The following

outline Outline or outlining may refer to: * Outline (list), a document summary, in hierarchical list format * Code folding, a method of hiding or collapsing code or text to see content in outline form * Outline drawing, a sketch depicting the outer edge ...

is provided as an overview of and topical guide to

German language German ( ) is a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and Official language, official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Ita ...

: One of the major languages of the world, German is the first language of almost 100 million people worldwide and the most widely spoken native language in the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been des ...

. Together with French, German is the second most commonly spoken foreign language in the EU after English, making it the second biggest language in the EU in terms of overall speakers.Europeans and their Languages

Data for EU27
published in 2012.

What ''type'' of thing is German language?

can be described as all of the following: *''

Language family A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in hist ...

'' **

Indo-European languages The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Some European languages of this family, English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Dutc ...

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Proto-Germanic language Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the linguistic reconstruction, reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic languages, Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from ...

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Germanic languages The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. The most widely spoken Germanic language, Engli ...

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West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic languages, Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic languages, North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages, East Germanic ...

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High German The High German dialects (german: hochdeutsche Mundarten), or simply High German (); not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called ''High German'', comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and ...

Standard High German Standard High German (SHG), less precisely Standard German or High German (not to be confused with High German dialects, more precisely Upper German dialects) (german: Standardhochdeutsch, , or, in Switzerland, ), is the standardized variety ...

Central German Central German or Middle German (german: mitteldeutsche Dialekte, mitteldeutsche Mundarten, Mitteldeutsch) is a group of High German dialects spoken from the Rhineland in the west to the former eastern territories of Germany. Central German di ...

Upper German Upper German (german: Oberdeutsch ) is a family of High German dialects spoken primarily in the southern German-speaking area (). History In the Old High German time, only Alemannic and Bairisch are grouped as Upper German. In the Middle High G ...

– diachronic:

Old High German Old High German (OHG; german: Althochdeutsch (Ahd.)) is the earliest stage of the German language, conventionally covering the period from around 750 to 1050. There is no standardised or supra-regional form of German at this period, and Old High ...

Middle High German Middle High German (MHG; german: Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhd.)) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages. It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High German and into Early New High German. High ...

New High German New High German (NHG; german: Neuhochdeutsch (Nhd.)) is the term used for the most recent period in the history of the German language, starting in the 17th century. It is a loan translation of the German (). The most important characteristic o ...

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Low German : : : : : (70,000) (30,000) (8,000) , familycolor = Indo-European , fam2 = Germanic , fam3 = West Germanic , fam4 = North Sea Germanic , ancestor = Old Saxon , ancestor2 = Middle L ...

– diachronic:

Old Saxon Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, was a Germanic language and the earliest recorded form of Low German (spoken nowadays in Northern Germany, the northeastern Netherlands, southern Denmark, the Americas and parts of Eastern Europe). It i ...

Middle Low German Middle Low German or Middle Saxon (autonym: ''Sassisch'', i.e. " Saxon", Standard High German: ', Modern Dutch: ') is a developmental stage of Low German. It developed from the Old Saxon language in the Middle Ages and has been documented i ...

, New Low German

Dialects of German language

Aachen dialect Southeast Limburgish (Dutch: ''Zuidoost-Limburgs'', Ripuarian: ''Süüdoß-Limburjesch''), also referred to as Southern Meuse-Rhenish, is a subdivision of what recently has been named Meuse-Rhenish. Both terms denote a rather compact grouping of ...

Alsatian dialect Alsatian ( gsw-FR, Elsässisch, links=no or "Alsatian German"; Lorraine Franconian: ''Elsässerdeitsch''; french: Alsacien; german: Elsässisch or ) is the group of Alemannic German dialects spoken in most of Alsace, a formerly disputed regio ...

Alzenau dialect Halcnovian , alternatively spelled Haltsnovian, is an East Central German dialect spoken in the former village of Hałcnów, which is now a district of Bielsko-Biała, Poland. It was the vernacular language of Hałcnów until 1945, when ethnic G ...

Amana German Amana German (german: Amana-Deutsch or ) is a dialect of West Central German that is still spoken by several hundred people in the Amana Colonies in Iowa. The Amana Colonies were founded in 1856 by Inspirationalists of German origin who came fro ...

