Pasha ( ota, پاشا; tr, paşa; ar, باشا, translit=basha) was a higher rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries, and others. As an honorary title, ''Pasha'', in one of its various ranks, is similar to a British

peerage A peerage is a legal system historically comprising various hereditary titles (and sometimes non-hereditary titles) in a number of countries, and composed of assorted noble ranks. Peerages include: Australia * Australian peers Belgium * Belgi ...

or knighthood, and was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century Kingdom of Egypt. The title was also used in Morocco in the 20th century, where it denoted a regional official or governor of a district.

Etymology

The English word "pasha" comes from

Turkish Turkish may refer to: *a Turkic language spoken by the Turks * of or about Turkey ** Turkish language *** Turkish alphabet ** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation *** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey *** Turkish communities and mi ...

('; also ()). The Oxford Dictionaries attributes the origin of the English borrowing to the mid-17th century. The etymology of the Turkish word itself has been a matter of debate. Contrary to titles like emir (''amīr'') and bey (''beg''), which were established in usage much earlier, the title ''pasha'' came into Ottoman usage right after the reign of the Osman I (d. 1324), though it had been used before the Ottomans by some Anatolian Turkish rulers of the same era. Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/, and the word was spelled still in the 15th century. According to '' Online Etymology Dictionary'', the Turkish or was itself from Turkish / (, "head, chief"), itself from

Old Persian Old Persian is one of the two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan language, Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of Sasanian Empire). Like other Old Iranian languages, it was known to its native ...

("master", from Proto-Indo-European *') and the root of the Persian word , . According to Oxford Dictionaries, the Turkish word from which it was borrowed was formed as a result of the combination of the

Pahlavi Pahlavi may refer to: Iranian royalty *Seven Parthian clans, ruling Parthian families during the Sasanian Empire *Pahlavi dynasty, the ruling house of Imperial State of Persia/Iran from 1925 until 1979 **Reza Shah, Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878–1944 ...

words "lord", and (). According to

Josef W. Meri Josef (Yousef) Waleed Meri ( ar, يوسف وليد مرعي ''Yūsuf Walīd Marʿī'') is an American historian of Interfaith Relations in the Middle East in the College of Islamic Studies, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar. He is presentl ...

and

Jere L. Bacharach Jere L. Bacharach (born 1938 in New York) is Professor Emeritus, Department of History, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Academia Bacharach attended Trinity College, receiving his B.A. in 1960, Harvard University receiving his M.A. ...

, the word is "more than likely derived from the Persian " (). The same view is held by Nicholas Ostler, who mentions that the word was formed as a shortening of the Persian word . Jean Deny also attributed its origin to , while repeating a suggestion by Gerhard Doerfer that it was influenced by

Turkic Turkic may refer to: * anything related to the country of Turkey * Turkic languages, a language family of at least thirty-five documented languages ** Turkic alphabets (disambiguation) ** Turkish language, the most widely spoken Turkic language * ...

(), meaning "agent, tax collector". Some theories have posited a Turkish or Turkic origin of the word, claiming it derived from (), which denoted a "principal elder brother" or "prince’s elder son" in the pre-Ottoman period. According to etymologist , the word is derived from Turkish (, "boy, prince"), which is

cognate In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words in different languages that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymology, etymological ancestor in a proto-language, common parent language. Because language c ...

with Persian (). Some earlier Turkish lexicographers, such as

Ahmed Vefik Paşa Ahmed Vefik Pasha ( ota, احمد وفیق پاشا ) (3 July 1823 2 April 1891) was an Ottoman statesman, diplomat, scholar, playwright, and translator during the Tanzimat and First Constitutional Era periods. He was commissioned with top-rank ...

and Mehmed Salahi, argued it was most likely derived from Turkish ' or Turkish , the latter meaning "elder brother" and being a title given to some Ottoman provincial officials and

janissaries A Janissary ( ota, یڭیچری, yeŋiçeri, , ) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and the first modern standing army in Europe. The corps was most likely established under sultan Orhan ( ...

. As first used in western Europe, the title appeared in writing with the initial "b". The English forms ''bashaw'', ''bassaw'', ''bucha'', etc., general in the 16th and 17th century, derive through the medieval Latin and Italian word . Due to the Ottoman presence in the Arab world, the title became used frequently in Arabic, though pronounced ''basha'' due to the absence of the /p/ sound in Arabic.

