Óláfr Guðrøðarson (died 1237) (
Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic ( gd, Gàidhlig ), also known as Scots Gaelic and Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland. As a Goidelic language, Scottish Gaelic, as well as ...
: ''Amhlaibh Dubh''), also known as Olaf the Black, was a thirteenth-century
King of the Isles
The Kingdom of the Isles consisted of the Isle of Man, the Hebrides and the islands of the Firth of Clyde from the 9th to the 13th centuries AD. The islands were known to the Norse as the , or "Southern Isles" as distinct from the or Nort ...
, and a member of the
Crovan dynasty
The Crovan dynasty, from the late 11th century to the mid 13th century, was the ruling family of an insular kingdom known variously in secondary sources as the Kingdom of Mann, the Kingdom of the Isles, and the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles. The ...
. He was a son of
Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of the Isles and Fionnghuala Nic Lochlainn. Óláfr was a younger son of his father; Óláfr's elder brother,
Rǫgnvaldr
Rǫgnvaldr is an Old Norse language, Old Norse name.
People
* Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson (died 1229), King of the Isles
Derived or cognate names
Given names include:
*''Raginald'', German
*''Reginold'', German
*''Ragenold'', German
*''Ragenald'' ...
, probably had a different mother. According to the ''
Chronicle of Mann
The ''Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles''
– British Library ( la, Chron ...
'', Guðrøðr appointed Óláfr as
heir
Inheritance is the practice of receiving private property, titles, debts, entitlements, privileges, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual. The rules of inheritance differ among societies and have changed over time. Officiall ...
since he had been born "in lawful wedlock". Whether or not this is the case, after Guðrøðr's death in 1187 the Islesmen instead appointed Rǫgnvaldr as king, as he was a capable adult and Óláfr was a mere child. Rǫgnvaldr ruled the island-kingdom for almost forty years, during which time the half-brothers vied for the kingship.
Óláfr appears to have held authority on the island of
Lewis and Harris
Lewis and Harris ( gd, Leòdhas agus na Hearadh, sco, Lewis an Harris), or Lewis with Harris, is a single Scottish island in the Outer Hebrides, divided by mountains. It is the largest island in Scotland and the third largest in the British ...
. At some point, Óláfr appears to have confronted Rǫgnvaldr for a larger stake in the kingdom, after which Rǫgnvaldr had him seized and imprisoned by
William the Lion
William the Lion, sometimes styled William I and also known by the nickname Garbh, "the Rough"''Uilleam Garbh''; e.g. Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1214.6; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1213.10. ( 1142 – 4 December 1214), reigned as King of Scots from 11 ...
, King of Scotland. Upon his release in 1214/1215, Óláfr is stated to have undertaken a
pilgrimage
A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, aft ...
to
Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia, in northwestern Spain. The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of St ...
, after which the half-brothers were reconciled, and Rǫgnvaldr had Óláfr married to Lauon, the sister of his own wife. In what appears to have been a politically motivated maneuver, Óláfr had his marriage declared null by
Reginald, Bishop of the Isles
Reginald (died c.1226) was an early thirteenth-century Bishop of the Isles. According to the ''Chronicle of Mann'', he was related to the Crovan dynasty, the royal family of the Kingdom of the Isles. The chronicle specifically states that he was t ...
, and proceeded to marry Cairistíona, a daughter of
Fearchar, Earl of Ross
Fearchar of Ross or Ferchar mac in tSagairt (''Fearchar mac an t-sagairt'', often anglicized as ''Farquhar MacTaggart''), was the first of the Scottish Ó Beólláin (O’Beolan, Beolan) family who received by Royal Grant the lands and Title of Mor ...
. Whilst Lauon appears to have been a member of
Clann Somhairle
Clann Somhairle, sometimes anglicised as Clan Sorley, refers to those Scottish and Irish dynasties descending from the famous Norse-Gaelic leader Somerled, King of Mann and the Isles, son of Gillabrigte (†1164) and ancestor of Clann Domhna ...
, a kindred led by
Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill
Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill (died 1247?) was a leading figure in the Kingdom of the Isles and a member of Clann Somhairle. He was a son of Raghnall mac Somhairle, and was the eponymous ancestor of Clann Ruaidhrí. Ruaidhrí may have become the princ ...
, a man closely aligned with Rǫgnvaldr and opposed to the Scottish Crown, Cairistíona was the daughter of a rising Scottish magnate.
In 1223, Óláfr's marital actions are stated to have precipitated Rǫgnvaldr's son,
Guðrøðr Dond
Guðrøðr is a masculine Old Norse personal name. The name is rendered in Old Irish and Middle Irish as ''Gofraid'' or ''Gofraidh'' (later ''Goraidh'' in Scottish Gaelic). Anglicisation, Anglicised forms of the Old Norse name are ''Godred'', ''Gu ...
, to attack Óláfr on
Lewis and Harris
Lewis and Harris ( gd, Leòdhas agus na Hearadh, sco, Lewis an Harris), or Lewis with Harris, is a single Scottish island in the Outer Hebrides, divided by mountains. It is the largest island in Scotland and the third largest in the British ...
, driving him into
Ross Ross or ROSS may refer to:
People
* Clan Ross, a Highland Scottish clan
* Ross (name), including a list of people with the surname or given name Ross, as well as the meaning
* Earl of Ross, a peerage of Scotland
Places
* RoSS, the Republic of Sou ...
to the safety of his father-in-law. Together with
Páll Bálkason
Páll, son of Bálki, or Paal Baalkeson, was a 13th-century Hebridean lord who was an ally of Olaf the Black, king of Mann and the Isles. He was long remembered in Gaelic tradition and is traditionally the progenitor of certain families with ro ...
, Óláfr later defeated Guðrøðr Dond on
Skye
The Isle of Skye, or simply Skye (; gd, An t-Eilean Sgitheanach or ; sco, Isle o Skye), is the largest and northernmost of the major islands in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. The island's peninsulas radiate from a mountainous hub dominated b ...
. The following year, Óláfr confronted Rǫgnvaldr on
Mann
Mann may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Mann (chess), a variant chess piece which moves as a king
* ''Mann'' (film), a 1999 Bollywood motion picture
* ''Mann'' (magazine), a Norwegian magazine
* Mann Theatres, a theatre chain corp ...
, and the two partitioned of the kingdom between themselves. One of Rǫgnvaldr's allied against Óláfr was
Alan fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway
Alan of Galloway (before 1199 – 1234), also known as Alan fitz Roland, was a leading thirteenth-century Scottish magnate. As the hereditary Lord of Galloway and Constable of Scotland, he was one of the most influential men in the Kingdom of Sc ...
, who is recorded to have campaigned in the Isles against Óláfr. There is reason to suspect that Óláfr was conversely aligned with Alan's opponent in Ireland,
Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Ulster. In 1226, Rǫgnvaldr and Alan orchestrated the marriage of a daughter of Rǫgnvaldr to Alan's bastard son,
Thomas
Thomas may refer to:
People
* List of people with given name Thomas
* Thomas (name)
* Thomas (surname)
* Saint Thomas (disambiguation)
* Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church
* Thomas the Ap ...
, a union that led the Islesmen to depose Rǫgnvaldr in favour of Óláfr. In 1229, Rǫgnvaldr invaded Mann, and was killed in battle against Óláfr.
In 1230, Óláfr was forced from his kingdom to Norway by Alan and members of Clann Somhairle. In response to this latest bout of warfare in the Isles,
Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway
Haakon IV Haakonsson ( – 16 December 1263; Old Norse: ''Hákon Hákonarson'' ; Norwegian: ''Håkon Håkonsson''), sometimes called Haakon the Old in contrast to his namesake son, was King of Norway from 1217 to 1263. His reign lasted for 46 y ...
decided to send a royal fleet into the Isles, under the command of
Óspakr, an apparent member of Clann Somhairle. When Óspakr was slain early in the campaign, Óláfr took control of the fleet and secured himself on Mann. At this point, the kingdom appears to have been partitioned between him and Guðrøðr Dond, with the latter ruling the Hebridean portion and Óláfr ruling Mann itself. In 1231, after the Norwegian fleet left Isles, Guðrøðr Dond was slain, and Óláfr ruled the whole Kingdom of the Isles peacefully, until his death in 1237. Óláfr's restoration was seen as a success by the
Norwegians
Norwegians ( no, nordmenn) are a North Germanic ethnic group and nation native to Norway, where they form the vast majority of the population. They share a common culture and speak the Norwegian language. Norwegians are descended from the N ...
, and likely favourably viewed by the
Scots as well. Óláfr was succeeded by his son,
Haraldr. In all, three of Óláfr's sons ruled the Crovan dynasty's island-kingdom—the last of which,
Magnús, was also the last of the dynasty to rule.
Uncertain inheritance
Óláfr was a member of the Crovan dynasty,
[ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1.] and a son of
Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of Dublin and the Isles
Guðrøðr is a masculine Old Norse personal name. The name is rendered in Old Irish and Middle Irish as '' Gofraid'' or ''Gofraidh'' (later ''Goraidh'' in Scottish Gaelic). Anglicised forms of the Old Norse name are ''Godred'', ''Guthred'', and ...
. Óláfr's mother was Fionnghuala Nic Lochlainn. Guðrøðr had several other children:
Affrica,
Rǫgnvaldr
Rǫgnvaldr is an Old Norse language, Old Norse name.
People
* Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson (died 1229), King of the Isles
Derived or cognate names
Given names include:
*''Raginald'', German
*''Reginold'', German
*''Ragenold'', German
*''Ragenald'' ...
, and Ívarr. Other possible children include Ruaidhrí,
and a daughter whose name is unknown. According to the thirteenth-century ''
Chronicle of Mann
The ''Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles''
– British Library ( la, Chron ...
