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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal and revolutionary statesman who was the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President of Turkey, president from 1923 until Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, his death in 1938. He undertook sweeping Atatürk's reforms, reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secularism in Turkey, secular, industrializing nation. Ideologically a Secularism, secularist and Turkish nationalism, nationalist, Atatürk's reforms, his policies and socio-political theories became known as Kemalism. He came to prominence for his role in securing the Ottoman victory at the Battle of Gallipoli (1915) during World War I. Although not directly involved in the Armenian genocide, his government would later grant immunity to remaining perpetrators. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement, which resisted the Empire's partition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
İsmet İnönü
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish politician and military officer who served as the second List of Presidents of Turkey, president of Turkey from 1938 to 1950, and as its Prime Minister of Turkey, prime minister three times: from 1923 to 1924, 1925 to 1937, and 1961 to 1965. İnönü is acknowledged by many as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's right-hand man, with their friendship going back to the Caucasus campaign. In the Turkish War of Independence, Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, he served as the first Chief of the Turkish General Staff, chief of the General Staff from 1922 to 1924 for the Turkish Land Forces, regular Turkish army, during which he commanded forces during the First Battle of İnönü, First and Second Battle of İnönü, Second Battles of İnönü, Eskişehir, İnönü. Atatürk bestowed İsmet with the surname İnönü, the site of the battles, when the 1934 Surname Law was adopted. He was also chief negotiator in the Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zübeyde Hanım
Zübeyde Hanım (1857 – 15 January 1923) was the mother of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey. She was the only daughter of the Hacısofular family which included her two brothers. Zübeyde was born in Langaza village (now in Thessaloniki regional unit), Ottoman Empire in 1857 as the daughter of a Turkish peasant. The Hacısofular family migrated to Macedonia after the collapse of the Karamanids. Early life Zübeyde Hanım was born in 1857 in Lagkadas to a Turkish family, and according to historian Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, she was of Turkic Yörük origin. Some alleged that she was of Slavic origin ( Pomak/ Torbeš) ancestry. It has been also claimed by some historians that she was of Albanian descent. Zübeyde spent her early life on a farm in what is today southern Albania, the daughter of a small tenant. She was described as blonde-haired, blue-eyed, and of robust stature. This ethnic background is believed to have influenced her son, Mu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yildirim Army Group
The Yıldırım Army Group or Thunderbolt Army Group of the Ottoman Empire or Army Group F (German: ''Heeresgruppe F'') was an Army Group of the Ottoman Army during World War I. While being an Ottoman unit, it also contained the German Asia Corps. It was modeled after stormtrooper doctrine. Starting in June 1917, the Yildirim Army Group's first commander in chief was the former Prussian Minister of War and Chief of Staff Erich von Falkenhayn. Von Falkenhayn was replaced by General of the Cavalry Otto Liman von Sanders on 25 February 1918. After the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, Mustafa Kemal took command until the Group's dissolution a few days later. Establishment Upon the death of Goltz Pasha just prior to Ottoman victory at Siege of Kut in the Mesopotamia front in Iraq, German military mission representative in Constantinople General von Lossow on April 22, 1916 had asked Berlin by telegraph to have (then) chief of German general staff General Erich von Fal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)
The Ottoman Seventh Army was a large military formation of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Although designated as an army, at least by 1918, it was only of corps strength. The Seventh Army was established in 1877 for service in Arabia and the Yemen. By 1908 it consisted of the 13th and 14th infantry divisions, one cavalry regiment and one artillery regiment and they were involved in combatting insurgent tribesmen in the Yemen. World War I Order of Battle, August 1917 In August 1917, the army was structured as follows:Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, , p. 170. *Seventh Army, Syria (Mirliva Mustafa Kemal Pasha) ** III Corps *** 24th Division, 50th Division ** XV Corps *** 19th Division, 20th Division ** German Asia Corps In late 1917, commanded by Fevzi Pasha, the Seventh Army was ordered to advanced across the desert in order to bring pressure to bear upon Alle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Army (Ottoman Empire)
The Second Army of the Ottoman Empire was one of the field armies of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the late 19th century during the Ottoman military reforms in accordance with the Tanzimat period. Order of battle, 1877 In 1877, it was stationed in what is now Bulgaria. It was composed of: *1st Infantry Division *2nd Infantry Division *Cavalry Division *field artillery regiment *fortress artillery regiment Upon mobilization for the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the second army was split in two; these were named as Eastern Danube Army and Western Danube Army. Order of battle, 1908 After the Young Turk Revolution and the establishment of the Second Constitutional Era on 3 July 1908, new government initiate a major military reform. Army headquarters were modernized. The army headquarter established in Adrianople. Its operational area was Thrace, the Dardanelles, and it had units in Europe and Asia Minor. It commanded the following active divisions: The Second Army ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
XVI Corps (Ottoman Empire)
