Oxo Acid

An oxyacid, oxoacid, or ternary acid is an acid that contains oxygen. Specifically, it is a compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and at least one other element, with at least one hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen that can dissociate to produce the H⁺ cation and the anion of the acid.

Description

Under Lavoisier's original theory, all acids contained oxygen, which was named from the Greek ὀξύς (''oxys'': acid, sharp) and the root -γενής (''-genes'': creator). It was later discovered that some acids, notably hydrochloric acid, did not contain oxygen and so acids were divided into oxo-acids and these new hydroacids.

All oxyacids have the acidic hydrogen bound to an oxygen atom, so bond strength (length) is not a factor, as it is with binary nonmetal hydrides. Rather, the electronegativity of the central atom and the number of oxygen atoms determine oxyacid acidity. For oxyacids with the same central atom, acid strength increases with the number of oxygen atoms attached to it. With the same number of oxygen atoms attached to it, acid strength increases with increasing electronegativity of the central atom.

Compared to the salts of their deprotonated forms (a class of compounds known as the oxyanions), oxyacids are generally less stable, and many of them only exist formally as hypothetical species, or only exist in solution and cannot be isolated in pure form. There are several general reasons for this: (1) they may condense to form oligomers (e.g., H₂CrO₄ to H₂Cr₂O₇), or dehydrate all the way to form the anhydride (e.g., H₂CO₃ to CO₂), (2) they may disproportionate to one compound of higher and another of lower oxidation state (e.g., HClO₂ to HClO and HClO₃), or (3) they might exist almost entirely as another, more stable tautomeric form (e.g., phosphorous acid P(OH)₃ exists almost entirely as phosphonic acid HP(=O)(OH)₂). Nevertheless, perchloric acid (HClO₄), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and nitric acid (HNO₃) are a few common oxyacids that are relatively easily prepared as pure substances.

Imidic acids are created by replacing =O with =NR in an oxyacid.

Properties

An oxyacid molecule contains the structure X−O−H, where other atoms or atom groups can be connected to the central atom X. In a solution, such a molecule can be dissociated into ions in two distinct ways:

* X−O−H ⇄ (X−O)⁻ + H⁺
* X−O−H ⇄ X⁺ + OH⁻

If the central atom X is strongly electronegative, then it strongly attracts the electrons of the oxygen atom. In that case, the bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atom is weak, and the compound ionizes easily in the way of the former of the two chemical equations above. In this case, the compound XOH is an acid, because it releases a proton, that is, a hydrogen ion. For example, nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine are strongly electronegative elements, and therefore nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid, are strong acids.

If, however, the electronegativity of X is low, then the compound is dissociated to ions according to the latter chemical equation, and XOH is an alkaline hydroxide. Examples of such compounds are sodium hydroxide NaOH and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂. Owing to the high electronegativity of oxygen, however, most of the common oxobases, such as sodium hydroxide, while strongly basic in water, are only moderately basic in comparison to other bases. For example, the pKa of the conjugate acid of sodium hydroxide, water, is 15.7, while that of sodium amide, ammonia, is closer to 40, making sodium hydroxide a much weaker base than sodium amide.

If the electronegativity of X is somewhere in between, the compound can be amphoteric, and in that case it can dissociate to ions in both ways, in the former case when reacting with bases, and in the latter case when reacting with acids. Examples of this include aliphatic alcohols, such as ethanol.

Inorganic oxyacids typically have a chemical formula of type H_''m''XO_''n'', where X is an atom functioning as a ''central atom'', whereas parameters ''m'' and ''n'' depend on the oxidation state of the element X. In most cases, the element ''X'' is a nonmetal, but some metals, for example chromium and manganese, can form oxyacids when occurring at their highest oxidation states.Kivinen, Mäkitie: Kemia, p. 202-203, chapter=Happihapot

When oxyacids are heated, many of them dissociate to water and the anhydride of the acid. In most cases, such anhydrides are oxides of nonmetals. For example, carbon dioxide, CO₂, is the anhydride of carbonic acid, H₂CO₃, and sulfur trioxide, SO₃, is the anhydride of sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄. These anhydrides react quickly with water and form those oxyacids again.

Many organic acids, like carboxylic acids and phenols, are oxyacids. Their molecular structure, however, is much more complicated than that of inorganic oxyacids.

Most of the commonly encountered acids are oxyacids. Indeed, in the 18th century, Lavoisier