Role in Ottoman and Egyptian political system

Within the Ottoman Empire, the

Sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it ...

had the right to bestow the title of ''Pasha''. Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 work ''Turkish Life in Town and Country'' that it was the sole "Turkish title which carries with it any definite rank and precedence". Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane. ''Turkish Life in Town and Country''.

G.P. Putnam's Sons G. P. Putnam's Sons is an American book publisher based in New York City, New York. Since 1996, it has been an imprint of the Penguin Group. History The company began as Wiley & Putnam with the 1838 partnership between George Palmer Putnam and ...

, 1904. p
5
It was through this custom that the title () came to be used in Egypt, which was conquered by the Ottomans in 1517. The rise to power in Egypt in 1805 by

Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali (; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and activist. Nicknamed "The Greatest", he is regarded as one of the most significant sports figures of the 20th century, a ...

, an

Albanian Albanian may refer to: *Pertaining to Albania in Southeast Europe; in particular: **Albanians, an ethnic group native to the Balkans **Albanian language **Albanian culture **Demographics of Albania, includes other ethnic groups within the country ...

military commander, effectively established Egypt as a ''de facto'' independent state, however, it still owed technical fealty to the Ottoman Sultan. Moreover, Muhammad Ali harboured ambitions of supplanting the Osman Dynasty in Constantinople (now Istanbul), and sought to style his Egyptian realm as a successor sultanate to the Ottoman Empire. As such, he bore the title of ''Pasha'', in addition to the official title of

Wāli ''Wāli'', ''Wā'lī'' or ''vali'' (from ar, والي ''Wālī'') is an administrative title that was used in the Muslim World (including the Caliphate and Ottoman Empire) to designate governors of administrative divisions. It is still in us ...

, and the self-declared title of

Khedive Khedive (, ota, خدیو, hıdiv; ar, خديوي, khudaywī) was an honorific title of Persian origin used for the sultans and grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire, but most famously for the viceroy of Egypt from 1805 to 1914.Adam Mestyan"Kh ...

. His successors to the Egyptian and Sudanese throne,

Ibrahim Ibrahim ( ar, إبراهيم, links=no ') is the Arabic name for Abraham, a Biblical patriarch and prophet in Islam. For the Islamic view of Ibrahim, see Abraham in Islam. Ibrahim may also refer to: * Ibrahim (name), a name (and list of people ...

Abbas Abbas may refer to: People * Abbas (name), list of people with the name, including: **Abbas ibn Ali, Popularly known as Hazrat-e-Abbas (brother of Imam Hussayn) **Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad ** Mahmoud Abbas (born 1935), Palest ...

, Sa'id, and Isma'il also inherited these titles, with ''Pasha'', and ''Wāli'' ceasing to be used in 1867, when the

Ottoman Sultan The sultans of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its hei ...

Abdülaziz Abdulaziz ( ota, عبد العزيز, ʿAbdü'l-ʿAzîz; tr, Abdülaziz; 8 February 18304 June 1876) was the 32nd List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and reigned from 25 June 1861 to 30 May 1876, when he was 187 ...

officially recognised Isma'il as Khedive. The title ''Pasha'' appears originally to have applied exclusively to military commanders and only high ranking family of the sultans, but subsequently it could distinguish any high official, and also unofficial persons whom the court desired to honour. It was also part of the official style of the Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral of the Ottoman fleet). Pashas ranked above Beys and

Aghas Agha ( tr, ağa; ota, آغا; fa, آقا, āghā; "chief, master, lord") is an honorific title for a civilian or officer, or often part of such title. In the Ottoman times, some court functionaries and leaders of organizations like bazaar or ...

, but below

s and Viziers. Three grades of Pasha existed, distinguished by the number of horse tails (three, two, and one respectively; a symbol of Turco-Mongol tradition) or peacock tails that the bearers were entitled to display on their standard as a symbol of military authority when on campaign. Only the sultan himself was entitled to four tails, as

sovereign ''Sovereign'' is a title which can be applied to the highest leader in various categories. The word is borrowed from Old French , which is ultimately derived from the Latin , meaning 'above'. The roles of a sovereign vary from monarch, ruler or ...

commander in chief. The following military ranks entitled the holder to the style Pasha (lower ranks were styled Bey or merely Effendi): *The

Vizier-i-Azam Grand vizier ( fa, وزيرِ اعظم, vazîr-i aʾzam; ota, صدر اعظم, sadr-ı aʾzam; tr, sadrazam) was the title of the effective head of government of many sovereign states in the Islamic world. The office of Grand Vizier was first h ...

