Ohind

Attock Khurd ( ur, ; ''"''Little Attock''"'') is a small town located beside the Indus River in the Attock District of Punjab Province in Pakistan. Khurd and Kalan are Persian words, themselves derived from Sanskrit (''Kshudra'' means "small" in Sanskrit: "ksh" becomes "kha" in Prakrit) words, which means small and big respectively. When two villages have the same name, they are distinguished as Kalan and Khurd with the villages' names.

Historically and strategically, Attock Khurd is considered the gateway to Central Asia, since it is near the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa border.

History

Ancient history

Attock Khurd (the old city) has a rich history and was of special importance to the entire Indian subcontinent. The great grammarian Pāṇini, who wrote the Aṣṭādhyāyī, the oldest surviving Sanskrit grammar, is said in some historical sources to have been born in 520 BCE near Attock in Salatura, modern Lahur, on the right bank of the Indus River in the ancient Kambojan/Gandharan territory. Attock was located on the high road, the Uttarapatha, the principal route of international commerce and communication between the sub-continent, Persia and Imperial China.

Attock appears in the history books during the rule of Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka, the Emperor of upper India. He had converted to the Buddhist faith. The Edicts of Ashoka, set in stone, some of them written in Greek, declare that the Greek populations within his realm also had converted to Buddhism:
:"Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dharma."
::—Rock Edict Nb13 (S. Dhammika).

In the spring of 326 BCE, Alexander III of Macedon passed into Punjab (at Ohind, 16 m. above Attock) using a bridge over the Indus constructed by Perdiccas and Hephaestion. The region became part of the Kingdom of Ederatides the Greek or Indo-Greek Kingdom, who extended his power over western Punjab. The Indo-Greek kings held the country after him (until about 80 BCE) until its invasion by the Indo-Scythians.

When the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang visited the district in 630 CE, and again in 643 CE, Buddhism was rapidly declining. The Brahman revival, to which India owes its present form of Hinduism, was already underway in the early years of the fifth century and must have been at its height in the time of Hiuen Tsang.

The country was under the dominion of the Hindu kings of Kashmir and remained so until the end of the ninth century. After that, the district became part of the kingdom of the rulers of Kabul – and the town, then known as Udhabandhapur or Waihind, was their capital until 1001 when the capital was moved to Nandana in the Salt Range after the Battle of Peshawar (1001). Samanta Deva and his successors (more accurately designated as the "Hindu Shahis of Kabul"), remained in possession until the time of Mahmud Ghaznavi. The Gakhars became vital in the hills to the east, but their dominion never extended beyond the Margalla pass and the Khari Moorat.

The city gained more fame from Sufis and saints, who were mostly Bukhari-ul-Naqvi and Bukharis, such as Makhdoom Jahaniyan Jahangasht (born in Uch Sharif) and Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari from Bukhara (Urdu

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