'', Óláfr's mother was Fionnghuala Nic Lochlainn, granddaughter of
Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, High King of Ireland
Muircheartach Mac Lochlainn (old spelling: Muirchertach mac Lochlainn, IPA: mˠɪɾʲəçəɾˠt̪ˠəxmˠəkˈlɔxlən̪ʲ was king of Tír Eoghain, and High King of Ireland from around 1156 until his death in 1166. He succeeded Toirdhealbha ...
. She was probably a daughter of Muirchertach's son,
Niall Mac Lochlainn, King of Cineál Eoghain. Although Óláfr's parentage is known, the maternal ancestry of Rǫgnvaldr is less certain. She may have been Sadbh,
[ McDonald (2019) p. ix tab. 1; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1.] an Irishwoman identified as his mother by a contemporary Gaelic praise poem. The likelihood that Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr had different mothers may well explain the intense conflict between the two men in the years that followed.
The chronicle reveals that the marriage between Guðrøðr and Fionnghuala was formalised in 1176/1177, under the auspices of a visiting
papal legate
300px, A woodcut showing Henry II of England greeting the pope's legate.
A papal legate or apostolic legate (from the ancient Roman title ''legatus'') is a personal representative of the pope to foreign nations, or to some part of the Catholic ...
. Before Guðrøðr's death in 1187, the chronicle claims that he left instructions for Óláfr to succeed to the kingship since the latter had been born "in lawful wedlock". This statement could indicate that Óláfr was born just before or immediately after his parents' marriage. The chronicle certainly states that Óláfr was born before the legate formalised his parents' marriage, suggesting that the union existed for some time prior. This source, however, gives conflicting dates for Óláfr's birth: 1173 and 1177. Specifically, in its account of his parents marriage, the chronicle states that Óláfr was three years old; and in its account of his father's death, Óláfr is said to have been only ten.
If the chronicle's account of Óláfr's stake in the kingship is to be believed, it could indicate that Guðrøðr attempted to legitimise the royal succession through his canonical marriage to Fionnghuala. However, this source appears to date to the reign of Óláfr's son,
Magnús, and there is reason to suspect that it source was compiled in the context of an attempt to legitimise Óláfr's branch of the Crovan dynasty over that of Rǫgnvaldr. As such, the chronicle appears to be biased towards Óláfr's line, and its account of Guðrøðr's succession may not objective. Whether the chronicle is accurate in its account of the succession is uncertain, as the Islesmen are stated to have chosen Rǫgnvaldr to rule instead, because unlike Óláfr, who was only a child at the time, Rǫgnvaldr was a hardy young man fully capable to reign as king. Furthermore, the fact that Rǫgnvaldr appears to have held power in the
Hebrides
The Hebrides (; gd, Innse Gall, ; non, Suðreyjar, "southern isles") are an archipelago off the west coast of the Scottish mainland. The islands fall into two main groups, based on their proximity to the mainland: the Inner and Outer Hebrid ...
at the time of Guðrøðr's death could indicate that it was Rǫgnvaldr who had been the acknowledged heir.
[ McDonald (2007b) p. 94; Oram (2000) p. 105.] Another possibility, suggested by the chronicle and latter correspondence between Óláfr and the
English Crown
This list of kings and reigning queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo-Sax ...
, is that Rǫgnvaldr's tenure had been originally intended as temporary
wardship
In law, a ward is a minor or incapacitated adult placed under the protection of a legal guardian or government entity, such as a court. Such a person may be referenced as a "ward of the court".
Overview
The wardship jurisdiction is an ancient jur ...
until Óláfr was able to reign himself.
Hebridean magnate
Rǫgnvaldr succeeded Guðrøðr as king in 1188. At some point after assuming control of the kingdom, the chronicle reports that Rǫgnvaldr gave Óláfr possession of a certain island called "". The chronicle disparagingly describes the island as being mountainous and rocky, completely unsuitable for cultivation, and declares that its small population lived mostly by hunting and fishing. Although is an early
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
form of the place name of
Lewis
Lewis may refer to:
Names
* Lewis (given name), including a list of people with the given name
* Lewis (surname), including a list of people with the surname
Music
* Lewis (musician), Canadian singer
* "Lewis (Mistreated)", a song by Radiohead ...
[ Broderick (2013) p. 6.]—the rather flat and boggy northerly half of the
Outer Hebridean
The Outer Hebrides () or Western Isles ( gd, Na h-Eileanan Siar or or ("islands of the strangers"); sco, Waster Isles), sometimes known as the Long Isle/Long Island ( gd, An t-Eilean Fada, links=no), is an Archipelago, island chain off t ...
island of
Lewis and Harris
Lewis and Harris ( gd, Leòdhas agus na Hearadh, sco, Lewis an Harris), or Lewis with Harris, is a single Scottish island in the Outer Hebrides, divided by mountains. It is the largest island in Scotland and the third largest in the British ...
—the chronicle's text seems to instead refer to
Harris
Harris may refer to:
Places Canada
* Harris, Ontario
* Northland Pyrite Mine (also known as Harris Mine)
* Harris, Saskatchewan
* Rural Municipality of Harris No. 316, Saskatchewan
Scotland
* Harris, Outer Hebrides (sometimes called the Isle o ...
—the somewhat mountainous southerly half. The chronicle claims that, because of the impoverishment of his lands, Óláfr was unable to support himself and his followers, and that in consequence he led "a poor sort of life". There is reason to suspect that the chronicle's otherwise perceptible prejudice against Rǫgnvaldr's branch of the Crovan dynasty, and its apparent bias in favour of Mann over the northernmost reaches of the realm, may also account for its denigrating depiction of Óláfr's allotted lands.
![Catedral de Santiago](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Catedral_de_Santiago._Crucero.jpg)
In consequence of this supposed poverty, the chronicle claims that Óláfr went to Rǫgnvaldr, who was also living in the Hebrides, and confronted him for more land. Rǫgnvaldr's stated response was to have Óláfr seized and sent to
William I, King of Scotland
William the Lion, sometimes styled William I and also known by the nickname Garbh, "the Rough"''Uilleam Garbh''; e.g. Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1214.6; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1213.10. ( 1142 – 4 December 1214), reigned as King of Scots from 11 ...
, who kept him imprisoned for almost seven years.
[ McDonald (2019) p. 66; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2012) pp. 154–155, 167; Oram (2011) p. 169; McDonald (2008) p. 145, 145 n. 74; McDonald (2007b) pp. 78, 152; Woolf (2007) pp. 80–81; Barrow (2006) p. 145; Pollock (2005) p. 18 n. 93; Oram (2000) p. 125; Sellar (1997–1998); McDonald (1997) p. 85; Duffy (1993) p. 64; Anderson (1922) p. 457; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 82–85.] It is possible that, at this stage of his career, Óláfr acted as an under-king to Rǫgnvaldr, and sought to increase his share of power. There is reason to suspect that, following Óláfr's inability to make a deal with Rǫgnvaldr, Óláfr approached
Ingi Bárðarson, King of Norway
Inge II (Norwegian language, Norwegian: ''Inge Bårdsson'', Old Norse: ''Ingi Bárðarson''; 1185 – 23 April 1217) was King of Norway from 1204 to 1217. His reign was within the later stages of the period known in Norway, Norwegian history as th ...
, and offered himself as a more palatable vassal-king in return for Norwegian support in deposing Rǫgnvaldr. In 1210, Rǫgnvaldr himself appears to have travelled to Norway, as evinced by a version of the thirteenth-century ''
Bǫglunga sǫgur'', in a journey that could well have been an attempt to further cement his position in the Isles, and counter Óláfr's claims to the throne, by formally submitting to the
Norwegian king
The Norwegian monarch is the head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The Norwegian monarchy can trace its line back to the reign of Harald Fairhair and the previous petty kingdom ...
. In any case, the chronicle states that William died during the seventh year of Óláfr's captivity, and that William had ordered the release of all his political prisoners before his passing.
Since William died in December 1214, Óláfr's incarceration appears to have spanned between about 1207/1208 and 1214/1215. Upon his release, the chronicle reveals that the half-brothers met on Mann, after which Óláfr set off on a
pilgrimage
A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, aft ...
with his followers to
Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia, in northwestern Spain. The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of St ...
.
Óláfr's time in the Isles is confirmed by several Icelandic sources—the sagas of Hrafn Sveinbjarnarson (an Icelandic chieftain) and
Guðmundr Arason (an Icelandic ecclesiast)—which recount how, in 1202, Guðmundr attempted to sail from
Iceland
Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its s ...
to
Norway
Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and t ...
to become consecrated as the
Bishop of Hólar
A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.
In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...
. For example, the thirteenth-century ''Hrafns saga Sveinbjarnarsonar'' relates that the wayfaring Icelanders encountered a severe storm and were blown far off course before being forced to make landfall in the Hebrides. The saga identifies the island they landed upon as ', which may well refer to
Sanday, a tiny
tidal island
A tidal island is a piece of land that is connected to the mainland by a natural or man-made causeway that is exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide. Because of the mystique surrounding tidal islands, many of them have been sites of ...
linked to its larger neighbour
Canna, the westernmost island of the
Small Isles
The Small Isles ('' gd, Na h-Eileanan Tarsainn'') are a small archipelago of islands in the Inner Hebrides, off the west coast of Scotland. They lie south of Skye and north of Mull and Ardnamurchan – the most westerly point of mainla ...
. The sandy flat that joins the islands together forms one of the best natural harbours in the Hebrides.
![Óláfr Guðrøðarson (AM 47 fol, fol](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/%C3%93l%C3%A1fr_Gu%C3%B0r%C3%B8%C3%B0arson_%28AM_47_fol%2C_fol._163r%29.jpg)
According to ''Hrafns saga Sveinbjarnarsonar'', the Icelanders were met by an official of a local king named Óláfr who attempted to collect a landing-tax from them. Afterwards, whilst the Icelanders were at church, the king is said to have personally invited the bishop-elect to dine with him. Guðmundr is then said to have refused the king, after which the latter forbade them to leave. Although the Icelanders are reported to have taken up arms, they eventually caved to the king before being allowed to set sail for Norway. The king encountered by the Icelanders was probably Óláfr himself, although it is not certain that the Crovan dynasty controlled the Small Isles at this point in history. One possibility is that Óláfr, like the Icelanders, may have been temporarily stranded on the tidal island, and that he may have taken advantage of the storm-stricken churchmen to offset the poverty that is assigned to him by the chronicle.