(Grand Vizier, the prime minister, but also often taking the field as Generalissimo instead of the Sultan) * Mushir (Field marshal) * Ferik (army lieutenant-general or navy vice-admiral) * Liva (major general or rear-admiral) *The Kizlar Agha (chief black eunuch, the highest officer in the Topkapı Palace; three tails, as commander of the

baltadji The ''baltacı'' or ''baltadji'' (plural ''baltacılar'', "axemen") corps was a class of palace guards in the Ottoman Empire from the 15th to the early 19th centuries. History Also known by the equivalent Persian title ''tabardar'', the ''baltadji' ...

corps of the halberdiers in the imperial army *Constantinople's

Shaikh ul-Islam Sheikh (pronounced or ; ar, شيخ ' , mostly pronounced , plural ' )—also transliterated sheekh, sheyikh, shaykh, shayk, shekh, shaik and Shaikh, shak—is an honorific title in the Arabic language. It commonly designates a chief of a ...

, the highest Muslim clergyman, of cabinet rank. If a Pasha governed a provincial territory, it could be called a '' pashaluk'' after his military title, besides the administrative term for the type of jurisdiction, e.g. ''

eyalet Eyalets ( Ottoman Turkish: ایالت, , English: State), also known as beylerbeyliks or pashaliks, were a primary administrative division of the Ottoman Empire. From 1453 to the beginning of the nineteenth century the Ottoman local government ...

, vilayet/walayah''. Both

Beylerbey ''Beylerbey'' ( ota, بكلربكی, beylerbeyi, lit=bey of beys, meaning the 'commander of commanders' or 'lord of lords') was a high rank in the western Islamic world in the late Middle Ages and early modern period, from the Anatolian Seljuks ...

s (governors-general) and valis/wālis (the most common type of Governor) were entitled to the style of Pasha (typically with two tails). The word ''pashalik'' designated any province or other jurisdiction of a Pasha, such as the Pasha or Bashaw of

Tripoli Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to: Cities and other geographic units Greece *Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece * Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece * Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in ...

. Ottoman and Egyptian authorities conferred the title upon both

Muslim Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...

s and Christians without distinction. They also frequently gave it to foreigners in the service of the Ottoman Empire, or of the Egyptian Khedivate (later Sultanate, and Kingdom in turn), e.g.

Hobart Pasha Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden (1 April 182219 June 1886) was an English-born Ottoman admiral (hence widely known as Hobart Pasha). Biography Hobart-Hampden was born at Walton-on the-Wolds in Leicestershire, the third son of the 6th ...

. In an Egyptian context, the

Abaza Family The Abaza family ( ar, الأسرة الأباظية) is an Egyptian family of maternal Circassians, Circassian origin. They have had an influence in the late 18th century to modern times. They are believed to have a net worth of over US$800 mi ...

is known as "the family of the pashas" for having produced the largest number of nobles holding this title under the Muhammad Ali dynasty and was noted in Egyptian media as one of the main "families that rule Egypt" to this day, and as "deeply rooted in Egyptian society and… in the history of the country."

Honorific

As an honorific, the title Pasha was an aristocratic title and could be hereditary or non-hereditary, stipulated in the "Firman" (patent of nobility) issued by the Sultan carrying the imperial seal "Tughra". The title did not bestow rank or title to the wife nor was any religious leader elevated to the title. In contrast to western nobility titles, where the title normally is added before the given name, Ottoman titles followed the given name. In contacts with foreign emissaries and representatives, holders of the title Pasha were often referred to as "Your Excellency". The sons of a Pasha were styled Pashazada or Pashazade, which means just that. In modern

Egyptian Egyptian describes something of, from, or related to Egypt. Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to: Nations and ethnic groups * Egyptians, a national group in North Africa ** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of years of ...

and (to a lesser extent) Levantine Arabic, it is used as an honorific closer to "Sir" than "Lord", especially by older people. Among Egyptians born since the Revolution of 1952 and the abolition of aristocratic titles, it is considered a highly formal way of addressing one's male peers. The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s. Although it is no longer an official title, high-ranking officers of the Turkish Armed Forces are often referred to as "pashas" by the Turkish public and media. In the French Navy, "pasha" (''pacha'' in French) is the nickname of the

Commanding Officer The commanding officer (CO) or sometimes, if the incumbent is a general officer, commanding general (CG), is the officer in command of a military unit. The commanding officer has ultimate authority over the unit, and is usually given wide latitu ...