The XVI Corps of the Ottoman Empire ( Turkish: ''16 ncı Kolordu ''or'' On Altıncı Kolordu'') was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed during World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to .... Formations Order of Battle, August 1916, December 1916 In August 1916, December 1916, the corps was structured as follows:Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, , p. 134, 154. *XVI Corps (Caucasus) ** 5th Division, 8th Division Order of Battle, August 1917 In August 1917, the corps was structured as follows:Edward J. Erickson, ''Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War'', Greenwood Press, 2001, , p. 170. *XVI Corps (Caucasus) **5th Division, 8th Division ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
19th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)
The 19th Infantry Division was a formation of the Ottoman Army, during the Balkan Wars and the First World War. Formation :Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal Mustafa () is one of the names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic given name and surname. Mustafa is a common name in the Muslim world. Given name Moustafa * Moustafa A ... * 57th Regiment: Major Hüseyin Avni **1st Battalion Captain Ahmet Zeki **2nd Battalion Captain Ata **3rd Battalion Captain Hayri *72nd Regiment: Major Mehmet Münir *77th Regiment: Major Saip *39th Artillery Regiment: Major Halil Galib (Tekaki) The 18th and 27th Regiments were also assigned to the division later in the Gallipoli campaign. References Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan Wars Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire in World War I Infantry divisions of the Ottoman Empire {{mil-unit-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MareÅŸal (Turkey)
() is the highest rank in the Turkish Land Forces and Turkish Air Force. It is the equivalent of a field marshal in other countries. The rank of can trace its origins to the Ottoman Empire, where the rank of '' Mushir'' () was bestowed upon senior commanders upon order of the ruling Sultan. The word in Latin, had parts from the old-German words meaning horse and servant. The rank of ''MareÅŸal'' can only be bestowed by the National Assembly, and only given to a general who leads an army, and/or air force with an extraordinary success in battle gaining a victory over the enemy. The corresponding rank in the Turkish Navy is . List of Turkish Marshals Only two people were bestowed the rank to date, both for their successes in the Turkish War of Independence. See also * Military ranks of Turkey * Military ranks of the Ottoman Empire The military ranks of the Ottoman Empire may be visually identified by the military insignia used during the Military of the Ottoman Empir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mirliva
''Mirliva'' or ''Mîr-i livâ'' was a military rank of the Ottoman Army and Navy. It corresponds to brigadier general ( modern Turkish: ''Tuğgeneral'') and division general ( modern Turkish: ''Tümgeneral'') in the modern Turkish Army. ''Mirliva'' is a compound word composed of '' Mir'' (commander) and ''Liva'' (or ''Liwa'', " brigade" in Arabic). The rank was junior to the '' Ferik'' ( Major General) and superior to the rank '' Miralay'' (Colonel Colonel ( ; abbreviated as Col., Col, or COL) is a senior military Officer (armed forces), officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a colon ...) in the Ottoman Army and the pre-1935 Turkish Army. ''Mirliva'' was the most junior general rank with the title '' Pasha''. The collar mark (later shoulder mark) and cap (until 1933) of a ''Mirliva'' had three stripes and one star during the early years of the Turkish Republic. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkish Land Forces
The Turkish Land Forces () is the main branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The army was formed on November 8, 1920, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Significant campaigns since the foundation of the army include suppression of rebellions in Southeast Anatolia and East Anatolia from the 1920s to the present day, combat in the Korean War, the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus and the current Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war, as well as its NATO alliance against the USSR during the Cold War. The army holds the preeminent place within the armed forces. It is customary for the Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces to have been the Commander of the Turkish Land Forces prior to his appointment as Turkey's senior ranking officer. Alongside the other two armed services, the Turkish Army has frequently intervened in Turkish politics, a custom that is now regulated to an extent by the reform of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Army (1861–1922)
The Ottoman Army was the military of the Ottoman Empire after the country was reorganized along modern western European lines during the Tanzimat modernization period. It operated during the decline and Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, dissolution of the empire, which roughly occurred between 1861 (though some sources date back to 1842) and 1918, the end of Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, World War I for the Ottomans. The Crimean War was the first war effort in which the modern army took part in, proving itself as a decent force. The last reorganization occurred during the Second Constitutional Era. The uniforms of the modern army reflected the military uniforms of the western European countries who were the Ottoman army's principal advisors at the time. The State organisation of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman government considered adopting a Western-style headdress for all personnel within the army, but the Fez (hat), fez was favoured as it was more suited to the posture ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republic Of Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people; most are ethnic Turkish people, Turks, while ethnic Kurds in Turkey, Kurds are the Minorities in Turkey, largest ethnic minority. Officially Secularism in Turkey, a secular state, Turkey has Islam in Turkey, a Muslim-majority population. Ankara is Turkey's capital and second-largest city. Istanbul is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities include İzmir, Bursa, and Antalya. First inhabited by modern humans during the Late Paleolithic, present-day Turkey was home to List of ancient peoples of Anatolia, various ancient peoples. The Hattians ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