* Argentinien-schwyzertütsch dialect *

Austrian German Austrian German (german: Österreichisches Deutsch), Austrian Standard German (ASG), Standard Austrian German (), or Austrian High German (), is the variety of Standard German written and spoken in Austria. It has the highest sociolinguistic p ...

* Barossa German *

Basel German Basel German or Baseldytsch (Standard German: ''Baseldeutsch'') is the dialect of the city of Basel, Switzerland. The dialect of Basel forms a Low Alemannic linguistic exclave in the High Alemannic region. Phonetics and phonology Consonants ...

Bavarian language Bavarian (german: Bairisch , Bavarian: ''Boarisch'') or alternately Austro-Bavarian, is a West Germanic language, part of the Upper German family, together with Alemannic and East Franconian. Bavarian is spoken by approximately 12 million peop ...

Bergish dialects Bergish is a collective name for a group of West Germanic dialects spoken in the Bergisches Land region east of the Rhine in western Germany. The name is commonly used among its speakers, but is not of much linguistic relevance, because the varie ...

Berlin German Berlin German, or Berlin dialect (High German: ''Berliner Dialekt'', ''Berliner Mundart'', ''Berlinerisch'' or ''Berlinisch''; derogative: ''Berliner Schnauze'', ), is the dialect spoken in the city of Berlin as well as its surrounding metrop ...

Bernese German Bernese German ( Standard German: ''Berndeutsch'', gsw, Bärndütsch) is the dialect of High Alemannic German spoken in the Swiss plateau (Mittelland) part of the canton of Bern and in some neighbouring regions. A form of Bernese German is spo ...

* Bernese German phonology * Bönnsch dialect *

Brandenburgisch dialect Brandenburgian,e.g. Michael .Clyne: ''The German language in a changing Europe.'' 1995, p. XV Brandenburgish or Brandenburgisch is a dialect spoken in Germany in the northern and western parts of Brandenburg (Uckermark, Prignitz and Mittelmark ...

Brazilian German The German-based varieties spoken by German Brazilians together form a significant minority language in Brazil. "Brazilian German" is strongly influenced by Portuguese and to a lesser extent by Italian dialects as well as indigenous languages ...

Central Bavarian Central Bavarian form a subgroup of Bavarian dialects in large parts of Austria and the German state of Bavaria along the Danube river, on the northern side of the Eastern Alps. They are spoken in the ' Old Bavarian' regions of Upper Bavaria (wi ...

Central Thuringian Central Thuringian (german: Zentralthüringisch) is a Thuringian Dialect, Thuringian dialect, that is spoken in the region of central Germany covered by the districts of Landkreis Gotha, Gotha, Landkreis Sömmerda, Sömmerda and Ilm-Kreis as well a ...

Chemnitz dialect Chemnitz dialect is a distinct German dialect of the city of Chemnitz and an urban variety of Vorerzgebirgisch, a variant of Upper Saxon German. Phonology Consonants * are bilabial, whereas are labiodental. * are dental . ** is alveolar ...

Cimbrian language Cimbrian ( cim, zimbar, links=no, ; german: Zimbrisch; it, cimbro) refers to any of several local Upper German varieties spoken in northeastern Italy. The speakers of the language are known as ''Zimbern'' in German. Cimbrian is a Germanic l ...

Colonia Tovar dialect The Colonia Tovar dialect, or Alemán Coloniero, is a dialect that is spoken in Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, and belongs to the Low Alemannic branch of German. Characteristics The dialect, like other Alemannic dialects, is not mutually intelligibl ...

* Duisburg dialect *

East Central German East Central German or East Middle German (german: Ostmitteldeutsch) is the eastern non-Franconian languages, Franconian Central German language and is part of High German languages, High German. Present-day Standard German as a High German lang ...

East Franconian German East Franconian (german: Ostfränkisch) or Mainfränkisch, usually referred to as Franconian (') in German, is a dialect which is spoken in Franconia, the northern part of the federal state of Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Nuremberg, ...

East Frisian Low Saxon East Frisian Low German or East Frisian Low Saxon is one of the Northern Low Saxon dialects, a West Low German dialect spoken in the East Frisian peninsula of northwestern Lower Saxony. It is used quite frequently in everyday speech there. Abou ...

East Low German East Low German (german: ostniederdeutsche Dialekte, ostniederdeutsche Mundarten, Ostniederdeutsch; nds, Oostplattdütsch) is a group of Low German dialects spoken in north-eastern Germany as well as by minorities in northern Poland. Together ...

