The Order of the Oak Crown (french: Ordre de la Couronne de chêne, german: Eichenlaubkronenorden, lb, Eechelaafkrounenuerden) is an

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

History

The Order of the Oak Crown was established in 1841 by Grand Duke William II, who was also King of the Netherlands. At that time, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Kingdom of the Netherlands were in personal union in which both nations shared the same person as their respective head of state, though remaining as two distinct and independent nations. Although the order was legally a Luxembourgish honour, it was often used by William II and his successor, King-Grand Duke William III, as a house order of the Nassau dynasty to reward Dutch subjects, beyond the control of the Dutch government. William II conferred membership of the order on fewer than 30 recipients. His successor, William III, liked the ability to confer membership of this order at his sole discretion, and awarded 300 decorations on the day of his investiture alone. In the following years, hundreds of additional awards of the order were made. Indeed, there were so many recipients in the Kingdom of the Netherlands itself that the order was widely (and falsely) regarded as a Dutch honour. Membership of the Order of the Oak Crown ceased to be awarded to Dutch subjects in 1890, when Queen Wilhelmina, as the only remaining member of the

House of Orange-Nassau The House of Orange-Nassau (Dutch: ''Huis van Oranje-Nassau'', ) is the current reigning house of the Netherlands. A branch of the European House of Nassau, the house has played a central role in the politics and government of the Netherlands ...

, succeeded her father as new Queen of the Netherlands. Since the ''Erneuter Erbverein'', the

Salic Law The Salic law ( or ; la, Lex salica), also called the was the ancient Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis. The written text is in Latin and contains some of the earliest known instances of Old Du ...

-based house-treaty between the two branches of the House of Nassau (the junior branch of ''Orange-Nassau'' and the senior branch of ''Nassau-Weilburg'' (present-day ''Luxembourg-Nassau'')), did not allow women to succeed to the throne of Luxembourg as long as male heirs of the House of Nassau (in both branches) existed, the throne of Luxembourg went to a German relative of the new Dutch queen, also her maternal great-uncle Adolphe, Duke of Nassau, who became Grand Duke of Luxembourg at age 73. The Order of the Oak Crown remained a solely Luxembourgish honour; subsequently, the Netherlands established the Order of Orange-Nassau instead. Since the accession of Grand Duke Adolphe, the order has been primarily used as an award for Luxembourgish citizens, although membership has occasionally been conferred on foreigners, mainly on members of foreign royal families or on eminent foreigners with Luxembourgish ancestors. The Grand Duke of Luxembourg is the Grand Master of the order.

Grades and insignia

Origin

After the abdication of King-Grand Duke William I in 1841, his successor William II granted Luxembourg a written anti-liberal constitution (called ''the Charter'') in order to strengthen his authority over the country. At the same occasion, he established the Order of the Oak Crown with the idea to be able to reward loyal supporters of his regime in liberal-minded Luxembourg.Gilbert Trausch, Le Luxembourg à l'époque contemporaine, p27ff, Publisher Bourg-Bourger, Luxembourg 1981 The badge, the ribbon, and the (then) four-class hierarchy of the order were inspired by the Russian Order of St. George. This was probably due to the fact that William II was married to a daughter of

Emperor Paul I of Russia An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother (empr ...

, and that he had received the Order of St. George for his meritorious command in the Battle of Waterloo.

Grades

Nowadays, the order consists of five grades: #''Grand Cross'' – wears the badge on a sash on the right shoulder, and the plaque on the left chest; #''Grand Officer'' – wears the badge on a necklet, and the plaque on the left chest; #''Commander'' – wears the badge on a necklet; #''Officer'' – wears the badge on a chest ribbon with rosette on the left chest; #''Knight'' – wears the badge on a chest ribbon on the left chest; plus gilt, silver and bronze medals, who wear the medal on a chest ribbon on the left chest.

Insignia

* The ''badge'' of the order is a gilt cross pattée, enamelled in white; the Officer class has a green enamelled oak wreath between the arms of the cross. The central disc bears the crowned monogram "W" (for William) on a green enamel background. *The ''plaque'' of the order is (for Grand Cross) an eight-pointed faceted silver star, or (for Grand Officer) a faceted silver

Maltese Cross The Maltese cross is a cross symbol, consisting of four " V" or arrowhead shaped concave quadrilaterals converging at a central vertex at right angles, two tips pointing outward symmetrically. It is a heraldic cross variant which developed f ...

. The central disc bears the crowned monogram "W" (for William) on a green enamel background, surrounded by a red enamel ring with the motto ''Je Maintiendrai'' ("I Will Maintain", now the national motto of the Netherlands), in turn surrounded by a green enamelled oak wreath. *The ''medal'' of the order is in an

octagon In geometry, an octagon (from the Greek ὀκτάγωνον ''oktágōnon'', "eight angles") is an eight-sided polygon or 8-gon. A '' regular octagon'' has Schläfli symbol and can also be constructed as a quasiregular truncated square, t, whi ...

al shape, with the motif of the badge of the Order without enamel on the obverse, and an oak wreath without enamel on the reverse. * The ''ribbon'' of the order is yellow-orange moiré with three dark green stripes. The colors are said to be inspired by the oak forests and the fields of rue of the Luxembourg countryside.

Recipients

;Grand Crosses * Shinzo Abe * Alexander, Prince of Orange * Alexis, Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt * Anne, Princess Royal * Beatrix of the Netherlands * Joseph Bech * Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1792–1862) * Xavier Bettel *

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* Charles XV * Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1844–1894) * Charles III of the United Kingdom * Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg * Princess Christina of the Netherlands *

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;Grand Officers *

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* Jan Kohout *

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References

External links

* Legislative texts (French & German) : ** Mémorial A n° 1 du 3 January 1842
Arrêté royal grand-ducal du 29 décembre 1841, Litt. A, portant institution, pour le Grand-Duché du Luxembourg d'un Ordre de la Couronne de Chêne.
(Foundation of the Order) ** Mémorial A n° 37 du 16 July 1845
Arrêté royal grand-ducal du 8 juillet 1845, N° 1395, statuant que les insignes de l'ordre de la Couronne de Chêne doivent être renvoyés à la Chancellerie d'État à La Haye après le décès des membres de l'ordre
(Decorations of the Order must be returned after death or promotion) ** Mémorial A n° 1 du 6 January 1855
Arrêté royal grand-ducal du 2 septembre 1854 concernant les frais de l'Ordre de la Couronne de chêne
(Costs of the Order) ** Mémorial A n° 6 du 23 February 1858
Arrêté royal grand-ducal du 5 février 1858 modifiant celui du 29 décembre 1841, portant institution de l'Ordre de la Couronne de Chêne
(Creation of the rank of Officer) ** Mémorial A n° 28 du 5 November 1872
Arrêté royal grand-ducal du 28 octobre 1872 concernant les insignes de l'Ordre de la Couronne de chêne.
(Gold medal replaced by a silver-gilt medal) ** Mémorial A n° 56 du 24 August 1876
Circulaire du 21 août 1876 – Ordre de la Couronne de chêne.
(Return and wearing of decorations)
Honorary distinctions of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
– Official website of the Luxembourg gouvernement {{Luxembourg honours 1841 establishments in Luxembourg Awards established in 1841