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Panoan (also Pánoan, Panoano, Panoana, Páno) is a family of languages spoken in
Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...
, western
Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
, and
Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
. It is possibly a branch of a larger
Pano–Tacanan Pano-Tacanan (also Pano-Takana, Pano-Takánan, Pano-Tacana, Páno-Takána) is a proposed family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, Bolivia and northern Paraguay. There are two close-knit branches, Panoan and Tacanan (Adelaar & Muyske ...
family.


Genetic relations

The Panoan family is generally believed to be related to the
Tacanan Tacanan is a family of languages spoken in Bolivia, with Ese’ejja also spoken in Peru. It may be related to the Panoan languages. Many of the languages are endangered. Family division * Ese Ejja (a.k.a. Ese’eha, Tiatinagua, Chama, Huara ...
family, forming with it
Pano–Tacanan Pano-Tacanan (also Pano-Takana, Pano-Takánan, Pano-Tacana, Páno-Takána) is a proposed family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, Bolivia and northern Paraguay. There are two close-knit branches, Panoan and Tacanan (Adelaar & Muyske ...
, though this has not yet been established (Loos 1999).


Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua,
Mapudungun Mapuche (, Mapuche & Spanish: , or Mapudungun; from ' 'land' and ' 'speak, speech') is an Araucanian language related to Huilliche spoken in south-central Chile and west-central Argentina by the Mapuche people (from ''mapu'' 'land' and ''che ...
, Moseten-Tsimane, Tukano, Uru-Chipaya, Harakmbet,
Arawak The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greater ...
, Kandoshi, and Pukina language families due to contact.


Languages

There are some 18 extant and 14 extinct Panoan languages.Fleck, David. 2013.
Panoan Languages and Linguistics
'. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 99.
In the list of Panoan languages below adapted from Fleck (2013), (†) means extinct, and (*) obsolescent (no longer spoken daily). Dialects are listed in parentheses. *Mayoruna ** Tabatinga Mayoruna ost divergent† **Mayo ***Matses **** Matses (Peruvian Matses, Brazilian Matses, Paud Usunkid) **** Kulino (of Curuça)* (Kapishtana*, Mawi*, Chema*) **** Demushbo † ***
Korubo The Korubo or Korubu, also known as the Dslala, are an indigenous people of Brazil living in the lower Vale do Javari in the western Amazon Basin. The group calls themselves 'Dslala', and in Portuguese they are referred to as ''caceteiros'' (clu ...
(Korubo, Chankueshbo*) ***Matis ****
Matis The Matis people (also called Matsë in their own native language) are an indigenous people of Brazil. The Matis are commonly named as the Jaguar people by tourists and filmmakers, but they do not like to be called like this. They live in thre ...
**** Jandiatuba Mayoruna † **** Amazon Mayoruna(two dialects) *Mainline Panoan ** Kasharari ost divergent** Kashibo (Kashibo, Rubo/Isunbo, Kakataibo, Nokaman) **Nawa branch (from least to most divergent) ***Bolivian **** Chokobo/ Pakawara (Chokobo, Pakawara) **** Karipuna ossibly a dialect of Chokobo-Pakawara† ****? Chiriba † ***Madre de Dios † **** Atsawaka-Yamiaka(Atsawaka, Yamiaka) **** Arazaire † *** Blanco River Remo † *** Tarauacá Kashinawa † ***Marubo **** Marubo f the Javari Basin**** Katukina (or Waninawa: Katukina of Olinda, Katukina of Sete Estrelas, Kanamari) **** Olivença Kulina *** Poyanawa* **** Poyanawa † **** Iskonawa* **** Nukini † **** ? Môa Nawa* entative due to lack of data**** Jaquirana Remo † ***Chama ****
Shipibo The Shipibo-Conibo are an indigenous people along the Ucayali River in the Amazon rainforest in Peru. Formerly two groups, the Shipibo and the Conibo, they eventually became one distinct tribe through intermarriage and communal ritual and are c ...
(Shipibo-Konibo, Tapiche Kapanawa*) **** Pano* (Pano †, Shetebo*, Piskino*) **** Sensi † ***Headwaters **** Ibuaçu Kashinawa (Brazilian Kashinawa, Peruvian Kashinawa, Juruá Kapanawa, Parannawa) **** Yaminawa (Brazilian Yaminawa dialects, Peruvian Yaminawa, Chaninawa, Chitonawa, Mastanawa, Parkenawa (= Yora), Shanenawa, Sharanawa/Marinawa, Shawannawa (= Arara), Yawanawa, Yaminawa-arara*, Nehanawa) **** Amawaka (Peruvian Amawaka, Nishinawa, Yumanawa) **** Môa Remo † (resembles Amawaka) **** Tuchinawa † (resembles Yaminawa dialects) Boundaries between the Poyanawa, Chama, and Headwaters groups are somewhat blurred. Karipuna and Môa River Nawa may not be distinct languages, and Chiriba may not be Panoan at all. Hundreds of other Panoan "languages" have been reported in the literature. These are names of groups that may have been ethnically Panoan, but whose language is unattested. They sometimes are assumed to be Panoan on no other evidence than that the name ends in ''-nawa'' or ''-bo''. A few, such as
Maya Maya may refer to: Civilizations * Maya peoples, of southern Mexico and northern Central America ** Maya civilization, the historical civilization of the Maya peoples ** Maya language, the languages of the Maya peoples * Maya (Ethiopia), a populat ...
(Pisabo), are unattested but reported to be mutually intelligible with a known Panoan language (in this case Matsés). The people speaking one of these supposed languages, , was rediscovered in 2002. However, no linguistic information is available, and it is not known if they speak a distinct language.