East Pomeranian dialect East Pomeranian (''Ostpommersch'') is an East Low German dialect that is either moribund or used to be spoken in what was roughly Pomerania (now northwestern Poland; previously part of Germany until the end of World War II) and today is also sp ...

Eastphalian dialect Eastphalian, or Eastfalian (), is a dialect of West Low German, spoken in southeastern parts of Lower Saxony and western parts of Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. Geographical extent The language area between the Weser and Elbe rivers stretches from t ...

Erzgebirgisch Erzgebirgisch (Standard ; Erzgebirgisch: ''Arzgebirgsch'') is a Central German dialect, spoken mainly in the central Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains) in Saxony. It has received relatively little academic attention. Due to the high mobility of the pop ...

Franconian languages Franconian or Frankish is a collective term traditionally used by linguists to refer to many West Germanic languages, some of which are spoken in what formed the historical core area of Francia during the Early Middle Ages. Linguistically, there ...

Friso-Saxon dialects Friso-Saxon ( nl, friso-saksisch) is a group of West Germanic dialects found around the North Sea coast of the Netherlands and Germany, in an area historically known as Frisia. They are dialects of Low German/Low Saxon which have experienced str ...

Gottscheerish Gottscheerish (''Göttscheabarisch'',Maridi Tscherne: Wörterbuch Gottscheerisch-Slowenisch. Einrichtung für die Erhaltung des Kulturerbes Nesseltal, Koprivnik/Nesseltal 2010. german: Gottscheerisch, sl, kočevarščina) is an Upper German ...

Hamburg German Hamburg German, also known as Hamburg dialect or Hamburger dialect (natively , german: Hamburger Platt), is a group of Northern Low Saxon varieties spoken in Hamburg, Germany. Occasionally, the term ''Hamburgisch'' is also used for Hamburg '' Mis ...

High Alemannic German High Alemannic is a dialect of Alemannic German spoken in the westernmost Austrian state of Vorarlberg and in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Language area The High Alemannic dialects are spoken in Liechtenstein and in most of German-speaking ...

High German languages The High German dialects (german: hochdeutsche Mundarten), or simply High German (); not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called ''High German'', comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and ...

High Prussian dialect High Prussian (german: Hochpreußisch) is a group of East Central German dialects in former East Prussia, in present-day Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (Poland) and Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia). High Prussian developed in the 13th–15th centuries ...

Highest Alemannic German Highest Alemannic is a branch of Alemannic German and is often considered to be part of the German language, even though mutual intelligibility with Standard German and other non-Alemannic German dialects is very limited. Highest Alemannic dialect ...

Historic Colognian Historic Colognian or Old Colognian was the spoken and written language of the city of Cologne in Germany from the 12th century to the 18th century, before the development of Modern Colognian. The German name for it is ''Altkölnisch''. This classif ...

* Hohenlohisch dialect *

Hunsrückisch dialect Hunsrückisch is a German dialect spoken in the Hunsrück region of Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate). This mountainous region of Germany has long been an exporter of emigrants to Brazil, United States, Canada, Australia and other parts of the wo ...

Hutterite German Hutterite German (German: ''Hutterisch'') is an Upper German dialect of the Bavarian variety of the German language, which is spoken by Hutterite communities in Canada and the United States. Hutterite is also called Tirolean, but this is an ana ...

* Itzgründisch dialect *

Kerkrade dialect Kerkrade dialect (natively or or simply / , literally 'Kerkradish', li, Kirkräödsj , Standard Dutch: , Standard German: ) is a Ripuarian dialect spoken in Kerkrade and its surroundings, including Herzogenrath in Germany. It is spoken in ...

Colognian dialect Colognian or Kölsch (; natively ''Kölsch Platt'') is a small set of very closely related dialects, or variants, of the Ripuarian group of dialects of the Central German group. These dialects are spoken in the area covered by the Archdiocese a ...

* Koschneiderisch * Lachoudisch *

Lorraine Franconian Lorraine Franconian (Lorraine Franconian: ''Plàtt'' or ''lottrìnger Plàtt''; french: francique lorrain or ''platt lorrain''; german: Lothringisch) is an ambiguous designation for dialects of West Central German (german: Westmitteldeutsch), ...