, similar to the term "skipper" in the Anglophone navies.

List of notable pashas

The inclusion criterion is that the person held the rank of "pasha" in his society *

, Egyptian Pashas and Beys *

Abbas I of Egypt Abbas Helmy I of Egypt (also known as ''Abbas Pasha'', ar, عباس الأول, tr, I. Abbas Hilmi Paşa 1 July 181213 July 1854) was the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan. He was a son of the Albanian Tusun Pasha, and a grandson of the Albanian Muham ...

* Abbas II of Egypt *

Ali Pasha Ali Pasha was the name of numerous Ottoman pashas named Ali. It is most commonly used to refer to Ali Pasha of Ioannina. People * Çandarlı Ali Pasha (died 1406), Ottoman grand vizier (1387–1406) * Hadım Ali Pasha (died 1511), Ottoman grand v ...

, multiple people * Ali Pasha Mubarak *

Andranik Pasha Andranik Ozanian, commonly known as General Andranik or simply Andranik;. Also spelled Antranik or Antranig 25 February 186531 August 1927), was an Armenian military commander and statesman, the best known '' fedayi'' and a key figure of the ...

Baker Pasha Valentine Baker (also known as Baker Pasha) (1 April 1827 – 17 November 1887), was a British soldier, and a younger brother of Sir Samuel Baker. Biography Baker was educated in Gloucester and in Ceylon, and in 1848 entered the Ceylon Rifle ...

(Valentine Baker) * Barbarossa Khair ad-Din Pasha * Bucknam Pasha (Ransford Dodsworth Bucknam) * Ahmed Pasha (Claude Alexandre de Bonneval) * Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha * Djemal Pasha * Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha ("Ibrahim Pasha of Parga"), also known as ''Frenk Ibrahim Pasha'' ("the Westerner"), ''Makbul Ibrahim Pasha'' ("the Favorite") and ''Maktul Ibrahim Pasha'' ("the Executed") * Dragut, Ottoman

Naval A navy, naval force, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval warfare, naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral zone, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and ...

Commander Commander (commonly abbreviated as Cmdr.) is a common naval officer rank. Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organizations, including several police forces. In several countries this naval rank is termed frigate captain. ...

& Pasha of

Emin Pasha 185px, Schnitzer in 1875 Mehmed Emin Pasha (born Isaak Eduard Schnitzer, baptized Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer; March 28, 1840 – October 23, 1892) was an Ottoman physician of German Jewish origin, naturalist, and governor of the Egyp ...

Enver Pasha İsmail Enver, better known as Enver Pasha ( ota, اسماعیل انور پاشا; tr, İsmail Enver Paşa; 22 November 1881 – 4 August 1922) was an Ottoman military officer, revolutionary, and convicted war criminal who formed one-third ...

* Essad Pasha Toptani * Fakhri Pasha *

Fekry Pasha Abaza Fekry Pasha Abaza (1895 – 9 February 1979) was an Egyptian journalist and democratic political activist. Early life and education Abaza was born in 1895 in the village of Kafr Abu Shehata in the East, Egypt. He was a member of the Abaza Fa ...

Fuad Pasha Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1814 – February 12, 1869), sometimes known as Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha and commonly known as Fuad Pasha, was an Ottoman administrator and statesman, who is known for his prominent role in the Tanzimat reforms of the ...

Glubb Pasha Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb, KCB, CMG, DSO, OBE, MC, KStJ, KPM (16 April 1897 – 17 March 1986), known as Glubb Pasha, was a British soldier, scholar, and author, who led and trained Transjordan's Arab Legion between 1939 a ...

(Sir John Bagot Glubb) * Gordon Pasha (Charles George Gordon) * Guyon Pasha, (General Richard Guyon), also known as Kurshid Pasha *

Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier ( ar, حبيب عبد الرحمن بن الظاهر, ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān bin aẓ-ẓāhir; 1832 – 1896), born in Hadhramaut, was an Arab who played a major role in the Aceh War. References *1880. ''Korte leven ...