Amarante Ribeiro (2005)

Classification of the Panoan languages according to Amarante Ribeiro (2005): *Group I ** Amawaka *Group II **Subgroup II-1 *** Kashibo *** Nokaman **Subgroup II-2 ***
Shipibo The Shipibo-Conibo are an indigenous people along the Ucayali River in the Amazon rainforest in Peru. Formerly two groups, the Shipibo and the Conibo, they eventually became one distinct tribe through intermarriage and communal ritual and are c ...
*** Kapanawa *** Panobo *Group III **Subgroup III-1 *** Iskonawa *** Kaxinawa **Subgroup III-2 ***Subgroup III-2-1 **** Nukini ****
Remo Remo Inc. is an American musical instruments manufacturing company based in Valencia, California, and founded by Remo Belli in 1957. Products manufactured include drum kits, drumheads, drums, and hardware. History Drummer and founder Re ...
***Subgroup III-2-2 ****Subgroup III-2-2-1 ***** Kanamari ***** Katukina ***** Marubo ****Subgroup III-2-2-2 ***** Mastanawa ***** Tuxinawa ***** Yoranawa ***** Sharanawa ***** Shanenawa ***** Arara ***** Yawanawa ***** Xitonawa ***** Yaminawa ***Subgroup III-2-3 **** Kaxarari **** Poyanawa *Group IV **Subgroup IV-1 *** Kapishto ***
Matsés The Matsés or Mayoruna are an indigenous people of the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon. Their traditional homelands are located between the Javari and Galvez rivers. The Matsés have long guarded their lands from other indigenous tribes and stru ...
*** Kulina ***
Matis The Matis people (also called Matsë in their own native language) are an indigenous people of Brazil. The Matis are commonly named as the Jaguar people by tourists and filmmakers, but they do not like to be called like this. They live in thre ...
**Subgroup IV-2 *** Atsawaka *** Arazaire *** Yamiaka **Subgroup IV-3 *** Karipuna *** Chacobo *** Pakawara


Oliveira (2014)

Internal classification by Oliveira (2014: 123): *Group 1: Kashíbo *Group 2 **Shípibo-Kónibo, Kapanáwa **Marúbo (?) *Group 3: Chákobo, Kaxararí (?) *Group 4: Yamináwa, Chanináwa, Sharanáwa *Group 5: Shanenáwa, Katukína *Group 6: Poyanáwa (?), Amawáka *Group 7 **Kaxinawá, Marináwa **Yawanawá *Group 8: Mayorúna, Matís, Korúbo


Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016.
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
'. Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Brasília The University of Brasília ( pt, Universidade de Brasília, UnB) is a federal public university in Brasília, the capital of Brazil. It was founded in 1960 and has since consistently been named among the top five Brazilian universities and the ...
.
(† = extinct) *Pano **Pano, Northern ***'' Kulina'' (Pano) ***''
Korubo The Korubo or Korubu, also known as the Dslala, are an indigenous people of Brazil living in the lower Vale do Javari in the western Amazon Basin. The group calls themselves 'Dslala', and in Portuguese they are referred to as ''caceteiros'' (clu ...
'' ***''
Matis The Matis people (also called Matsë in their own native language) are an indigenous people of Brazil. The Matis are commonly named as the Jaguar people by tourists and filmmakers, but they do not like to be called like this. They live in thre ...
'' ***'' Matses'' ***'' Pisabo'' **Pano, Nuclear ***'' Kasharari'' ***Pano, Western ****'' Kashibo'', '' Kakataibo'' ****'' Nokaman'' † ***Pano, Central ****Purus *****'' Amawaka'' *****''
Kashinawa The Huni Kuin (also known as: ''Kaxinawá'', ''Cashinahua'', ''Kaschinawa'', ''Kashinawa'', ''Caxinauás'') are an indigenous people of Brazil and Indigenous peoples in Peru, Peru. Their villages are located along the Purus River, Purus and Cur ...
'' *****Yaminawa-Iskonawa-Marinawa: '' Iskonawa'', '' Marinawa'', '' Yaminawa''; '' Yawanawa'' ****Jurua *****'' Kanamari'' (Pano) *****'' Katukina'' (Pano) *****'' Marubo'' ****Nukini-Remo *****'' Nukini'' *****''
Remo Remo Inc. is an American musical instruments manufacturing company based in Valencia, California, and founded by Remo Belli in 1957. Products manufactured include drum kits, drumheads, drums, and hardware. History Drummer and founder Re ...
'' † *****'' Poyanawa'' ****Atsawaka † *****'' Arazaeri'' † *****'' Atsawaka'' † *****'' Yamiaka'' † ****Chakobo *****'' Chakobo'' *****'' Karipuna'' (Pano) *****'' Pakawara'' ****Shipibo-Kapanawa *****'' Kapanawa'' *****Shipibo-Wariapano: '' Sensi'' †; '' Wariapano''; ''
Shipibo The Shipibo-Conibo are an indigenous people along the Ucayali River in the Amazon rainforest in Peru. Formerly two groups, the Shipibo and the Conibo, they eventually became one distinct tribe through intermarriage and communal ritual and are c ...
''


Homonyms

Much of the confusion surrounding Panoan languages is the number of homonyms among different languages. The principal ambiguous names are as follows: Neighboring languages of other families may also share the names of Panoan language. The table below ignores other homonyms further afield:


Varieties

Below is a full list of Panoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. ;Northern languages *Pano / Pánobo - spoken in the village of
Contamana Contamana is a town in the Loreto Region in northeastern Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type ...
on the
Ucayali River The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city of ...
, Loreto province, Peru. *Maruba / Maxuruna / Mayoruna / Pelado / Dallus - spoken on the Maruba River and Jandiatuba River, state of Amazonas. *Culino - extinct language once spoken between the Jutaí River, Javarí River, and Jandiatuba River, Amazonas. *Panau - spoken by only a few families in Seringal Barão, Rio Branco, territory of Acre, Brazil. (Unattested.) *Cashibo / Cacataibo / Caxivo / Hagueti - spoken on the
Pachitea River The Pachitea River is a river in Peru. It is a tributary of the Ucayali River The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes ...
, Pisqui River, and Aguaytía River, Loreto, Peru. *Manamabobo - extinct language once spoken on the
Pachitea River The Pachitea River is a river in Peru. It is a tributary of the Ucayali River The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes ...
, Peru. (Unattested.) *Carapacho / Caliseca - once spoken on the Carapacho River, Peru. (Unattested.) *Pichobo - once spoken at the mouth of the Paguamigua River in Peru. (Unattested.) *Sobolbo / Bolbo - once spoken on the Cohengua River, Peru. (Unattested.) *Mochobo - once spoken between the Guanie River and Guarimi River. (Unattested.) *Maspo - once spoken on the Taco River and Manipaboro River. (Unattested.) *Comobo / Univitsa - once spoken in the same region on the Inua River and
Unini River The Unini River ( pt, Rio Unini) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a right tributary of the Rio Negro. Course The Unini River forms where the Água Preta stream joins the Preto River. It then flows east to the Rio Neg ...
. (Unattested.) *Conibo / Cunibo / Curibeo - spoken along the
Ucayali River The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city of ...
between 8° 30' and 10° latitude. *Cháma / Manava / Chipeo / Setebo / Shipibo / Puinahva - spoken on the
Ucayali River The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city of ...
north of the Conibo tribe. *Nocamán - spoken at the sources of the Chesco River, Loreto. *Ruanagua - spoken on the Corjuania River, Loreto. (Unattested.) *Capanagua - spoken on the
Tapiche River The Tapiche River is a river in Peru. References