* Lotegorisch *

Low Alemannic German Low Alemannic German (german: Niederalemannisch) is a branch of Alemannic German, which is part of Upper German. Its varieties are only partly intelligible to non-Alemannic speakers. Subdivisions *Lake Constance Alemannic ( de) **Northern Vora ...

Low Dietsch dialects Low Dietsch ( nl, Platdiets, li, Platduutsj, french: francique rhéno-mosan or ) refers to a handful of transitional Limburgish– Ripuarian dialects spoken in a number of towns and villages (e.g., Gemmenich, Hombourg, Montzen, Welkenraedt). Thi ...

* Low Lusatian German *

Low Prussian dialect Low Prussian (german: Niederpreußisch), sometimes known simply as Prussian (''Preußisch''), is a moribund dialect of East Low German that developed in East Prussia. Low Prussian was spoken in East and West Prussia and Danzig up to 1945. In Da ...

* Lusatian dialects *

Luxembourgish Luxembourgish ( ; also ''Luxemburgish'', ''Luxembourgian'', ''Letzebu(e)rgesch''; Luxembourgish: ) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg. About 400,000 people speak Luxembourgish worldwide. As a standard form of th ...

Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch is a Low German dialect spoken in the Germany, German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It belongs to the East Low German group. In the western parts of the language area it is similar to some West Low German dialect ...

Meuse-Rhenish Meuse-Rhenish (German: ''Rheinmaasländisch'', Dutch: ''Maas-Rijnlands'', and French: ''francique rhéno-mosan'') is the modern term for literature written in the Middle Ages in the greater Meuse-Rhine area, in a literary language that is eff ...

Missingsch () is a type of Low-German-coloured dialect or sociolect of German. It is characterised by Low-German-type structures and the presence of numerous calques and loanwords from Low German in High German. Description A more technical definition o ...

Mòcheno language Mòcheno (german: Fersentalerisch; bar, Bersntolerisch) is an Upper German variety spoken in three towns of the Bersntol (german: Fersental, it, Valle del Fersina), in Trentino, northeastern Italy. Mòcheno is closely related to Bavarian and ...

Moselle Franconian dialects __NOTOC__ Moselle Franconian (german: Moselfränkisch, lb, Muselfränkesch) is a West Central German language, part of the Central Franconian languages area, that includes Luxembourgish. It is spoken in the southern Rhineland and along the c ...

Multiethnolect A multiethnolect is a language variety, typically formed in youth communities in working class, immigrant neighborhoods of urban areas, that contains influences from a variety of different languages. Unlike an ethnolect, which associates one langu ...

* Mundart des Kürzungsgebiets * Mundart des Ostgebietes * Mundart des Weichselmündungsgebietes *

Nehrungisch Nehrungisch is a dialect (''Mundart'') of Low Prussian, belonging to the Low German language variety. It was spoken in East Prussia and West Prussia, in the region around the Vistula Spit (''Frische Nehrung'') near Gdansk. The easternmost loca ...

* Nordostniederdeutsch *

North Upper Saxon North Upper Saxon (german: Nordobersächsisch ) is a Central German dialect spoken in Eastern Germany. It borders to Upper Saxon German, Lusatian dialects, South Marchian dialect, Thuringian dialect and Brandenburgisch. It is spoken in an area ...

Northern Bavarian Northern Bavarian is a dialect of Bavarian, together with Central Bavarian and Southern Bavarian. Bavarian is mostly spoken in the Upper Palatinate, although not in Regensburg, which is a primarily Central Bavarian–speaking area, according to ...

Northern Low Saxon Northern Low Saxon (in High German: ', in Standard Dutch: ') is a subgroup of Low Saxon dialects of Low German. As such, it covers a great part of the West Low German-speaking areas of northern Germany, with the exception of the border region ...

Ostkäslausch Ostkäslausch is a Low Prussian dialect of Low German spoken in an area of Poland, that used to be part of Germany. Geography It used to be or is spoken in Warmia in East Prussia. Its border ran through Warmia. Mitzka, Walther. ''Grundzüg ...

Palatine German language Palatine German (endonym: ; Standard German: ), also known as Palatine Dutch, is a Rhenish Franconian language and is spoken in the Upper Rhine Valley, roughly in the area between Zweibrücken, Kaiserslautern, Alzey, Worms, Ludwigshafen am R ...