Marriage to Lauon
![Lauon (British Library Cotton MS Julius A VII, folio 42r)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Lauon_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Julius_A_VII%2C_folio_42r%29.jpg)
Upon Óláfr's return from his pilgrimage, the chronicle records that Rǫgnvaldr had Óláfr marry "", the sister of his own wife. Rǫgnvaldr then granted back to Óláfr, where the newly-weds proceeded to live until the arrival of
Reginald, Bishop of the Isles
Reginald (died c.1226) was an early thirteenth-century Bishop of the Isles. According to the ''Chronicle of Mann'', he was related to the Crovan dynasty, the royal family of the Kingdom of the Isles. The chronicle specifically states that he was t ...
. The chronicle claims that the bishop disapproved of the marriage on the grounds that Óláfr had formerly had a concubine who was a cousin of Lauon. A
synod
A synod () is a council of a Christian denomination, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. The word ''wikt:synod, synod'' comes from the meaning "assembly" or "meeting" and is analogous with the Latin ...
was then assembled, after which the marriage is stated to have been nullified.
Although the identity of the half-brother's father-in-law is uncertain, the chronicle describes him as a nobleman from
Kintyre
Kintyre ( gd, Cinn Tìre, ) is a peninsula in western Scotland, in the southwest of Argyll and Bute. The peninsula stretches about , from the Mull of Kintyre in the south to East and West Loch Tarbert in the north. The region immediately north ...
, which suggests that he was a member of Clann Somhairle, since sources concerning this kindred associate it with Kintyre more than any other region.
[ Woolf (2007) p. 81.] As such, the father could have been either
Raghnall mac Somhairle
''Ragnall'', ''Raghnall'', ''Raonall'', and ''Raonull'' are masculine personal names or given names in several Gaelic languages.
''Ragnall'' occurs in Old Irish, and Middle Irish/Middle Gaelic. It is a Gaelicised form of the Old Norse '' Røgnva ...
, or Raghnall's son,
Ruaidhrí—both of whom appear to have been styled "
Lord of Kintyre
{{Unreferenced, date=April 2012
The Lord of Kintyre is a title in the Peerage of Scotland for Kintyre, which was created in 1626.
Early lords of Kintyre
*Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde (died 1164)
*Raghnall mac Somhairle (died 1191/1192–c.1210/122 ...
" in contemporary sources—or possibly even Raghnall's younger son,
Domhnall
Donald is a masculine given name derived from the Goidelic languages, Gaelic name ''Dòmhnall''.. This comes from the Proto-Celtic language, Proto-Celtic *''Dumno-ualos'' ("world-ruler" or "world-wielder"). The final -''d'' in ''Donald'' is part ...
.
[ Woolf (2007) p. 82.]
![Lewis chessmen 18](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Lewis_chessmen_18.JPG)
It is conceivable that Rǫgnvaldr's marriage was undertaken before 1210,
perhaps not long after 1200 considering the fact that
Guðrøðr Dond
Guðrøðr is a masculine Old Norse personal name. The name is rendered in Old Irish and Middle Irish as ''Gofraid'' or ''Gofraidh'' (later ''Goraidh'' in Scottish Gaelic). Anglicisation, Anglicised forms of the Old Norse name are ''Godred'', ''Gu ...
—a product of this union—was an adult by 1223 and had fathered at least one son by this date.
[ Oram (2013) ch. 4.] Óláfr's marriage to Lauon may have taken place in 1216.
The binding of Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr to Clann Somhairle wives could well have been orchestrated in an effort to patch up relations between the Crovan dynasty and Clann Somhairle, neighbouring kindreds that had bitterly contested the kingship of the Isles for about sixty years.
After the death of
Aonghus mac Somhairle
Aonghus mac Somhairle (died 1210) was a leading member of Clann Somhairle. He was a son of Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde, King of the Isles and Ragnhildr Óláfsdóttir. Other sons of Somhairle and Ragnhildr include Dubhghall mac Somhairle, Dubhg ...
in 1210, the leading dynast of Clann Somhairle appears to have been Ruaidhrí. It is possible that, as a result of the marriage alliance between his family and the Crovan dynasty, Ruaidhrí acknowledged Rǫgnvaldr's kingship, and thereby established himself as a leading magnate within a reunified Kingdom of the Isles. Since the majority of Ruaidhrí's territories appear to have been mainland possessions, it is very likely that the Scottish Crown regarded this alliance and apparent reunification of the Isles as a threat to its own claims of overlordship of Argyll. In fact, it is possible that the Scots' release of Óláfr in 1214 was intended to cause dynastic discord in the Isles. If this was indeed the case, the reconciliation between the half-brothers ensured that the Scottish Crown's machinations came to nought—at least temporarily.
Marriage to Cairistíona
![Cairistíona inghean Fearchair (British Library Cotton Julius A VII, folio 42v)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Cairist%C3%ADona_inghean_Fearchair_%28British_Library_Cotton_Julius_A_VII%2C_folio_42v%29.jpg)
Once freed from his arranged marriage to Lauon, the chronicle reports that Óláfr proceeded to marry Cairistíona, daughter of
Fearchar mac an tSagairt
Fearchar of Ross or Ferchar mac in tSagairt (''Fearchar mac an t-sagairt'', often anglicized as ''Farquhar MacTaggart''), was the first of the Scottish Ó Beólláin (O’Beolan, Beolan) family who received by Royal Grant the lands and Title of Mor ...
. The union appears to have taken place in about 1222/1223. The father of Cairistíona emerges from historical obscurity in 1215. Seemingly by the mid 1220s—at about the time of Cairistíona and Óláfr's marriage—
Alexander II, King of Scotland
Alexander II (Medieval Gaelic: '; Modern Gaelic: '; 24 August 1198 – 6 July 1249) was King of Scotland from 1214 until his death. He concluded the Treaty of York (1237) which defined the boundary between England and Scotland, virtually unc ...
rewarded Fearchar with the
Earldom of Ross
The Earl or Mormaer of Ross was the ruler of the province of Ross in northern Scotland.
Origins and transfers
In the early Middle Ages, Ross was part of the vast earldom of Moray. It seems to have been made a separate earldom in the mid 12 ...
for meritorious service to the Scottish Crown. Although it is unknown if Fearchar received the earldom before his daughter's marriage, his comital elevation—or foreknowledge of it—could well have precipitated the match.
[ Pollock (2005) p. 24 n. 122.]
There is certainly reason to suspect that the collapse of Óláfr's marriage to Lauon, and his subsequent marriage to Cairistíona, was a politically motivated maneuver. In 1221/1222, Alexander seems to have overseen a series of
invasions into Argyll. This royal campaign appears to have resulted in a local regime change, with Ruaidhrí being replaced by Domhnall in Kintyre. One of several factors that could account for Ruaidhrí's expulsion is Scottish apprehension of a rejuvenated Kingdom of the Isles.
![Alexander II, King of Scotland, coat of arms (Royal MS 14 C VII, 146v)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Alexander_II%2C_King_of_Scotland%2C_coat_of_arms_%28Royal_MS_14_C_VII%2C_146v%29.jpg)
Immediately after its account of Óláfr's marriage to Cairistíona, the chronicle details outright conflict between Óláfr and Rǫgnvaldr's family. The fact that this outbreak of violence is specifically dated to 1223 could indicate that it was Ruaidhrí's apparent downfall in Kintyre that led Óláfr to realign himself with Fearchar. By linking himself with Fearchar, Alexander's leading lieutenant in the north,
[ Oram (2000) p. 125.] it would appear that Óláfr recognised a regional shift in power, and therefore attempted to bind himself to a rising star in Scotland, and extract himself from any liability connected to Lauon's kin. Another apparent aftereffect of the Scots' invasion of Kintyre was the creation of the Clann Dubhghaill
Lordship of Argyll, first evinced in 1225. If members of the
Clann Dubhghaill
Clan MacDougall is a Highland Scottish clan, historically based in and around Argyll. The Lord Lyon King of Arms, the Scottish official with responsibility for regulating heraldry in Scotland, issuing new grants of coats of arms, and serving as ...
branch of Clann Somhairle indeed began operating as agents of the Scottish Crown at about this time, it is possible that Óláfr—as a rival to the ruler of a reformed Kingdom of the Isles—acted as an agent of Scottish interests as well. As such, Óláfr's marriage to Cairistíona may have ultimately stemmed from a Scottish desire to destabilise the Isles.
If Lauon's father was indeed Ruaidhrí, it is possible that Óláfr compensated the latter for his marriage by granting him lands or protection in the Isles. It is also possible that Ruaidhrí's descendants—
Clann Ruaidhrí
Clann Ruaidhrí was a leading medieval clan in the Hebrides and the western seaboard of Scotland. The eponymous ancestor of the family was Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill, a principal member of Clann Somhairle in the thirteenth century. Members of Clan ...
—owed their later power in
Garmoran
Garmoran is an area of western Scotland. It lies at the south-western edge of the present Highland Region. It includes Knoydart, Morar, Moidart, Ardnamurchan, and the Small Isles.
History
The medieval lordship of Garmoran was ruled by the MacRuar ...
and the Hebrides to Óláfr's patronage.
[ Woolf (2003) p. 178.]
Although the chronicle alleges that the union between Lauon and Óláfr was doomed for being within a
prohibited degree of kinship In law, a prohibited degree of kinship refers to a degree of consanguinity (blood relatedness) and sometimes affinity (relation by marriage or sexual relationship) between persons that results in certain actions between them being illegal. Two major ...
, this is unlikely to have been the real reason for its dissolution. The impetus behind Reginald's part in the whole affair was probably more political than religious.