Rivers of Peru Tributaries of the Ucayali River {{Peru-river-stub ...
and Blanco River, Loreto. *Busquipani - once spoken on the Alacrán River, Loreto. (Unattested.) *Custanáwa - spoken on the upper course of the
Purus River The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...
near the mouth of the Curanja River, Loreto. (Unattested.) *Espino - spoken on the Curumaha River in the same region. (Unattested.) *Yura - once spoken on the Piqueyaco River, Loreto. (Unattested.) *Marináwa - spoken on the Furnaya River, Loreto. (Pike and Scott 1962.) *Xaranáwa - spoken on the Curanja River, Loreto. (Unattested.) *Canawari - extinct language once spoken on the Curumaha River and Rixalá River, Acre territory, Brazil *Nucuini / Remo / Rheno - spoken at the sources of the
Javari River The Javary River, Javari River or Yavarí River ( es, Río Yavarí, links=no; pt, Rio Javari, links=no) is a tributary of the Amazon that forms the boundary between Brazil and Peru for more than . It is navigable by canoe for from above its ...
and on the Moenalco River and Ipixuna River, state of Amazonas. *Amahuaca / Sayaco / Impetineri - spoken on the
Urubamba River The Urubamba River or Vilcamayo River (possibly from Quechua ''Willkamayu'', for "sacred river") is a river in Peru. Upstream it is called Vilcanota River (possibly from Aymara ''Willkanuta'', for "house of the sun"). Within the La Convención Pr ...
and
Ucayali River The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city of ...
, Loreto, and on the
Purus River The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...
and
Juruá River The Juruá River (Portuguese ''Rio Juruá''; Spanish ''Río Yuruá'') is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River, sharing with this the bottom of the immense inland Amazon depression, and having all the characteristic ...
, Acre. *Mastináhua - spoken on the
Purus River The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...
in the same territory. (Unattested.) *Cachináua / Huñikui - spoken between the Embira River, Liberdade River, and
Tarauacá River Tarauacá River ( pt, Rio Tarauacá is a river of Amazonas and Acre states in western Brazil. The ''Rio Tarauacá'' is a tributary of the Juruá River, which itself flows into the Amazon. Course The headwaters of the Tarauacá are located nea ...
, state of Amazonas. *Tuxináua - spoken on the Embira River and Humaitá River, Acre. *Camanáwa - on the
Môa River The Môa River ( pt, Rio Môa) is a river of Acre state in western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Juruá River. The Môa River flows through the northern part of the Serra do Divisor National Park, and forms part of its north eastern boundary. ...
in Acre. (Unattested.) *Pacanáwa - spoken at the sources of the Embira River, Acre. (Unattested.) *Nehanáwa - spoken by a small tribe on the Jordão River, Acre. *Nastanáwa - spoken on the upper course of the Jordão River. *Cuyanáwa - spoken between the
Môa River The Môa River ( pt, Rio Môa) is a river of Acre state in western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Juruá River. The Môa River flows through the northern part of the Serra do Divisor National Park, and forms part of its north eastern boundary. ...
and Paraná dos Mouros River, Acre territory. (Unattested.) *Sacuya - once spoken between the
Juruá River The Juruá River (Portuguese ''Rio Juruá''; Spanish ''Río Yuruá'') is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River, sharing with this the bottom of the immense inland Amazon depression, and having all the characteristic ...
and
Tamaya River A is an altar#Shinto, altar used in Shinto-style ancestor worship, dedicated in the memory of deceased forebears. It generally has a mirror symbolizing the spirits of the deceased or a tablet bearing their names and is used not only to enshrine ...
, Acre. (Unattested.) *Xanindáua - spoken by a small tribe on the Riozinho River, Acre. (Unattested.) *Coronáwa - spoken in the Acre territory, but exact location unknown. (Unattested.) *Yauavo - once spoken between the
Tejo River Tejo River is a river of Acre state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Acre List of rivers in Acre (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name and ...
and