* Hagop Kazazian Pasha * Hajji Mustafa Pasha *

(Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden) *

Hüseyin Tevfik Pasha Hüseyin Tevfik Pasha (1832 in Vidin, Ottoman Empire (now in Bulgaria) – 16 June 1901 in Constantinople (now Istanbul)) was a Turkish people, Turkish mathematician and military adjutant representing Turkey in the purchase of foreign rifles. He ...

, arms and algebra expert *

Hussein Refki Pasha Hussein Refki Pasha Ahmed Hafez Mohammed Hafez ( ar, حسين رفقي باشا ; 1876–1950) was an Egyptian military general and politician who served as Egypt's 25th Minister of War and Marine. Career Hussein Refki Pasha served as Egypt's ...

* Ibrahim Edhem Pasha *

İsmet Pasha Ismet ( tr, İsmet) is a Turkish form of the Arabic name Ismet. Along with Turkish, the name is also seen in Albanian, Bosnian, and Macedonian. The name means "honesty" or "purity" and in classical "infallibility", "immaculate", "impeccability" and ...

(İsmet İnönü) * Jafar al-Askari * Jamal Pasha * Judar Pasha, Moroccan general *

Kara Mustafa Pasha Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha ( ota, مرزيفونلى قره مصطفى پاشا, tr, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa; "Mustafa Pasha the Courageous of Merzifon"; 1634/1635 – 25 December 1683) was an Ottoman nobleman, military figure and Gr ...

Hicks Pasha Colonel William Hicks, also known as Hicks Pasha, (18305 November 1883), British soldier, entered the Bombay Army in 1849, and served through the Indian mutiny, being mentioned in dispatches for good conduct at the action of Sitka Ghaut in 1 ...

(William Hicks), British Colonel, Hero of the Mahdist Wars * Kazazian Pasha * Kilic Ali Pasha * Multiple members of the

Köprülü family The Köprülü family ( tr, Köprülü ailesi) was a noble family of Albanian origin in the Ottoman Empire.Ivo Banac''The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics'' , Cornell University 1988 page 292. The family hailed from th ...

* Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha * Liman von Sanders Pasha (Otto Liman von Sanders) * Goltz Pasha (Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz) * Krayem Pasha Al Nahar, Jordan * Mahmud Dramali Pasha, Ottoman general * Marcus Simaika Pasha, was an Egyptian Coptic leader, politician, and founder of the Coptic Museum in Cairo *

Mehmet Esat Bülkat Esat Pasha Janina (18 October 1862 – 2 November 1952; ota, أسعد باشا یانیه), known as Mehmed Esad Bülkat () after the 1934 Surname Law, was an Ottoman general during the First Balkan War, where he led the Yanya Corps, and in Wo ...

Mehmed Pasha Sokolović Sokollu Mehmed Pasha ( ota, صوقوللى محمد پاشا, Ṣoḳollu Meḥmed Pașa, tr, Sokollu Mehmet Paşa; ; ; 1506 – 11 October 1579) was an Ottoman statesman most notable for being the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. Born in ...

* Meissner Pasha (Heinrich August Meissner) * Melling Pasha (Antoine Ignace Melling) * Midhat Pasha *

Müezzinzade Ali Pasha Müezzinzade Ali Pasha ( tr, Müezzinzade Ali Paşa; also known as Sofu Ali Pasha or Sufi Ali Pasha or Meyzinoğlu Ali Pasha; died 7 October 1571) was an Ottoman statesman and naval officer. He was the Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) in command o ...

, Ottoman admiral * Muhammad Ali Pasha, viceroy of Egypt * Mustafa Kemal Pasha, subsequently known as

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, or Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 Surname Law (Turkey), until 1934 ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish Mareşal (Turkey), field marshal, Turkish National Movement, re ...

, founder of the post-Ottoman Turkish republic * Mustafa Reshid Pasha * Naguib Pasha Mahfouz, is known as the father of obstetrics and gynaecology in Egypt and was a pioneer in obstetric fistula *

Nubar Pasha Nubar Pasha ( ar, نوبار باشا hy, Նուպար Փաշա (January 1825, Smyrna, Ottoman Empire - 14 January 1899, Paris) was an Egyptian-Armenian politician and the first Prime Minister of Egypt. He served as Prime Minister three times d ...

Osman Pasha Osman Pasha (also spelled ''Uthman Pasha'' or ''Othman Pasha'') may refer to: * Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1527–1585), Ottoman grand vizier * Bosniak Osman Pasha (died 1685), Ottoman governor of Egypt, Damascus, and Bosnia * Topal Osman Pasha (16 ...