The chronicle certainly depicts Reginald and Óláfr as close by describing the former as the son of a sister of Óláfr, and by relating that Reginald warmly greeted him when he arrived on and orchestrated Óláfr's annulment. There is also reason to suspect that, in the years immediately after the death of a previous
Bishop of the Isles
The Bishop of the Isles or Bishop of Sodor was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of the Isles (or Sodor), one of Scotland's thirteen medieval bishoprics. The bishopric, encompassing both the Hebrides and Mann, probably traces its origins as ...
in 1217, during a period in which Reginald vied with
Nicholas de Meaux
Nicholas de Meaux, also known as Nicholas of Meaux, was a thirteenth-century Abbot of Furness and Bishop of the Isles. In 1217, with the death of Nicholas, Bishop of the Isles (died 1217), two candidates vied for the vacant position: Nicholas and ...
for this vacant office, Óláfr actively backed the candidacy of Reginald whereas Rǫgnvaldr backed that of Nicholas.
Conflict with Guðrøðr Dond
![Páll Bálkason (British Library Cotton MS Julius A VII, folio 42v)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/P%C3%A1ll_B%C3%A1lkason_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Julius_A_VII%2C_folio_42v%29.jpg)
If the chronicle is to be believed, Óláfr's separation from Lauon enraged her sister—the wife of Rǫgnvaldr and mother of Guðrøðr Dond—who surreptitiously tricked Guðrøðr Dond into attacking Óláfr in 1223. Following what he thought were his father's orders, Guðrøðr Dond gathered a force on Skye
[ McDonald (2019) pp. viii, 14, 47, 61–62, 67, 76, 93; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2012) p. 155; McDonald (2007b) pp. 79–80, 93; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Barrow (2006) p. 145; Power (2005) p. 43; Oram (2000) p. 125; Sellar (1997–1998); McDonald (1997) p. 85; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 258; Matheson (1978–1980a); Anderson (1922) p. 458; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 86–87.]—where he was evidently based—and proceeded to , where he is reported to have laid waste to most of the island. Óláfr is said to have only narrowly escaped with a few men, and to have fled to the protection of his father-in-law on the mainland in
Ross Ross or ROSS may refer to:
People
* Clan Ross, a Highland Scottish clan
* Ross (name), including a list of people with the surname or given name Ross, as well as the meaning
* Earl of Ross, a peerage of Scotland
Places
* RoSS, the Republic of Sou ...
. Óláfr is stated to have been followed into exile by
Páll Bálkason
Páll, son of Bálki, or Paal Baalkeson, was a 13th-century Hebridean lord who was an ally of Olaf the Black, king of Mann and the Isles. He was long remembered in Gaelic tradition and is traditionally the progenitor of certain families with ro ...
, a ' on Skye who refused to take up arms against him.
At a later date, Óláfr and Páll are reported to have returned to Skye and defeated Guðrøðr Dond in battle.
[ McDonald (2019) p. 67; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Thomas (2014) p. 259; Veach (2014) p. 200; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2012) p. 155; McDonald (2007b) pp. 80, 93; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Barrow (2006) p. 145; Power (2005) p. 43; Broderick (2003); Grant (2000) p. 123; Oram (2000) p. 125; Sellar (1997–1998); McDonald (1997) p. 85; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 258, 258 n. 99; Gade (1994) pp. 199, 201, 203; Anderson (1922) pp. 458–459; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 86–89.]
![Eilean Chaluim Chille (photo, 2008)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Eilean_Chaluim_Chille_%28photo%2C_2008%29.jpeg)
The chronicle specifies that Guðrøðr Dond was overcome on "a certain island called the isle of
St Columba
Columba or Colmcille; gd, Calum Cille; gv, Colum Keeilley; non, Kolban or at least partly reinterpreted as (7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD) was an Irish abbot and missionary evangelist credited with spreading Christianity in what is toda ...
". This location may be identical to Skeabost Island in the mouth of the river Snizort (). Another possibility is that the isle in question is the now-landlocked island of Eilean Chaluim Chille in the
Kilmuir district (). This island once sat in Loch Chaluim Chille before the
loch
''Loch'' () is the Scottish Gaelic, Scots language, Scots and Irish language, Irish word for a lake or sea inlet. It is Cognate, cognate with the Manx language, Manx lough, Cornish language, Cornish logh, and one of the Welsh language, Welsh w ...
was drained of water and turned into a
meadow
A meadow ( ) is an open habitat, or field, vegetated by grasses, herbs, and other non-woody plants. Trees or shrubs may sparsely populate meadows, as long as these areas maintain an open character. Meadows may be naturally occurring or artifi ...
. There is archaeological evidence to suggest that a fortified site sat on another island in the loch, and that this islet was connected to the monastic island by a
causeway
A causeway is a track, road or railway on the upper point of an embankment across "a low, or wet place, or piece of water". It can be constructed of earth, masonry, wood, or concrete. One of the earliest known wooden causeways is the Sweet Tra ...
. If correct, the fortification could account for Guðrøðr Dond's presence near an ecclesiastical site. According to the chronicle, Óláfr's forces consisted of five boats, and encircled the island after having launched from the opposite shore two from it. This distance, about , suggests that the island is more likely Eilean Chaluim Chille than Skeabost Island, as the former appears to have sat between and from the surrounding shores of Loch Chaluim Chille. In any case, following the clash, the chronicle reports that Guðrøðr Dond's captured followers were put to death, and Guðrøðr Dond was
blinded and
castrated
Castration is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which an individual loses use of the testicles: the male gonad. Surgical castration is bilateral orchiectomy (excision of both testicles), while chemical castration uses pharmaceut ...
.
It is possible that Óláfr was aided by Fearchar in the strike against Guðrøðr Dond. Certainly, the chronicle's account seems to suggest that Óláfr accumulated his forces whilst sheltering in Ross. Although the chronicle maintains that Óláfr was unable to prevent this torture, and specifically identifies Páll as the instigator of the act, the
Icelandic annals Icelandic Annals are manuscripts which record chronological lists of events of thirteenth, fourteenth century in and around Iceland, though some, like the Annal of the Oddaverjar and the Lawman's annal (Lögmannsannáll) reach the fifteenth century, ...
record that Óláfr was indeed responsible for his nephew's plight, and make no mention of Páll.
![Chess02 (crop)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Chess02_%28crop%29.jpg)
The mutilation and killing of high-status kinsmen during power-struggles was not an unknown phenomenon in the peripheral-regions of the British Isles during the
High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the periodization, period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended ...
. For instance, in only the century-and-a-half of its existence, at least nine members of the Crovan dynasty perished from mutilation or assassination. As such, there is reason to regard this vicious internecine violence as the Crovan dynasty's greatest weakness. To contemporaries, the tortures of blinding and emasculation were a means of depriving power from a political opponent. Not only would the punishment deny a man the ability to sire descendants, it would divest him of personal power, limiting his ability to attract supporters, and further offset the threat of future vengeance. The maiming inflicted upon Guðrøðr Dond seems to exemplify Óláfr's intent to wrest his perceived birthright from Rǫgnvaldr's bloodline. It is unknown why Rǫgnvaldr did not similarly neutralise Óláfr when he had the chance years before, although it may have had something to do with the preservation of international relations. For example, it is possible that his act of showing leniency to Óláfr had garnered Scottish support against the threat of Norwegian overlordship.
In any case, the neutralisation of Guðrøðr Dond appears to mark a turning point in the struggle between Óláfr and Rǫgnvaldr.
In September 1219, Rǫgnvaldr surrendered Mann to the
papacy
The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
, swore to perform homage for the island, and promised to pay twelve
mark
Mark may refer to:
Currency
* Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark, the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* East German mark, the currency of the German Democratic Republic
* Estonian mark, the currency of Estonia between 1918 and 1927
* Fi ...
s sterling in perpetuity as tribute. This submission was recognised by
Pope Honorius III
Pope Honorius III (c. 1150 – 18 March 1227), born Cencio Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 18 July 1216 to his death. A canon at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, he came to hold a number of importa ...
in May 1223. The precise impetus behind Rǫgnvaldr's submission is uncertain, although it may well have been related to the threat of ever-strengthening Norwegian kingship. Rǫgnvaldr's papal submission may have also been linked to his feud with Óláfr. For example, in the last hours of his life,
John, King of England
John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empi ...
appealed to
Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III ( la, Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 to his death in 16 J ...
to ensure the succession of his young son, the future
Henry III, King of England
Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry ass ...
. Although the chronology of dissension between Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr is not entirely clear, the hostilities which entangled Rǫgnvaldr's son broke out in the 1220s. Rǫgnvaldr, therefore, may have intended to secure, not only his own kingship, but also the future succession of his son.
![rex insularum (British Library Cotton MS Julius A VII, folio 40r)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Rex_insularum_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Julius_A_VII%2C_folio_40r%29.jpg)
The kin-strife endured by the Crovan dynasty largely took place on Skye and , islands that were clearly important within the kingdom. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that the kingdom's northern territories were granted by reigning kings to
heir-apparent
An heir apparent, often shortened to heir, is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person; a person who is first in the order of succession but can be displaced by the b ...
s or disaffected dynasts. For example, during the eleventh-century reign of the dynasty's founder,
Guðrøðr Crovan, the northern portion of the realm may have been governed by Guðrøðr Crovan's succeeding son,
Lǫgmaðr. The fact that Rǫgnvaldr was residing in the Hebrides when his father died in 1187 may indicate that, despite the chronicle's claims to the contrary, Rǫgnvaldr was indeed the rightful heir to the kingship.
Furthermore, since Guðrøðr Dond is recorded on Skye, the possibility exists that he resided there as his father's
heir-apparent
An heir apparent, often shortened to heir, is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person; a person who is first in the order of succession but can be displaced by the b ...
. Rǫgnvaldr's grant of to Óláfr may, therefore, indicate that Óláfr was at least temporarily regarded as Rǫgnvaldr's rightful successor. On the other hand, it is also possible that Rǫgnvaldr's grant was given in the context of appeasing a disgruntled dynast passed over for the kingship. In any event, it is apparent that such territorial fragmentation would have severely weakened the realm.