Aturia River ''Aturia'' is an extinct genus of Paleocene to Miocene nautilids within Aturiidae, a monotypic family, established by Campman in 1857 for ''Aturia'' Bronn, 1838, and is included in the superfamily Nautilaceae in Kümmel 1964. ''Aturia'' is char ...
, Acre. (Unattested.) ;Yaminaua group *Yaminaua - spoken at the sources of the Tarauaca River, territory of Acre. *Poyanáwa - spoken in Acre territory on the
Môa River The Môa River ( pt, Rio Môa) is a river of Acre state in western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Juruá River. The Môa River flows through the northern part of the Serra do Divisor National Park, and forms part of its north eastern boundary. ...
. *Yumanáwa - spoken on the Muruzinho River, Acre. *Paran-náwa - spoken on the Muru River, Acre. *Nixináwa - spoken on the Jordão River, Acre. *Yawanáwa - spoken in Acre territory on the upper course of the Jordão River. *Sanináwa / Shanináua - spoken on the Valparaiso River, Liberdade River, and Humaitá River, Acre. *Xipináwa - spoken between the Valparaiso River and Liberdade River. (Unattested.) *Aranáwa - spoken between the Humaitá River and Liberdade River. (Unattested.) *Contanáwa - spoken in Acre on the upper course of the Tarauaca River and on the Humaitá River. (Unattested.) *Yumináhua - spoken on the Tarauaca River, Acre. (Unattested.) *Wamináua / Catoquino do rio Gregorio - spoken in the same territory on the Gregorio River. ;Sensi group *Sensi - spoken on the Huanachá River and Chanuya River,
department of Loreto Loreto () is Peru's northernmost department and region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest department; it is also one of the most sparsely populated regions due to its remote location in the Ama ...
, Peru. ;Central group *Yamiaca / Haauñeiri - spoken by a small tribe on the Yaguarmayo River, department of Madre de Dios, Peru. *Arazaire - language spoken by a few families in the same region on the Marcapata River. *Atsahuaca / Chaspa - spoken on the
Carama River ''Norape'' is a genus of moths in the family Megalopygidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1855. Species *'' Norape acuta'' Hopp, 1927 *'' Norape albilineata'' (Hopp, 1927) *'' Norape argyrorrhoea'' Hübner, 1825 *'' Norape arietina ...
in Peru. *Araua - extinct language once spoken on the Chiva River, territory of Colonia, Bolivia. (Unattested.) ;Eastern group *Chacobo - spoken around
Lake Rogoaguado A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much larger ...
, Beni province, Bolivia. *Capuibo - once spoken on the
Biata River Beata or Beate is a female given name that occurs in several cultures and languages, including Italian, German, Polish, and Swedish, and which is derived from the Latin ''beatus'', meaning "blessed".''Behind the Name''"Given Name Beate" Retriev ...
in Beni province, Bolivia. (Unattested.) *Pacaguara - language now probably extinct, once spoken between the
Beni River The Beni River ( es, Río Beni) is a river in the north of Bolivia. It rises north of La Paz and flows northeast. The Madre de Dios River is where its mouth is at. In the upper portion of its course it flows through highland forest and rainforest ...
and Abuña River. *Sinabo / Shenabu / Gritones - language now probably extinct, once spoken on the
Mamoré River The Mamoré is a large river in Brazil and Bolivia which unites with the Beni to form the Madeira, one of the largest tributaries of the Amazon. It rises on the northern slope of the Sierra de Cochabamba, east of the city of Cochabamba, and is k ...
near Los Almendrales, Beni Province. (Unattested.) *Caripuna / Jaunavô / Shakáre / Éloe / Yacariá - spoken in the nineteenth century along the
Madeira River The Madeira River ( pt, Rio Madeira, link=no ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is ...
and the sources of the
Beni River The Beni River ( es, Río Beni) is a river in the north of Bolivia. It rises north of La Paz and flows northeast. The Madre de Dios River is where its mouth is at. In the upper portion of its course it flows through highland forest and rainforest ...
, now only in a single village at the mouth of the Mutumparaná River, Rondônia. *Pama / Pamainá - language of an unknown tribe of the Caldeirão River, territory of Rondônia. (Unattested.)