* Omar Pasha Latas *

Piyale Pasha Piali Pasha, ( tr, Piyale Paşa; hu, Piali pasa) (c. 1515–1578) was an Ottoman Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) between 1553 and 1567, and a Vizier (minister) after 1568. He is also known as Piale Pasha in English. Early life His exact place ...

* Qassim Pasha Al Zuhair, Pasha of Albasrah and Kuwait * Radu Bey, Pasha of Wallachia, Brother of

Vlad III Tepes Vlad III, commonly known as Vlad the Impaler ( ro, Vlad Țepeș ) or Vlad Dracula (; ro, Vlad Drăculea ; 1428/311476/77), was Voivode of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death in 1476/77. He is often considered one of the most imp ...

* Refet Bele * Regep Aga * Riyad Pasha, Egyptian statesman *

Russell Pasha Sir Thomas Wentworth Russell (1879–1954), better known as Russell Pasha, was a British police officer in the Egyptian service. He was the fourth child and third son of the Rev. Henry Charles Russell, the grandson of the sixth duke of Bedford, ...

, British officer in the Egyptian police * Rüstem Pasha the longest serving Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire * Said Pasha *

Şerif Pasha Mehmet Şerif Pasha (1865, Üsküdar, Istanbul - December 22, 1951; Catanzaro, Italy), a founding member of Kurd Society for Cooperation and Progress and representative of the Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan to the Paris Peace Conference (1 ...

, Kurdish nationalist *

Sentot Prawirodirdjo Sentot Prawirodirdjo (1807 – 17 April 1855), also known as Sentot Ali Pasha, was a Muslim military commander during the Java War. Sentot was the son of Ronggo Prawirodirjo, who in turn was the brother-in-law of Sultan Hamengkubuwono IV. His fat ...

, known as "Alibasah Sentot" or "Sentot Ali Pasha". Javanese Muslim commander during Java War *

Sinan Pasha Koca Sinan Pasha ( tr, Koca Sinan Paşa, "Sinan the Great"; c. 1506 - 3 April 1596) was an Albanian-born Ottoman Grand Vizier, military figure, and statesman. From 1580 until his death he served five times as Grand Vizier. In a Ragusan documen ...

, * Stone Pasha (Charles Pomeroy Stone) *

Sulejman Pasha Sulejman Pasha Bargjini (also known in sq, Sylejman Pashë Mulleti, tr, Berkinzâde Süleyman Paşa) was an ethnic Albanian general, nobleman and Governor of the Ottoman Empire. He was originally from Bargjin, but he settled in the village of M ...

Sultan al-Atrash Sultan al-Atrash, (March 5, 1891 – March 26, 1982) ( ar, سلطان الأطرش), commonly known as Sultan Pasha al-Atrash ( ar, سلطان باشا الأطرش, links=no) was a prominent Arab Druze leader, Syrian nationalist and Commander Ge ...

* Tahir Pasha, vali of Mosul 1910-12 * Talat Pasha * Tawfiq Bay (Tevfik Pasha), Arab pan-Islamist * Tewfik Pasha * Turhan Pasha Përmeti * Tusun Pasha * Urabi Pasha * Vartan Pasha *

Wehib Pasha Wehib Pasha also known as Vehip Pasha, Mehmed Wehib Pasha, Mehmet Vehip Pasha (modern Turkish: ''Kaçı Vehip Paşa'' or ''Mehmet Vehip (Kaçı)'', 1877–1940), was a general in the Ottoman Army. He fought in the Balkan Wars and in several thea ...

* Williams Pasha (Sir William Williams), Canadian/British General * Woods Pasha (Henry Felix Woods) * Youssef Wahba Pasha, Egyptian Prime Minister * Yusuf Murad Pasha (Józef Bem), Polish general and a national hero of Poland and Hungary, who served in the Ottoman Empire. * Yusuf Karamanli, Pasha of Tripoli *

Zulfikar family The Zulfikar family, sometimes spelled Zolfakar ( arz, عيلة ذو الفقار, Pseudonym, Aliases: آل ذو الفقار, Arabic: عائلة ذو الفقار, Coptic language, Egyptian (Coptic): Ⲍⲩⲗϥⲓⲕⲁⲣ), is a prominent Egypt ...

, Egyptian Pashas and Beys

Notes

References