Opposition from Alan fitz Roland
![Castle Rushen and outer harbour Castletown - geograph](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Castle_Rushen_and_outer_harbour_Castletown_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1708075.jpg)
In 1224, the year following the defeat of Rǫgnvaldr's son, the chronicle reveals that Óláfr took hostages from the leading men of the Hebridean portion of the realm, and with a fleet of thirty-two ships, landed on Mann at
Ronaldsway
Ronaldsway () is a place in the parish of Malew in the south of the Isle of Man, between the village of Ballasalla and the town of Castletown.
Features
It is notable as the location of Isle of Man Airport and historically of RNAS Ronaldsway, to ...
, where he confronted Rǫgnvaldr directly. It was then agreed that the kingdom would be split between the two: with Rǫgnvaldr keeping Mann itself along with the title of king, and Óláfr retaining a share in the Hebrides. With Óláfr's rise at Rǫgnvaldr expense, the latter turned to Alan, one of Scotland's most powerful magnates. Alan and Rǫgnvaldr were certainly closely connected. Both were great-grandsons of
Fergus, Lord of Galloway
Fergus of Galloway (died 12 May 1161) was a twelfth-century Lord of Galloway. Although his familial origins are unknown, it is possible that he was of Norse-Gaelic ancestry. Fergus first appears on record in 1136, when he witnessed a charter o ...
; both had received Ulster lands from the English at about the same time; and it is possible that connections between the Isles and Galloway had led to Rǫgnvaldr's involvement with the Scottish Crown in Caithness in about 1200.
[ McDonald (2007b) p. 155.]
In a letter from Alan to Henry, dated the year of the partitioning between the half-brothers, Alan mentioned that he was preoccupied with his army and fleet, travelling from island to island. This statement could well evince the beginning of joint military operations, conducted by Alan and Rǫgnvaldr against Óláfr, assigned by the chronicle to the following year. According to the latter source, however, the campaigning came to nought because the Manx were unwilling to battle against Óláfr and the Hebrideans. This record appears to show that Alan portrayed his actions in the Isles as related to his conflict with the Lacys in Ireland. As such, the correspondence could be evidence that the Ulster ambitions of
Hugh de Lacy Hugh de Lacy may refer to:
* Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Lassy (c.1020–1085), first recorded member of the Norman noble family de Lacy
* Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath (died 1186), 4th Baron Lacy
* Hugh de Lacy, Abbot of Shrewsbury (died c. 1215/18)
*Hug ...
were aligned with Óláfr in the Isles. Not only did Óláfr clash with Rǫgnvaldr's son in 1223, but Hugh launched a bid to recover his forfeited
Earldom of Ulster
The Earldom of Ulster was an Anglo-Normans, Anglo-Norman lordship in northern medieval Ireland, established by John de Courcy from the conquest of the province of Ulaid in eastern Ulster. It was the most important Anglo-Norman lordship in the no ...
in the same year, a reclamation that seriously threatened recent Gallovidian expansion in Ireland. Whilst Rǫgnvaldr clearly had the support of Alan and his family, there is reason to suspect that Óláfr was allied to Hugh. In the correspondence between Alan and Henry, Alan stated that he had been on the verge of launching an invasion of Ireland when he learned of an agreement reached between Hugh and the Justiciar of Ireland, and therefore sought the king's confirmation of his family's lands in Ulster. Alan's letter appears to show that his campaigning in the Isles was understood to have been a detriment to Hugh in Ireland. As such, Hugh seems to have been expected to make use of military assistance from Isles in his restoration attempt. Óláfr's move against Rǫgnvaldr in 1223 and 1224—the very time the Lacys campaigned against Gallovidian interests in Ireland—is unlikely to have been a coincidence. It may have been the window of opportunity that Óláfr seized upon. Alternately, it may have been Hugh himself who capitalised upon the Gallovidian's campaigning against Óláfr.
![Hugh de Lacy (Cambridge Corpus Christi College 16 II, folio 161v)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Hugh_de_Lacy_%28Cambridge_Corpus_Christi_College_16_II%2C_folio_161v%29.jpg)
Other correspondence, possibly dating to about 1224, between Henry and his sister,
Joan, Queen of Scotland, reveals that
Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway
Haakon IV Haakonsson ( – 16 December 1263; Old Norse: ''Hákon Hákonarson'' ; Norwegian: ''Håkon Håkonsson''), sometimes called Haakon the Old in contrast to his namesake son, was King of Norway from 1217 to 1263. His reign lasted for 46 y ...
was rumoured to have been planning a naval expedition west-over-sea. Although Joan's letter to Henry places this campaign in the context of Hugh's threat to English-aligned interests in Ireland, it may be that Hákon's attention was focused upon the escalating situation in the Isles. One possibility is that Joan's letter is evidence that Óláfr was thought to have appealed to Hákon for support against Rǫgnvaldr.
Also in 1224, the thirteenth-century ''
Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar
''Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar'' ("The Saga of Haakon Haakonarson") or ''Hákonar saga gamla'' ("The Saga of Old Haakon") is an Old Norse Kings' Saga, telling the story of the life and reign of King Haakon Haakonarson of Norway.
Content and style
...
'' reports that a certain Gillikristr, Óttar Snækollsson, and many Islesmen, travelled to Norway and presented Hákon with letters pertaining to the needs of their lands. One possibility is that these so-called needs refer to the violent kin-strife and recent treaty between the half-brothers. The saga may therefore reveal that the Norwegian Crown was approached by either representatives of either side of the inter-dynastic conflict, or perhaps by neutral chieftains caught in the middle. Further attempts to quell the infighting by way of the Norwegian Crown may have been undertaken in 1226, when it is remarked by the same source that Simon, Bishop of the Isles met with Hákon.
![Alan fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway seal](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Alan_fitz_Roland%2C_Lord_of_Galloway_seal.png)
A short time later, perhaps in about 1225 or 1226, the chronicle reveals that Rǫgnvaldr oversaw the marriage of a daughter of his to Alan's young illegitimate son,
Thomas
Thomas may refer to:
People
* List of people with given name Thomas
* Thomas (name)
* Thomas (surname)
* Saint Thomas (disambiguation)
* Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church
* Thomas the Ap ...
. Unfortunately for Rǫgnvaldr, this marital alliance appears to have cost him the kingship, since the chronicle records that the Manxmen had him removed from power and replaced with Óláfr. The recorded resentment of the union could indicate that Alan's son was intended to eventually succeed Rǫgnvaldr, who was perhaps about sixty years-old at the time,
and whose grandchildren were presumably still very young.
In fact it is possible that, in light of Rǫgnvaldr's advanced age and his son's mutilation, a significant number of the Islesmen regarded Óláfr as the rightful heir. Such a view could well account for the lack of enthusiasm that the Manxmen had for Alan and Rǫgnvaldr's campaign in the Hebrides. Since Thomas was likely little more than a
teenager
Adolescence () is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood (typically corresponding to the age of majority). Adolescence is usually associated with the te ...
at the time, it may well have been obvious to contemporary observers that Alan was the one who would hold the real power in the kingdom.
The fact that Rǫgnvaldr agreed to the marriage could indicate that a stake in the kingship was the price of Alan's assistance against Óláfr. From the perspective of the Scottish Crown, it is conceivable that Alan's ambitions in the Isles were encouraged by the prospect of Alan's son becoming a dependable client-king on Mann, and the potential to further extend and strengthen Scottish royal authority along the western seaboard, bringing stability to the war-torn region. Alexander probably also encouraged Fearchar's alliance with Óláfr. As such, the Scottish Crown appears to have escalated the discord in the Isles by playing off both sides in the fraternal struggle. Whilst Alan's interest apparently consisted of Mann and the southern Hebrides, territories that would have complemented his lordships within the
North Channel North Channel may refer to:
*North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)
*North Channel (Ontario), body of water along the north shore of Lake Huron, Canada
*North Channel, Hong Kong
*Canal du Nord, France
{{geodis ...
-
Firth of Clyde
The Firth of Clyde is the mouth of the River Clyde. It is located on the west coast of Scotland and constitutes the deepest coastal waters in the British Isles (it is 164 metres deep at its deepest). The firth is sheltered from the Atlantic ...
region,
[ Murray (2005) p. 290 n. 23.] Fearchar's own interest may have centred around Skye and Lewis, where his descendants gained dominance later in the thirteenth century.
![Henry III, King of England, coat of arms (Royal MS 14 C VII, 100r)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Henry_III%2C_King_of_England%2C_coat_of_arms_%28Royal_MS_14_C_VII%2C_100r%29.jpg)
At this low point of his career, the deposed Rǫgnvaldr appears to have gone into exile at Alan's court in Galloway. In 1228, whilst Óláfr and his chieftains were absent in Hebrides, the chronicle records of an invasion of Mann by Rǫgnvaldr, Alan, and Alan's brother,
Thomas
Thomas may refer to:
People
* List of people with given name Thomas
* Thomas (name)
* Thomas (surname)
* Saint Thomas (disambiguation)
* Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church
* Thomas the Ap ...
. The attack appears to have resulted in the complete devastation of the southern half of the island, since the chronicle declares that it was almost reduced to a desert. Suffering serious setbacks at the hands of his enemies, in what appears to be the nadir of his career, Óláfr reached out for English assistance against his half-brother, as evidenced by fragments of correspondence between Henry and Óláfr in which the latter alluded to aggression dealt from Alan. This appeal for English assistance requests that Henry intervene with Alexander, and appears to show that Óláfr believed that Alexander was actively encouraging Alan's aggression. The participation of the Earl of Atholl in the 1228 attack could indicate that Alexander was aware of the operation. One possibility is that, instead of an attempt to conquer the island, this Scottish-led operation was an attempt to pressure Óláfr into coming to terms without involving the English.