Grammatical features


Body-part prefixation

Exceptional to Panoan languages' predominantly suffixal morphology are sets of approximately 30 morphemes primarily referring to parts or features of prototypical human and animal bodies (and, by analogical extension, of botanicals, manufactures, landscapes, and abstract space) which have been found to occur in almost all attested languages of the family (Fleck 2006: 59; Ferreira 2007, 2008; Amarante Ribeiro and Cândido 2008; Zariquiey and Fleck 2012: 385–386). That these monosyllabic forms are productively affixed to the front of verbal, nominal, or adjectival roots has led many Panoanists to describe them as prefixes (e.g. Prost 1967 and Zingg 1998 or Chakobo Faust 1973, Loriot et al. 1993, and Valenzuela 2003 or Shipibo-Konibo Hyde 1980
or Amawaka Or or OR may refer to: Arts and entertainment Film and television * "O.R.", a 1974 episode of M*A*S*H * Or (My Treasure), a 2004 movie from Israel (''Or'' means "light" in Hebrew) Music * ''Or'' (album), a 2002 album by Golden Boy with Miss ...
Eakin 1991
or Yaminawa Or or OR may refer to: Arts and entertainment Film and television * "O.R.", a 1974 episode of M*A*S*H * Or (My Treasure), a 2004 movie from Israel (''Or'' means "light" in Hebrew) Music * ''Or'' (album), a 2002 album by Golden Boy with Mis ...
, while the forms' resemblance and loose semantic correspondence to unbound, polysyllabic 'body-part terms' has led others to describe them as incorporated nouns (e.g. Loos 1999). More recent and detailed analyses of this feature in Matses (Fleck 2006) and Kashibo-Kakataibo (Zariquiey and Fleck 2012) have demonstrated that most body-part prefixes in these languages are not readily analyzable as synchronic allomorphs of the nouns they resemble. Many Panoan body-part prefixes semantically encompass a range of denotata beyond the strictly 'corporeal' by means of analogical extension. In Matses, for example, the prefix ''an-'' corresponds to the nouns ''ana'' 'mouth, tongue, palm (of hand), sole (of foot), (arm)pit'; ''anmaëşh'' 'gill slits (of fish)'; and ''anşhantuk'' 'swampy depression in the ground'; but can itself be glossed also as 'cavity, concave surface, interior, underside'; and 'center (of path of stream)' (Fleck 2006: 64). In the examples below, the prefix ''an-'' with the verb root ''kiad'' 'learn' expresses the learning of a specifically 'oral activity' while the prefix ''më-'' 'hand, mortar, forearm, wrist, projecting carpal bones, elbow, finger, knuckles, fingernail, branch' expresses the learning of a specifically 'manual' one: :: :: The following example illustrates how ''an-'' can express locative information in non-corporeal, topographical space: :: ::'"Put this one in the middle f the pathand then lie down!" he he moonsaid, they used to tell, I was told' (Fleck 2006: 80). While body-part prefixes in Kashibo-Kakataibo, as in Matses, are highly productive with verbs, they are used regularly with only a modest array of adjectives and nouns (Fleck 2006: 72; Zariquiey and Fleck 2012: 394–5). Zariquiey and Fleck (2012: 394) note that the Kashibo-Kakataibo "words for 'skin', 'hair', and 'flesh'" are regularly prefixed: :: :: 'finding the caiman's neck skin ...' (Zariquiey and Fleck 2012: 395). Due to the paucity of detailed studies of Panoan body-part prefixes, explanations of their grammaticalization remain largely speculative. Fleck has hypothesized that "Panoan (verb) prefixation evolved from past noun incorporation that co-existed with noun-noun and noun-adjective compounding that involved synchronic reduction of body-part roots" (2006: 92). In light of their analysis of Kashibo-Kakataibo prefixation, Zariquiey and Fleck present two diachronic scenarios to orient future comparative work: "(1) prefixation evolved from productive noun incorporation (prefixes have come from longer body-part nouns); or (2) Proto-Panoan body-part terms were monosyllabic forms that became bound, and most of the current body-part terms were later built up from these" (2012: 408).


Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.


Proto-language

Below are Proto-Panoan reconstructions by de Oliveira (2014).Oliveira, S. C. Soares de (2014).
Contribuições para a Reconstrução do Protopáno
'. PhD dissertation, Universidade de Brasília. Accessed fro
DiACL
9 February 2020.
For the full list of original Portuguese glosses, see the corresponding Portuguese article.


Bibliography

* Amarante Ribeiro, Lincoln Almir, and Gláucia Viera Cândido. (2008). "A formação de palavras a partir de morfemas monossilábicos nominais e bases verbais em línguas indígenas da família Pano: Prefixação ou incorporação nominal?" ''Veredas On Line'' (UFJF) 1:129–45. * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . * Eakin, Lucille. (1991). "Lecciones Para el Aprendizaje del Idioma Yaminahua. ''Documento de Trabajo'' no. 22. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. * Faust, Norma. (1973). "Lecciones Para el Aprendizaje del Idioma Shipibo-Conibo." ''Documento de Trabajo'' no. 1. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. * Ferreira, Rogério Vincente. (2007). "Afixos verbais em uma lingua da familia Pano." ''V Congreso Internacional de Investigaciones Lingüísticos-Filológicas: La Enseñanza de la Lengua en el Tercer Milenio''. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma. * Ferreira, Rogério Vincente. (2008). "Morfemas "partes do corpo" em Matis e algumas línguas da família Pano." ''Raído'' (Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados) 2, no. 4:35–39. * Fleck, David. (2006). "Body-part prefixes in Matses: Derivation or noun incorporation?" ''IJAL'' 72:59–96. * Hyde, Sylvia. (1980). "Diccionario Amahuaca" (Edición Preliminar). ''Serie Lingüística Peruana'' no. 7. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico Peruano. * Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). "Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more." In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. . * Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). "The native languages of South America." In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. *Loos, E.; Loos, B. (2003). Diccionario Capanahua-Castellano. Versión electrónica ilustrada. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 45). Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics. * Loos, Eugene E. (1999). "Pano." ''The Amazonian Languages'', ed. R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, pp. 227–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Loriot, James; Erwin Lauriault; and Dwight Day. (1993). "Diccionario Shipibo–Castellano." ''Serie Lingüística Peruana'' no. 31. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. * Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). "Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América". ''Historia general de América'' (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia. * Prost, Gilbert R. (1967). "Chacobo." ''Bolivian Indian Grammars: 1'', ed. Esther Matteson, pp. 285–359. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Oklahoma. * Rodrigues, Aryon. (1986). ''Linguas brasileiras: Para o conhecimento das linguas indígenas''. São Paulo: Edições Loyola. *Scott, M. (2004). Vocabulario Sharanahua-Castellano. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 53). Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics. * Shell, Olive A. (1975). "Las lenguas pano y su reconstrucción". ''Serie lingüística Peruana'' (No. 12). Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. * Valenzuela, Pilar M. (2003). "Transitivity in Shipibo-Konibo grammar." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene. * Zariquiey Biondi, Roberto and David W. Fleck. (2012). "Body-Part Prefixation in Kashibo-Kakataibo: Synchronic or Diachronic Derivation?" ''IJAL'' 78(3):385–409. * Zingg, Philipp. (1998). ''Diccionario Chácobo–Castellano Castellano–Chácobo con Bosquejo de la Gramática Chacobo y con Apuntes Culturales''. La Paz, Bolivia: Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Planificación Viceministro de Asuntos Indígenas y Pueblos Originarios.


References


External links

* * Proel
Familia Panoana

Pacahuara and Yaminahua dictionaries online from IDS
(select simple or advanced browsing)
Lenguas de Bolivia
(online edition) {{Authority control Indigenous languages of South America (Central) Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia Languages of Bolivia Languages of Brazil