Pararamichloridiaceae

''Pararamichloridium'' is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Pararamichloridiaceae and within the monotypic order of Pararamichloridiales and also in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. They are saprobic (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter) on wood in terrestrial and freshwater habitats.

History

In 2017, South African mycologist and plant pathologist Pedro Willem Crous published the order Pararamichloridiales which consisted of the monotypic family ''Pararamichloridiaceae'' and included the genera of ''Pararamichloridium'' and '' Woswasia''. It also included ''Pararamichloridium livistonae'' as the type species of the genus.

Etymology. The species name ''livistonae'' refers to '' Livistona'', the host genus of palms, from which this fungus was collected. While the genus name of ''Pararamichloridium'' refers to its morphological similarity to genus '' Ramichloridium'', (from the Dissoconiaceae family, order Capnodiales and subclass of Dothideomycetidae,)

In the multi-loci ITS, LSU, SSU and rpb2 sequence data creating a phylogenetic tree, ''Pararamichloridium livistonae'' and ''Pararamichloridium verrucosum'' were shown to be grouped together and formed a separate clade. Although still located within class ''Sordariomycetes''. The divergence time for Pararamichloridiales is estimated as 101.5 MYA (million years ago), which falls in the range of family status.
Meanwhile fungal species, '' Woswasia atropurpurea'', '' Xylochrysis lucida'' and '' Cyanoannulus petersenii'' formed a separate branch which was distant from ''Pararamichloridium'' clade. Zhang et al. (2017a) then excluded ''Woswasia'' from family ''Pararamichloridiaceae'' based on its close phylogenetic affinity with genera '' Xylochrysis'' and ''Cyanoannulus'' in family Woswasiaceae, in Diaporthomycetidae class incertae sedis. This was confirmed in later studies (Hyde et al. 2020a, b, c; and Wijayawardene et al. 2020).

In 2017, three species, ''Pararamichloridium caricicola'', ''Pararamichloridium livistonae'' and ''Pararamichloridium verrucosum'' were accepted in this genus. Then ''Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum'' was added in 2021, it was saprobic on submerged decaying wood within a freshwater stream in China.

Description

Order Pararamichloridiales is characterised by branched, subhyaline (almost transparent) to brown, septate conidiophores, with polyblastic, terminal and intercalary (inserted between other elements or parts) conidiogenous cells that produce solitary, hyaline, aseptate, clavate to ellipsoid conidia.

Members of ''Pararamichloridiaceae'' are pathogenic on plant leaves (Crous et al. 2017, 2018).
Such as in 2021, 12 fungal isolates that belong to 10 genera found on the banana plant were isolated, including ''Trichoderma'', '' Pallidocercospora'', ''Purpureocillium'', '' Pallidocercospora'', '' Mycosphaerella'', '' Chaetomium'', '' Neonectria'', ''Pararamichloridium'', '' Xylaria'', and '' Neocordana''.

The genus of ''Pararamichloridium'' is characterised as follows;
The sexual morph is undetermined. The asexual morph has a mycelium (root-like structure) consisting of hyaline, smooth, septate, branched, hyphae. The conidiophores are erect, solitary, straight to flexuous, septate, branched at apex or not, sub-cylindrical, sub-hyaline to medium brown, smooth. The conidiogenous cells are terminal and intercalary, sub-cylindrical, sub-hyaline to medium brown, smooth, polyblastic and denticulate (having teeth-like structures, or denticles). The denticles have slightly thickened scars. The conidia are solitary, hyaline, smooth, granular, aseptate, thin-walled, clavate to ellipsoid in shape.

Distribution

They are found on the island of Borneo in Indonesia, and also from Australia and India.

Species

4 species have accepted by Species Fungorum;

*'' Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum''
*'' Pararamichloridium caricicola''
*'' Pararamichloridium livistonae''
*'' Pararamichloridium verrucosum''

While GBIF only accepts 3 species,''Pararamichloridium caricicola'', ''Pararamichloridium livistonae'' and ''Pararamichloridium verrucosum''.

References

External links

Mycobank

{{Taxonbar, from=Q56751130, from2=Q56751129

Sordariomycetes genera
Fungi described in 2017
Sordariomycetes
Fungus species