In any case, after Alan vacated Mann, Óláfr and his forces reappeared on the island, and routed the remaining Gallovidians. Thus, the chronicle declares, peace was restored to the island.
Despite the warring against Óláfr, the English administration was certainly dealing with him as king by 1228. That year English records reveal that Henry attempted to broker a peace between the half-brothers, and gave Óláfr safe passage to England. This intervention may have led to Óláfr's temporary absence from Mann that year.
It could also roughly mark the point when Rǫgnvaldr finally lost English support. Although the English Crown technically recognised Óláfr's kingship in correspondence sent to him the year before, the aggressive tone directed at him suggests that the preferred dynast may well have been Rǫgnvaldr at that point in time.
Rǫgnvaldr's final fall
![St-Patricks-Isle](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/St-Patricks-Isle.jpg)
In what was likely early January 1229, the chronicle records that Rǫgnvaldr caught the forces of Óláfr unaware, as Rǫgnvaldr sailed from Galloway with five ships, and launched a nocturnal raid upon the harbour at
St Patrick's Isle
St Patrick's Isle ( gv, Ynnys Pherick) is a small tidal island on the west coast of the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea, largely occupied by Peel Castle and noted for its attractive and relatively well preserved historic castle ruins.
History
Arch ...
, near what is today the town of
Peel. During this assault, the chronicle records that Rǫgnvaldr had all of the ships of Óláfr and his chieftains destroyed. Although the chronicle's description of the attack alludes to Gallovidian involvement, as it states that the expedition originated from Galloway, the fact that Rǫgnvaldr commanded only five ships suggests that this support may have been waning.
![Tynwald tingvollen](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Tynwald_tingvollen.jpg)
Rǫgnvaldr followed up on his assault by establishing himself in the southern part of Mann, as the chronicle records that he won over the support of the southerners. Meanwhile, Óláfr is stated to have assembled his forces in the north of Mann, indicating that the island was divided between the two men for much of January and February, before what would be their final confrontation. According to the chronicle, Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr led their armies to
Tynwald
Tynwald ( gv, Tinvaal), or more formally, the High Court of Tynwald ( gv, Ard-whaiyl Tinvaal) or Tynwald Court, is the legislature of the Isle of Man. It consists of two chambers, known as the branches of Tynwald: the directly elected House of ...
.
[ McDonald (2019) pp. 24, 68; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 190; McDonald (2008) p. 131; McDonald (2007b) pp. 82, 174; Brown, M (2004) p. 78; Broderick (2003); Oram (2000) pp. 127–128; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 258; Oram (1988) p. 137; Anderson (1922) p. 466; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 92–93.] The derivation of this place name—from the Old Norse elements ' ("assembly") and ' ("field", "meadow")—reveals that it was an
assembly site, which in turn suggests that negotiations may have been intended.
On 14 February, the
festival
A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival c ...
of
St Valentine
Saint Valentine ( it, San Valentino; la, Valentinus) was a 3rd-century Roman saint, commemorated in Western Christianity on February 14 and in Eastern Orthodoxy on July 6. From the High Middle Ages, his Saints' Day has been associated with a ...
, the chronicle records that Óláfr's forces launched an attack upon Rǫgnvaldr at Tynwald, where Rǫgnvaldr's troops were routed and he himself was slain.
Tynwald may well have been the place where the Islesmen publicly inaugurated their kings, proclaimed new laws, and resolved disputes. As such, Óláfr's victory over Rǫgnvaldr at this site could have enhanced his royal status. Whilst Rǫgnvaldr's fall is laconically corroborated by the Icelandic annals, other sources appear to suggest that his death was due to treachery. The fourteenth-century ''
Chronicle of Lanercost
The ''Lanercost Chronicle'' is a northern English history covering the years 1201 to 1346. It covers the Wars of Scottish Independence, but it is also highly digressive and as such provides insights into English life in the thirteenth century as we ...
'', for example, states that Rǫgnvaldr "fell a victim to the arms of the wicked"; whilst the ''Chronicle of Mann'' states that, although Óláfr grieved at his half-brother's death, he never exacted vengeance upon his killers.
Although the latter's account of Guðrøðr Dond's maiming and Rǫgnvaldr's death could be evidence that Óláfr was unable to control his supporters during these historical episodes, it is also possible that the compilers of this source sought to disassociate Óláfr from these acts of violence against his kin.
Norwegian intervention
Óspakr's appointed kingship
![Óspakr-Hákon (GKS 1005 fol, folio 174r)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/%C3%93spakr-H%C3%A1kon_%28GKS_1005_fol%2C_folio_174r%29.jpg)
The death of Alan's ally did not deter
Gallovidian interests in the Isles. In fact, it is apparent that Alan and members of the Clann Dubhghaill branch of Clann Somhairle upheld pressure upon Óláfr. Reports of open warfare in the Isles reached Hákon's royal court in the summer of 1229. The thirteenth-century ''
Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar
''Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar'' ("The Saga of Haakon Haakonarson") or ''Hákonar saga gamla'' ("The Saga of Old Haakon") is an Old Norse Kings' Saga, telling the story of the life and reign of King Haakon Haakonarson of Norway.
Content and style
...
'' specifically singles out Alan as one of the principal perpetrators of unrest, describing him as "the greatest warrior", possessing a large force of men and ships with which he plundered throughout the Hebrides. Several members of Clann Somhairle are also associated with this unrest: Dubhghall mac Dubhghaill,
Donnchadh mac Dubhghaill, and a certain Somhairle. Whilst these members of Clann Somhairle are depicted as being disloyal to Hákon, the saga contrasts them with Óláfr, who is said to have been a steadfast supporter of Hákon, and to have manfully held his kingdom against Alan.
Although Óláfr arrived at the Norwegian court early in 1230, having been forced from the Isles by Alan and his allies, it is evident that Hákon had already decided upon a course of action. Upon his arrival, the saga relates that Óláfr gave a report of Alan's actions in the Isles. According to the ''
Flateyjarbók
''Flateyjarbók'' (; "Book of Flatey") is an important medieval Icelandic manuscript. It is also known as GkS 1005 fol. and by the Latin name ''Codex Flateyensis''. It was commissioned by Jón Hákonarson and produced by the priests and scribes ...
'' and ''
Skálholtsbók
Reykjavík, AM 557 4to, known as Skálholtsbók (, the Book of Skálholt), is an Icelandic saga-manuscript. It is now fragmentary: three gatherings of eight leaves and twenty individual leaves have been lost, leaving only 48 leaves. Nevertheless, ...
'' versions of the saga, Óláfr repeated a boast of Alan, suggesting that Alan thought himself capable of even invading Norway. Rather than being an accurate reflection of Alan's intentions, however, there is reason to suspect that Óláfr's recounted bluster was instead an invention designed to direct further Norwegian animosity at Alan.
![Maughold stone, Hedin cross, ship](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Maughold_stone%2C_Hedin_cross%2C_ship.jpg)
In any case, the Icelandic annals, saga, ''Chronicle of Mann'', and ''Chronicle of Lanercost'' all reveal that Hákon handed over the kingship of the Isles to
Óspakr, an apparent member of Clann Dubhghaill who had long served outwith the Isles in Norway. Other Islesmen in Norway before Óláfr's arrival were Páll and Guðrøðr Dond,
the latter who seems to have been one of Óspakr's principal supporters. According to saga, Hákon not only granted Óspakr the kingship, but also gave him command of the Norwegian fleet tasked with restoring peace in the Isles.
Within days of Óláfr's arrival in Norway, the saga reveals that Óspakr's fleet set sail for the Isles, and swelled in number after reaching Orkney. Whilst the ''
Eirspennill
''Eirspennill'', also known as AM 47 fol, is a medieval manuscript which contains copies of four sagas: ''Heimskringla'', ''Sverris saga'', ''Böglunga sögur'', and ''Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar''. The manuscript is considered to date to the early ...
'' version of the saga numbers the fleet in Norway at twelve ships, the ''Flateyjarbók'', ''
Frísbók'', and ''Skálholtsbók'' versions give the number eleven; and whilst the former version relates that the fleet gained twenty ships from Orkney, the latter three versions state that the fleet numbered twenty when it left Orkney. The saga recounts that Óláfr and Páll journeyed on the same ship,
[ McDonald (2019) p. 69; McDonald (2007b) p. 87; Anderson (1922) p. 474, 474 n. 8; Jónsson (1916) p. 556 ch. 168; Kjær (1910) p. 464 ch. 181/166; Dasent (1894) p. 152 ch. 166; Vigfusson (1887) p. 146 ch. 166; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 101 ch. 138.] and states that, after they reached Orkney,
Jón Haraldsson, Earl of Orkney gave Óláfr a ship called the ''Ox''. Once in the Isles, the fleet linked up with three leading members of Clann Somhairle on
Islay
Islay ( ; gd, Ìle, sco, Ila) is the southernmost island of the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Known as "The Queen of the Hebrides", it lies in Argyll just south west of Jura, Scotland, Jura and around north of the Northern Irish coast. The isl ...
.
![Rothesay Castle 4053218 a08d46c0](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Rothesay_Castle_4053218_a08d46c0.jpg)
News of the gathering Norwegian fleet soon reached Alexander II, who appears to have made straight for the western coast, diverting his attention to the now rapidly developing crisis. On 28 May, Alan is recorded in Alexander II's presence at
Ayr
Ayr (; sco, Ayr; gd, Inbhir Àir, "Mouth of the River Ayr") is a town situated on the southwest coast of Scotland. It is the administrative centre of the South Ayrshire council area and the historic county town of Ayrshire. With a population ...
, where the Scottish royal forces appear to have assembled. It was probably May or June when Óspakr's fleet rounded the
Mull of Kintyre
The Mull of Kintyre is the southwesternmost tip of the Kintyre Peninsula (formerly ''Cantyre'') in southwest Scotland. From here, the Antrim coast of Northern Ireland is visible on a calm and clear day, and a historic lighthouse, the second ...