* Paraná-Wolga-Deutsch *

Pennsylvania German language Pennsylvania Dutch (, or ), referred to as Pennsylvania German in scholarly literature, is a variety of Palatine German, also known as Palatine Dutch, spoken by the Old Order Amish, Old Order Mennonites, Fancy Dutch, and other descendants of G ...

Plautdietsch language Plautdietsch () or Mennonite Low German is a Low Prussian dialect of East Low German with Dutch influence that developed in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Vistula delta area of Royal Prussia. The word ''Plautdietsch'' translates to "flat (o ...

Rhine Franconian dialects __NOTOC__ Rhenish Franconian or Rhine Franconian (german: Rheinfränkisch ) is a dialect chain of West Central German. It comprises the varieties of German spoken across the western regions of the states of Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate, north ...

Ripuarian language Ripuarian ( ; also ''Ripuarian Franconian''; german: Ripuarisch, , ''ripuarische Mundart, ripuarischer Dialekt, ripuarisch-fränkische Mundart, Ribuarisch'', nl, Ripuarisch , ''Noordmiddelfrankisch'') is a German dialect group, part of the We ...

Ruhrdeutsch Ruhrdeutsch (Ruhr German) is a regiolect of German spoken in the Ruhr area. Through immigration, its vocabulary has been influenced by Low Franconian and Ripuarian language, Ripuarian dialects as well as from Eastern German dialects, Polish langua ...

* Sathmar Swabian *

Siegerländisch Siegerländisch (german: Siegerländer-Platt, locally called ''Sejerlännr Pladd'') is the northeasternmost dialect of the Moselle Franconian Dialect Group. Siegerländisch is spoken in the region around the city of Siegen in Germany. The dialect ...

Silesian German Silesian (Silesian: ', german: Schlesisch), Silesian German or Lower Silesian is a nearly extinct German dialect spoken in Silesia. It is part of the East Central German language area with some West Slavic and Lechitic influences. Silesian Ge ...

* South Bergish *

South Franconian German South Franconian (german: Südfränkisch) or South Rhine Franconian (german: Südrheinfränkisch) is an Upper German dialect which is spoken in the northernmost part of Baden-Württemberg in Germany, around Karlsruhe, Mosbach and Heilbronn. Like ...

South Guelderish South Guelderish ( nl, Zuid-Gelders , german: Südgeldersch, ''Kleverländisch'') refers to the easternmost group of Dutch dialects spoken along the lower Rhine (Dutch Nederrijn and German Niederrhein). In its narrower sense, the term refers str ...

South Tyrolean dialect South Tyrolean German (german: "Südtirolerisch" or "Südtirolisch", in the local Upper German ( Bavarian) vernacular also referred to as ''"Südtiroulerisch" or "Sîdtiroul(er)isch"'') or Tyrolese is a dialect spoken in the northern Italian pro ...

Southern Bavarian Southern Bavarian or South Bavarian, is a cluster of Upper German dialects of the Bavarian group. They are primarily spoken in Tyrol (i.e. the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and the Italian province of South Tyrol), in Carinthia and in the west ...

Standard German Standard High German (SHG), less precisely Standard German or High German (not to be confused with High German dialects, more precisely Upper German dialects) (german: Standardhochdeutsch, , or, in Switzerland, ), is the standardized variety ...

Swabian German Swabian (german: Schwäbisch ) is one of the dialect groups of Alemannic German that belong to the High German dialect continuum. It is mainly spoken in Swabia, which is located in central and southeastern Baden-Württemberg (including its capita ...

Swiss German Swiss German (Standard German: , gsw, Schwiizerdütsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch Mundart,Because of the many different dialects, and because there is no defined orthography for any of them, many different spelling ...

Texas German Texas German (german: Texasdeutsch) is a group of German language dialects spoken in Texas by descendants of German immigrants who settled there in the mid-19th century. These "German Texans" founded the towns of Bulverde, New Braunfels, Fred ...

Thuringian dialect Thuringian is an East Central German dialect group spoken in much of the modern German Free State of Thuringia north of the Rennsteig ridge, southwestern Saxony-Anhalt and adjacent territories of Hesse and Bavaria. It is close to Upper Saxon spo ...

Transylvanian Saxon dialect ) , speakers = 200,000 , familycolor = Indo-European , fam2 = Germanic , fam3 = West Germanic , fam4 = Irminonic , fam5 = High German , fam6 = West Central German , fam7 = Central Franconian , fam8 = Moselle Franconian , map = Deutschsiebenbür ...

