accra) was an Anglo-African Wesleyan minister, missionary, botanist and colonial official in West Africa. He is widely regarded as a pioneer of the Methodist Chur ...

received them well. After two weeks, Bultman and Wolf left for Gabon to explore the possibility of opening a station there. Their adventure proved abortive. Bultman died soon after their arrival in Gabon. Catholic work started in earnest before they got there and the French authorities ordered them out to nip in the bud any form of rivalry between the Catholics and the Protestants. Wolf returned to Cape Coast disappointed and having lost a colleague and only to learn that Karl Flato too had died in his absence. The group was left with only Graff and Wolf who were dismayed about the turn of events but not discouraged. Their next move was to look for a mission field of their own choice. Accordingly, when Wolf and Graff learnt that since 1828 the Basel Mission had settled at Christianborg which was about 100 miles west of

Cape Coast Cape Coast is a city, fishing port, and the capital of Cape Coast Metropolitan District and Central Region of Ghana. It is one of the country's most historic cities, a World Heritage Site, home to the Cape Coast Castle, with the Gulf of Guinea ...

, they left Cape Coast for Christianborg.

Arrival at Peki(Krepi)

Shortly before the arrival of the North German Missionaries to Christianborg, the Basel Missionaries had established a school at Osu near Accra. Attending that school was a Prince Nyangamagu, a son of Kwadzo Dei II, Tutu Yao, King of Krepi. When he heard that Wolf and Graff were searching for a place to start missionary work, Prince Nyangamagu assured them that his father, Kwadzo Dei II, a powerful King who ‘ruled over hundred of places’ would welcome them. He invited them to go with him to Peki. The Missionaries consented and the prince sent words home. He received a positive response. The King sent bearers (carriers) to Christianborg to bring the missionaries to Peki. Wolf set out on 9 November 1847, leaving Graff behind. Wolf's Missionary diary clearly gave us a picture into the events and scenes he beheld on the journey. November 13, 1847, ''Abutia, now we observed that we had reached Krepi country. We concluded this from the fertility of the land and from the cleanliness and diligence of the natives.'' November 14, 1847, ''in the morning at Anum. Thousands were assembled in the market place and welcomed me with music and shouts of joy. The Chief and his elders wanted to speak with us but as I was in hurry, I asked them to meet me later at Peki''. First day at Peki: ''Tutu, when being informed of my arrival had ordered all people who were free from work to change the path leading from Anum to Peki about half an hour’s walk into a broad road so that I might walk in comfort. When I was not far from Peki, the King’s son whom I had seen at Accra with some of the confidants of the King met me on the way and said he had sent them to lead me home. I shook hand with him and greeted him. My reception and the welcome accorded to me by the people and the King at Peki was too glorious for a poor missionary.'' ''The town consisted of three places. When I passed the first one (Dzake) it was the most beautiful African village I had ever seen, clean houses and a line of trees on both sides of the broad street – people shouted with joy and accompanied me by the hundreds. The same happened at the second place (Avetile). The people went with me to the house of the King's son at Blengo where I was to lodge. I hardly sat down when two volleys of gun-fire greeted me. It was said Tutu had done this in order to honour me''. After Rev Wolf's arrival in Peki, the German missionaries later moved further into Eweland to propagate the gospel. An important outpost for them was Keta where the mission work grew and expanded into the rest of Eweland. The missionaries arrival in Peki is the foundation of the

Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana The Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana ( ee, Presbyteria Nyanyui Hame le Ghana) is a mainline Protestant Christian denomination in Ghana. It is popularly referred to as the "EP Church". It has strong roots in the Evangelical and Reformed ...

Notable Natives

Ephraim Amu Ephraim Kɔku Amu (13 September 1899 – 2 January 1995) was a Ghanaian composer, musicologist and teacher. Biography Early life and education He was born on 13 September 1899 at Peki-Avetile (also called Abenase) in the Peki Traditional Area ...

Pan Africanist, musicologist and educator *

Esther Afua Ocloo Esther Afua Ocloo (born Esther Afua Nkulenu; 18 April 1919 – 8 February 2002) was a Ghanaian businesswoman and pioneer of microlending, a programme of making small loans in order to stimulate businesses. She was one of the founders of Women's W ...

Industrialist and pioneer of microlending. * Gilbert Ansre Linguist, Bible translation expert, academic and priest.

References and sources

*Macdonald, G (1858) The Gold Coast, past and present: a short description of the country and its people. Pages 235-261 {{authority control Ethnic groups in Ghana Volta Region Ewe people Gbe languages