, entered the
Firth of Clyde
The Firth of Clyde is the mouth of the River Clyde. It is located on the west coast of Scotland and constitutes the deepest coastal waters in the British Isles (it is 164 metres deep at its deepest). The firth is sheltered from the Atlantic ...
, and made landfall on
Bute, where his forces successfully stormed and captured a fortress that is almost certainly identical to
Rothesay Castle
Rothesay Castle is a ruined castle in Rothesay, the principal town on the Isle of Bute, in western Scotland. Located at , the castle has been described as "one of the most remarkable in Scotland", for its long history dating back to the beginn ...
. The ''Flateyjarbók'', ''Frísbók'', and ''Skálholtsbók'' versions of the saga specify that the castle fell after three days of battle, and that three hundred Norwegians and Islesmen fell in the assault. By this stage in the campaign, the fleet is stated to have reached a size of eighty ships, a tally which may indicate that Óspakr's fighting-force numbered over three thousand men. Reports that Alan was in the vicinity, at the command of a massive fleet, are stated to have forced the Norwegians to withdraw to Kintyre. Whilst the ''Eirspennill'' version of the saga numbers Alan's fleet at almost two hundred ships, the ''Flateyjarbók'', ''Frísbók'', and ''Skálholtsbók'' versions give a tally of one hundred and fifty. These totals suggest that Alan commanded a force of two thousand or three thousand men. Having withdrawn his fleet to Kintyre, Óspakr took ill and died, presumably succumbing to injuries sustained from the assault on Bute. According to the saga, the king's death was bitterly lamented amongst his followers.
Óláfr and Guðrøðr Dond's shared kingship
![Affreca de Courcy crop](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Affreca_de_Courcy_crop.jpg)
In consequence of Óspakr's fall, the saga reveals that command of the fleet was assumed by Óláfr, who successfully eluded Alan's forces by leading the force to the ("Merchant Islands"), a group of islands which appear to refer to the
Copeland Islands
The Copeland Islands is a group of three islands in the north Irish Sea, north of Donaghadee, County Down, Northern Ireland, consisting of Lighthouse Island (also known as Old Island), Copeland Island (also known as Big Island), and Mew Island. ...
. There is reason to suspect that this destination, just off the
Ards Peninsula
The Ards Peninsula () is a peninsula in County Down, Northern Ireland, on the north-east coast of Ireland. It separates Strangford Lough from the North Channel of the Irish Sea. Towns and villages on the peninsula include Donaghadee, Millisle ...
, was chosen in an effort to acquire both protection and provisioning.
Specifically, the islands may have provided the fleet with the ability to prevent Alan—who was married to a daughter of Hugh—from drawing assistance from Ireland. It is also conceivable that the fleet procured logistical support from nearby
Grey Abbey Grey Abbey may refer to:
Monasteries
* Grey Abbey, Down a 12th century Cistercian monastery in County Down, Northern Ireland
* Grey Abbey, Kildare a 13th century Franciscan monastery in County Kildare, Republic of Ireland
Human settlements
* ...
, a monastery founded by Óláfr's sister, Affrica. Another nearby religious house,
Inch Abbey
Inch Abbey is a ruined Cistercian monastery on the outskirts of Downpatrick, County Down, Northern Ireland.
It was founded by Anglo-Norman John de Courcy in the twelfth century at the site of a previous monastery which had operated from the 9th ...
, founded by Affrica's husband, (Hugh's predecessor in Ulster)
John de Courcy
{{Infobox noble
, image = Sir John de Courcy (1150-1219).jpg
, caption =
, alt =
, more = no
, succession =
, reign =
, predecessor =
, successor =
, ...
, could have also provided the fleet with provisions. After the fleet's stay at the , the saga relates that it set sail for Mann, where a force of Manxmen led by a certain Þórkell Njálsson
[ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 192; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 252; Oram (2000) p. 129; Anderson (1922) p. 477, 477 n. 8; Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 466 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) p. 154 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 148 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 478 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) pp. 102–103 ch. 138.]—an apparent Islesman who may have been allied to the Gallovidians—briefly resisted the incomers before being dispersed.
According to the ''Chronicle of Lanercost'' and ''Chronicle of Mann'', after having reached Mann, Óláfr and Guðrøðr Dond divided the kingdom between themselves, with Óláfr controlling Mann and Guðrøðr Dond the islands.
Despite Óspakr's elevation as king, it is uncertain how Hákon envisioned the governance of the Kingdom of the Isles. On one hand, it is possible that Hákon intended for Óspakr and Guðrøðr Dond to divide the kingdom at Óláfr's expense. On the other hand, the fact that Óláfr's struggle against Alan and Clann Somhairle is acclaimed by the saga could be evidence that Hákon did not intend to replace Óláfr with Óspakr. Instead, Hákon may have planned for Óspakr to reign over the sprawling domain of Clann Somhairle as a way to ensure the kindred's obedience. Óspakr's prospective realm, therefore, seems to have comprised Argyll, Kintyre, and the
Inner Hebrides
The Inner Hebrides (; Scottish Gaelic: ''Na h-Eileanan a-staigh'', "the inner isles") is an archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland, to the south east of the Outer Hebrides. Together these two island chains form the Hebrides, whic ...
. If correct, the fleet's primary design would appear to have been the procurement of Óspakr's domain, whilst a secondary objective—adopted very late in the campaign—seems to have been the restoration of Óláfr on Mann.
![Hákon Hákonarson (British Library Royal 14 C VII, folio 150r)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/H%C3%A1kon_H%C3%A1konarson_%28British_Library_Royal_14_C_VII%2C_folio_150r%29.jpg)
It is also possible that Hákon originally ordered a division of power between Óláfr and Guðrøðr Dond, and that Hákon originally promised to lend support to Óláfr's cause on the condition of a concession of authority to Guðrøðr Dond, who—like Óspakr—could have been recognised as king by the Norwegian Crown. An accommodation between Óláfr and Guðrøðr Dond could well have benefited both men, as it would have safeguarded their kindred against the dynastic ambitions of Alan, offsetting the royal marriage between this man's son and Guðrøðr Dond's sister. There is certainly no further record of Alan pursuing military actions against Óláfr, which could be evidence that Alan came to terms with an arrangement between the two competing branches of the Crovan dynasty.
The pact between Óláfr and Guðrøðr Dond turned out to be short-lived.
[ McDonald (2007b) p. 87.] According to the saga, when the fleet left for Norway in the Spring, it clashed with the Kintyremen before sailing northward to , where it ousted a certain
Þórmóðr Þórkelsson from the island. A few weeks after the fleet left the region for Orkney, the saga reports that Páll was slain in the by Guðrøðr Dond. According to the ''Chronicle of Mann''
[ McDonald (2019) p. 69; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 87, 92; Sellar (1997–1998); Williams, DGE (1997) p. 117; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 202; Anderson (1922) p. 472; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 94–95.] and the ''Chronicle of Lanercost'', Guðrøðr Dond established himself in the Hebrides but was later killed, with the former account locating his death on .
In any event, it is apparent that it was only after Guðrøðr Dond's demise that Óláfr was able to secure the full tenure of kingship.
Óláfr went on to rule the realm until his death.
![Lewis chessmen 14](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Lewis_chessmen_14.JPG)
Upon the homeward return of the Norwegians, the saga declares that Hákon's "honours had been won" as a result of the expedition, and states that Hákon himself heartily thanked the men for their service overseas. The operation seems to mark a turning point in the history of the Kingdom of the Isles. Although the kings that ruled the realm before Rǫgnvaldr could afford to ignore Norwegian royal authority, it is apparent that those who ruled after him required a closer relationship with the Norwegian Crown. Even though the Norwegians acclaimed the conclusion of the campaign, its only lasting achievement was Óláfr's restoration. The Scots too may have welcomed this outcome, considering the consolidation of the Crovan dynasty after years of chaos, and Óláfr's familial relationship with Fearchar, Alexander's principal northern protégé.
Nevertheless, the campaign itself may have been the gravest crisis faced by the Scots since the English invasion of Scotland in 1216. Although Scottish sources fail to note the campaign of 1230, its magnitude is revealed by English sources such as the ''Chronicle of Lanercost'', and the thirteenth-century ''Annales de Dunstaplia'', with the latter reporting that the campaigning Norwegians and Islesmen were only overcome with much labour after they had invaded Scotland and Mann and inflicted considerable casualties.
The context of Guðrøðr Dond's final fall suggests that, despite his injuries and impairment, he was able to swiftly assert his authority and eliminate Páll. Although the Norwegians' presence may have temporarily constrained the implacable animosities of the Islesmen, the fleet's departure appears to have been the catalyst of renewed conflict.
Evidently still an adherent of Óláfr—certainly, the two are reported to have sailed on the same ship on the outset of Óspakr's campaign
—Páll's annihilation suggests that Guðrøðr Dond avenged his father's destruction and his own mutilation. The fact that Óláfr was able to regain and retain control of the realm after Guðrøðr Dond's demise suggests that Óláfr may have moved against him once the Norwegians left the region.
Later reign
After the campaign of 1230/1231, Alan ceased his policy of aggression against Óláfr, probably on account of Alexander, who afterwards pursued a more measured strategy dealing with the Norse-Gaelic magnates on the northwestern periphery of his realm. There is no evidence that Óláfr ever threatened the Scots after finally regaining authority. It is possible that he actually owed his release in about 1214 to Alexander himself. It may have been that, after his resumption of power in 1230/1231, the Scots failed to disturb him and he did not disturb them. In the context of the campaign of 1230/1231, the Norwegians appear to have regarded Alan as their main opponent, not Alexander. It is possible that the latter regarded Alan's ambitions in the Isles, and his warring against Óláfr, as a root cause of the crisis faced by the Scots that year. In any case, Alexander afterwards appears to have relied upon
Walter fitz Alan II, Steward of Scotland, and the latter's kin, to extend Scottish royal authority into Argyll and the Isles. It was not until the 1240s that the Scots resumed aggressive actions in the west.