Upper Saxon German Upper Saxon (german: Obersächsisch, ; ) is an East Central German language spoken in much of the modern German state of Saxony and in adjacent parts of southeastern Saxony-Anhalt and eastern Thuringia. As of the early 21st century, it's mostl ...

Viennese German Viennese German ( bar, Weanarisch, Weanerisch, german: Wienerisch) is the city dialect spoken in Vienna, the capital of Austria, and is counted among the Bavarian dialects. It is distinct from written Standard German in vocabulary, grammar, a ...

Vogtlandian Vogtlandian (german: Vogtländisch, links=no ; Vogtländisch: ''Vuuchtländisch'', Klingenthal pronunciation: ) is an East Franconian dialect, spoken in Vogtland. Distribution and history Vogtlandian is mainly spoken in rural areas. Speakers are ...

Vorerzgebirgisch Vorerzgebirgisch is a variety of Upper Saxon German. It is a transitional dialect between Meißnisch, Vogtländisch and Erzgebirgisch. An example of an urban variety of Vorerzgebirgisch is the Chemnitz dialect Chemnitz dialect is a distinct ...

Walser German Walser German (german: Walserdeutsch) and Walliser German (, locally ) are a group of Highest Alemannic dialects spoken in parts of Switzerland (Valais, Ticino, Grisons), Italy (Piedmont, Aosta Valley), Liechtenstein (Triesenberg, Planken), an ...

Werdersch Werdersch (german: Mundart der Weichselwerder) is a subdialect of Low Prussian, which itself is a subdialect of Low German. This dialect is spoken in Poland and was spoken in the former province of West Prussia. The (''Vistula river islands'') ...

West Central German West Central German (german: Westmitteldeutsch) belongs to the Central, High German dialect family of German. Its dialects are Franconian and comprise the parts of the Rhinelandic continuum located south of the Benrath line isogloss, including ...

West Low German Low Saxon, also known as West Low German ( nds, Nedersassisch, Nedersaksies; nl, Nedersaksisch) are a group of Low German dialects spoken in parts of the Netherlands, northwestern Germany and southern Denmark (in North Schleswig by parts of th ...

Westphalian language Westphalian or Westfalish ( Standard High German: ', Standard Dutch: ') is one of the major dialect groups of West Low German. Its most salient feature is its diphthongization (rising diphthongs). For example, speakers say () instead of or for ...

* Wisconsin German *

Wymysorys language Wymysorys (, or ), also known as Vilamovian or Wilamowicean, is a West Germanic language spoken by the ethnic Vilamovian minority in the small town of Wilamowice, Poland ( in Wymysorys, ), on the border between Silesia and Lesser Poland, nea ...

Yenish language Yenish (French: ''Yeniche'', German: ''Jenisch''), is a variety of German spoken by the Yenish people, former nomads living mostly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Alsace and other parts of France. Components Yenish has been documented since ...

Yiddish dialects Yiddish dialects are variants of the Yiddish language and are divided according to the region in Europe where each developed its distinctiveness. Linguistically, Yiddish is divided in distinct Eastern and Western dialects. While the Western diale ...

Yiddish Yiddish (, or , ''yidish'' or ''idish'', , ; , ''Yidish-Taytsh'', ) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a ver ...

Zipser German Zipser German (German: Zipserisch, Zipserdeutsch, Hungarian: ''szepességi szász nyelv'' or ''cipszer nyelv'') is a Germanic dialect which developed in the Upper Zips region of what is now Slovakia among people who settled there from central G ...

Zürich German Zürich German (German: ''Zürichdeutsch'', natively ''Züritüütsch'' ) is the High Alemannic dialect spoken in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its area covers most of the canton, with the exception of the parts north of the Thur and th ...

Distribution of German language

List of territorial entities where German is an official language The following is a list of the countries and territories where German is an official language (also known as the Germanosphere). It includes countries that have German language, German as (one of) their nationwide official language(s), as well ...

Geographical distribution of German speakers This article details the geographical distribution of speakers of the German language, regardless of the legislative status within the countries where it is spoken. In addition to the German language, German-speaking area (german: Deutscher Sprac ...