At some point during his reign, he is known to have granted certain commercial rights and protections to the monks of
Holm Cultram Abbey
Holmcultram Abbey (alternatively Holm Cultram Abbey or Holme Cultram Abbey) was a Cistercian monastery in what is now the village of Abbeytown in Cumbria, United Kingdom.
Founded in 1150, the abbey was suppressed in 1538 during the Dissolution ...
. At one point he granted rights to the priory of Whithorn concerning two churches on Mann (St Ninian at Ballacgniba and St Ronan),
[ McDonald (2007b) p. 195; Grant (2000) p. 123 n. 171; Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 162 n. 142; Cowan; Easson (1976) p. 238; Megaw, BRS (1948–1949) p. 176; Talbot (1900); ''Document 1/16/4'' (n.d.).] and at another point granted the
priory of St Bees sixty head of cattle or the equivalent value in sheep or swine. Óláfr's 1228 letter to Henry reveals that Óláfr involved himself with
mercantile
Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as a market.
An early form of trade, barter, saw the direct exchan ...
activity.
In 1235, Óláfr journeyed to the court of Henry, as evidenced by an English letter of safe passage issued in April 1235. That July, Óláfr is recorded to have rendered homage to Henry, and to have received payment for his services in safeguarding the English and Irish coasts for the English Crown. As a result, Óláfr pledged to secure the English and Irish coasts faithfully, and to supply the English with fifty galleys when needed: all for the annual allowance of forty marks, one hundred crannocks of wheat, and five
hogshead
A hogshead (abbreviated "hhd", plural "hhds") is a large cask of liquid (or, less often, of a food commodity). More specifically, it refers to a specified volume, measured in either imperial or US customary measures, primarily applied to alcoho ...
s of wine.
![St German's Cathedral on St Patrick's Isle, Peel - geograph](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/St_German%27s_Cathedral_on_St_Patrick%27s_Isle%2C_Peel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_481785.jpg)
Near the end of his reign, Óláfr appears to have commenced another visit to Norway, as evidenced by directives of Henry instructing his subjects to protect Óláfr and his kingdom during his absence (issued in May 1236, and April 1237).
Óláfr may have been a patron of St German's Cathedral on St Patrick's Isle,
as the chronicle reports that this religious house was constructed by Simon, Bishop of the Isles. The site itself appears to have been established in the twelfth- or thirteenth century. Early diocesan bishops, during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, may well have circulated from region to region in the Isles, and it is possible that the cathedral's foundation represents the final settling of the diocesan see.
The site has undergone several phases of construction over the centuries, and it is uncertain what part can be credited to Simon.
Óláfr's actions in the northern Hebrides could indicate that he was also a patron of the
Snizort Cathedral
Snizort Cathedral (Gaelic: ''Snìosort'') was a small cathedral church located on an island (St Columba's Isle, Gaelic: ''Eilean Chaluim Chille'') in the River Snizort, near the head of Loch Snizort on the Scottish island of Skye. Also referred t ...
on Skeabost Island,
a religious house that first appears on record in the fourteenth century.
Although Óláfr
—like his father and grandfather—styled himself in Latin ,
his sons
Haraldr and Magnús used the form .
The latter style is nevertheless accorded to Óláfr by the chronicle in the record of his death. It was also accorded to members of the family by the English
chancellery in thirteenth century, seemingly before its adoption by the Islesmen themselves. The title is the equivalent of the
Gaelic
Gaelic is an adjective that means "pertaining to the Gaels". As a noun it refers to the group of languages spoken by the Gaels, or to any one of the languages individually. Gaelic languages are spoken in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man, and Ca ...
("king of the islands of the foreigners") first recorded in 989, a style almost certainly referring to Mann and the Hebrides.
Death
Óláfr's reign spanned from 1226 to 1237. Although a significant portion of the ''Chronicle of Mann'' is devoted to the strife between him and Rǫgnvaldr, the span of Óláfr's reign is covered in only a few lines. According to this source Óláfr died on 21 May 1237, on St Patrick's Isle, and was buried at
Rushen Abbey
Rushen Abbey is a former abbey on the Isle of Man, located in Ballasalla. Originally home for monks of the Savignac order, it soon came under Cistercian control and remained so until its dissolution. The abbey is located from Castle Rushen, th ...
. This monastic house, the foremost ecclesiastical site on Mann, had originally been founded by his paternal grandfather in 1134. By the thirteenth century, it served as a royal mausoleum of the Crovan dynasty, being the burial place of three of the family's four kings that ruled between 1226 and 1265. Óláfr was the first royal to be laid to rest at Rushen. The others were his sons
Rǫgnvaldr
Rǫgnvaldr is an Old Norse language, Old Norse name.
People
* Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson (died 1229), King of the Isles
Derived or cognate names
Given names include:
*''Raginald'', German
*''Reginold'', German
*''Ragenold'', German
*''Ragenald'' ...
, and Magnús. There is a possibility that a thirteenth-century stone coffin-lid or grave-slab found at Rushen may be associated with one of the three kings buried there.
[ McDonald (2007b) p. 201; Butler (1988) pp. 64, 101, 102 n. 15, 104 n. 57; Kermode (1907) p. 6; Kermode; Herdman (1904) p. 86, 86 fig. 43.] The fact that Óláfr and his father died on St Patrick's Isle suggests that it was a royal residence. It is possible that the seat of Manx royal power was located at
Peel Castle
Peel Castle (''Cashtal Phurt ny h-Inshey'' in Manx Gaelic) is a castle in Peel, Isle of Man, Peel on the Isle of Man, originally constructed by Vikings. The castle stands on St Patrick's Isle which is connected to the town by a causeway. It is ...
, on St Patrick's Isle, before the seat moved to Castle Rushen in the thirteenth century.
Descendants
Óláfr was survived by three children: Haraldr, Rǫgnvaldr, and Magnús—all of whom eventually ruled as kings. Óláfr was succeeded by his son, Haraldr, who was in turn succeeded by Óláfr's son, Rǫgnvaldr. This monarch was slain in 1249, seemingly by an associate of Guðrøðr Dond's son,
Haraldr, whereupon the latter assumed the kingship. This abrupt seizure of royal power by Guðrøðr Dond's son—almost twenty years after Guðrøðr Dond's death—exposes the fact that the inter-dynastic strife between lines of (Guðrøðr Dond's father) Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr carried on for yet another generation. The infighting only came to an end in the reign of the dynasty's final monarch, Óláfr's son, Magnús.
The mother of Óláfr's children is uncertain. Although no source names the mother of his son, Haraldr, the chronicle asserts that the latter was only fourteen years old at the time of Óláfr's death. This would place Haraldr's birth in 1222 or 1223, at about the time that Óláfr married Cairistíona, which indicates that either Cairistíona or Lauon could have been Haraldr's mother. As for Haraldr's two succeeding brothers, it is conceivable that Cairistíona was their mother.
If Lauon was indeed the mother of Haraldr and a descendant of Raghnall, this relationship could explain why Ruaidhrí and Domhnall—apparently close adherents of Óláfr's half-brother, Rǫgnvaldr—are not recorded to have opposed Óláfr after Rǫgnvaldr's death.
Certainly, the recorded history of the Isles between the 1230s and 1240s is remarkably peaceful in comparison to other eras.
There is evidence to suggest that Óláfr had a fourth son, Guðrøðr.
For example, the chronicle relates that, not long after Haraldr's succession, Haraldr visited the Hebrides and left control of Mann to Lochlann, his kinsman who governed the island in his place. In the following autumn, Lochlann and his supporters are said to have come into conflict with Hebridean supporters of Haraldr, and when the latter returned to Mann in the spring, the chronicle reports that Lochlann fled to Wales with all his men and his foster son, a youth identified as Guðrøðr, the son of a man named Óláfr. The ship they were travelling on is stated to have been wrecked upon the Welsh coast, and although Lochlann was able to make it ashore safely, he returned to the scene in an attempt to save Guðrøðr. According to the chronicle, Lochlann, Guðrøðr, and about forty others lost their lives in the shipwreck.
It is possible that Lochlann's foster son is identical to a similarly named individual, a certain "", who attested a
quitclaim
Generally, a quitclaim is a formal renunciation of a legal claim against some other person, or of a right to land. A person who quitclaims renounces or relinquishes a claim to some legal right, or transfers a legal interest in land. Originally a c ...
between
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (c. 1223 – 11 December 1282), sometimes written as Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, also known as Llywelyn the Last ( cy, Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf, lit=Llywelyn, Our Last Leader), was the native Prince of Wales ( la, Princeps Wall ...
and
Ralph de Mortimer
Ranulph or Ralph de Mortimer (before 1198 to 6 August 1246) was the second son of Roger de Mortimer and Isabel de Ferrers of Wigmore Castle in Herefordshire. He succeeded his elder brother before 23 November 1227 and built Cefnllys and Knuckla ...
, in about 1241. It is uncertain what compelled Lochlann to flee his sovereign, and it is uncertain why he chose Wales as his destination. The Crovan dynasty certainly had diplomatic and familial connections with the Welsh. One possibility is that the account of Lochlann's flight reveals that he attempted to replace Óláfr's son, Haraldr, with another son.
If the chronicle is incorrect in its account of the foster-son's maritime demise, and he is indeed identical to the like-named Manx prince attested in Wales, this individual's activities outwith the realm of his ancestors may have been a consequence of strife following Óláfr's death and Haraldr's accession. Haraldr's young age at the time, and the fact that he had a potential rival in the person of his like-named cousin, Haraldr Guðrøðarson, could indicate that Haraldr had been designated as successor during his father's lifetime.
[ McDonald (2007b) pp. 171–172.]
Ancestry
Notes
Citations
References
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External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Olafr Gudrodarson
1237 deaths
12th-century Manx people
13th-century Manx people
13th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
Crovan dynasty
Monarchs of the Isle of Man
Year of birth unknown