History of German language

History of German The appearance of the German language begins in the Early Middle Ages with the High German consonant shift. Old High German, Middle High German, and Early New High German span the duration of the Holy Roman Empire. The 19th and 20th centuries ...

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Early New High German Early New High German (ENHG) is a term for the period in the history of the German language generally defined, following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 to 1650. The term is the standard translation of the German (Fnhd., Frnhd.), introduce ...

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Duden The Duden () is a dictionary of the Standard High German language, first published by Konrad Duden in 1880, and later by Bibliographisches Institut GmbH. The Duden is updated regularly with new editions appearing every four or five years. , i ...

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German Orthographic Conference of 1901 The German Orthographic Conference of 1901 (the Berlin II Orthographic Conference; german: Zweite Orthographische Konferenz or ') took place in Berlin from 17 until 19 June 1901. The results of the conference became official in the German Empire ...

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German orthography reform of 1996 The German orthography reform of 1996 (') was a change to German spelling and punctuation that was intended to simplify German orthography and thus to make it easier to learn, without substantially changing the rules familiar to users of the lan ...

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Low German : : : : : (70,000) (30,000) (8,000) , familycolor = Indo-European , fam2 = Germanic , fam3 = West Germanic , fam4 = North Sea Germanic , ancestor = Old Saxon , ancestor2 = Middle L ...

General German language concepts

German grammar The grammar of the German language is quite similar to that of the other Germanic languages. Although some features of German grammar, such as the formation of some of the verb forms, resemble those of English, German grammar differs from that of ...

Accusative absolute The accusative absolute is a grammatical construction found in some languages. It is an absolute construction found in the accusative case. Greek In ancient Greek, the accusative case is used adverbially with participles of impersonal verbs, simi ...

*Adverbial genitive *German articles *Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod *German adjectives *German adverbial phrases *German compounds *German conjugation *German modal particles *German sentence structure *Germanic strong verb *Germanic verb *Germanic weak verb *Grammatical gender in German *Hammer's German Grammar and Usage *German nouns *German pronouns *German verbs *German declension *German phonology * Bernese German phonology *Bühnendeutsch *Standard German phonology *Pronunciation of v in German *Rheinische Dokumenta *Teuthonista *German orthography *Council for German Orthography *Fraktur *

*German orthography reform of 1944 *

German language dictionaries

*List of German dictionaries *Altägyptisches Wörterbuch *Cooperative Dictionary of the Rhinelandic Colloquial Language *Petrus Dasypodius *Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch *Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch *Deutsches Wörterbuch *Dictionarium quatuor linguarum *

*Etymological Dictionary of the German Language *Johannes Fries *German–Serbian dictionary (1791) *Der Große Muret Sanders *Historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch des Marxismus *LEO (website) *Linguee *Josua Maaler *Österreichisches Wörterbuch *Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit *Reverso (language tools) *Schweizerisches Idiotikon *SkELL *Vocabularius ex quo *Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache

German-language encyclopedias

*Abrogans *Agent*In *Alemannic Wikipedia *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie *The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Word and Picture *Brockhaus Enzyklopädie *Deutsches Theater-Lexikon *Encyclopedia of Life *Encyclopedia of Fairy Tales *Glottopedia *Historical Dictionary of Switzerland *Klein's encyclopedia *Klexikon *Munzinger-Archiv *Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon *Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft *Ripuarian Wikipedia *Swiss Biographical Archive *Verfasserlexikon *German Wikipedia

German words and phrases

*Glossary of Nazi Germany *List of German expressions in English *Angstloch *Arbeit macht frei *Arbeitseinsatz *Auslese *Bambule *Bandenbekämpfung *Beerenauslese *Befehlsnotstand *Bergfried *Bildungsbürgertum *Bildungsroman *Blut und Boden *Bundespräsidentenstichwahlwiederholungsverschiebung *Das Dritte Reich (disambiguation) *Desk murderer *Dienstmann *Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft *Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft *Doppelgänger *Drang nach Osten *Drittes Reich *Eidgenossenschaft *Eissporthalle *Endsieg *Fach *Fahlband *Fahrvergnügen *Festschrift *Festung *Feuerschutzpolizei *Fingerspitzengefühl *Fräulein *Freischar *Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst (FAD) *Freiwilliger Helfer der Volkspolizei *Führer *Führerprinzip *Fürst *Gänsebraten *Gastarbeiter *Gau (territory) *Gauliga *Gebrauchsmusik *Gedankenexperiment *Gegenschein *Geist *Geistesgeschichte *Gemeinde (theology) *Gemeindepolizei *Gemeindeverband *Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft *Gemütlichkeit *Generalmusikdirektor *Generalplan Ost *Gesamtbedeutung *Gesamtkunstwerk *Gesamtschule *Gewürztraminer *Gleichschaltung *Glockenspiel *Goetheforschung *Goldschläger *Goralenvolk *Gott mit uns *Gott strafe England *Graf *Grammatischer Wechsel *Gruppenführer *Grüß Gott *Gutmensch *Hansaplatz (disambiguation), Hansaplatz *Hauländer *Hauptmann *Hauptstimme *Hauptvermutung *Heerstraße *Heiligenschein *Heim ins Reich *Heimat *Heimatforscher *Herrenhaus (disambiguation), Herrenhaus *Himbeergeist *Himmelblau *Hirtenkäse *Historikerstreit *Hochmeister *Hochschule *Hofmeister (office) *Hohlraum *Ich bin ein Berliner *Jäger (infantry) *Jedem das Seine *Josephskreuz *Journaille *Jüdischer Kulturbund *Junker *Kabarettist *Kabinett *Kaiserlich *Imperial and Royal *Kaiserreich (disambiguation), Kaiserreich *Kaiserthum *Kammersänger *Kampfgruppe *Kanake *Kanalkrankheit *Kanne (surname) *Kapellmeister *Kapitän *Kaserne *Kassirer *Kassler *Katzbalger *Kennkarte *Kesselgarden *Kiez *Kinder, Küche, Kirche *Kirchweger-Kondensationseinrichtung *Kleinstaaterei *Konditorei *Kongokonferenz *Königstrasse (disambiguation), Königstrasse *Kriegsspiel (disambiguation) *Kriminalpolizei *Kristallnacht *Kuchen *Kugel *Kulturdenkmal *Kulturgeschichte *Kulturkampf *Kunstgewerbeschule *Kunsthalle *Künstlerroman *Lagerstätte *Länder *Landesrabbiner *Landflucht *Landschaftsverband *Landsknecht *Language speaks *Lebensraum *Leberkäse *Lehrstücke *Leitkultur *Leitwortstil *Lesesucht *Liebfraumilch *List of stoffs *Literaturoper *Loanwords in German *Luft *Luftwaffe *Lügenpresse *Lutherkirche (disambiguation), Lutherkirche *Magenbrot *Mahlzeit *Maultasche *Meine Ehre heißt Treue *Meistersinger *Mensch *Mensurstrich *Glossary of German military terms *Ministerpräsident *Mitläufer *Mittelafrika *Mitteleuropa *Mittelschmerz *Mittelstand *Moin *Muggeseggele *Multikulti *Musikdrama *Muttiheft *Nacht und Nebel *Nachtigall *Nibelung *Nur für Deutsche *Nuremberg Funnel *Oberbürgermeister *Oberteich (disambiguation), Oberteich *Ohrwurm *One-Mensch-Theater *Opernball (disambiguation), Opernball *Ordnung muss sein *Ordnungspolizei *Ostalgie *Ostforschung *Ostindustrie *Ostpolitik *Ostsiedlung *Pakfront *Panzer *Panzerkeil *Patzer

People influential in German language

Linguists

* Johann Christoph Adelung * George Oliver Curme * Johann Christoph Gottsched * Jacob Grimm * Simon Heinrich Adolf Herling * Wilhelm Theodor Schiefler * Justus Georg Schottelius * Kaspar von Stieler * Harald Weinrich

German-language schools

*German American School *German School Kuala Lumpur *German School of Connecticut *Deutsche Schule Helsinki *Internationales Kulturinstitut *St. Kilian's German School *Bahçelievler Anatolian High School *Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi *German International School New York *Nikolaus Lenau High School *German School of Oslo *Samuel von Brukenthal National College

References

External links

A Guide to German - 10 facts about the German language

Britannica: German-language
{{Outline footer Outlines of languages, German language Wikipedia outlines, German language German language

What ''type'' of thing is German language?

Dialects of German language

Distribution of German language

History of German language

General German language concepts

German language dictionaries

German-language encyclopedias

German words and phrases

People influential in German language

Linguists

German-language schools

See also

References

External links