''Narcissus pseudonarcissus'' (commonly known as wild daffodil or Lent lily) (Welsh: Cennin Pedr) is a

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also widel ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...

. This species has pale yellow

tepal A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...

s, with a darker central trumpet. The long, narrow

leaves A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, st ...

are slightly greyish green in colour and rise from the base of the stem. The plant grows from a

bulb In botany, a bulb is structurally a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf basesBell, A.D. 1997. ''Plant form: an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. that function as food storage organs dur ...

. The flowers produce

seeds A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosperm ...

, which when germinated, take five to seven years to produce a flowering plant. (Sexual seed reproduction mixes the traits of both parent flowers, so if garden hybrid

cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...

s are planted close to wild populations of ''Narcissus pseudonarcissus'', there is a danger that the new seedlings, having

hybrid vigour Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding enhancement is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring is heterotic if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions o ...

, could out-compete the wild plants.)

Distribution

The species is native to Western Europe from

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

and

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of th ...

east to

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

and north to

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...

and

Wales Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in ...

. It is commonly grown in gardens and populations have become established in the

Balkans The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island coun ...

, the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historica ...

Madeira ) , anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira") , song_type = Regional anthem , image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg , map_alt=Location of Madeira , map_caption=Location of Madeira , subdivision_type=Sovereign st ...

British Columbia British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, for ...

Ontario Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central Ca ...

Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador (; french: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region ...

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native Eng ...

Oregon Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of it ...

Washington state Washington (), officially the State of Washington, is a U.S. state, state in the Northwestern United States, Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. Named for George Washington—the first President of the United States, U.S. p ...

, much of

eastern United States The Eastern United States, commonly referred to as the American East, Eastern America, or simply the East, is the region of the United States to the east of the Mississippi River. In some cases the term may refer to a smaller area or the East C ...

, and the

Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands (; es, Islas Malvinas, link=no ) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about from Cape Dubouze ...

. Wild plants grow in woods, grassland and on rocky ground. In Britain native populations have decreased substantially since the 19th century due to intensification of agriculture, clearance of woodland and uprooting of the bulbs for use in gardens. In Germany it was a subject of a national

awareness campaign Consciousness raising (also called awareness raising) is a form of activism popularized by Feminism in the United States, United States feminists in the late 1960s. It often takes the form of a group of people attempting to focus the attention of ...

for the protection of wildflowers in 1981. In England, the Farndale valley in the

North York Moors National Park North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography. Etymology The word ''north' ...

hosts a large population of the species, along the banks of the River Dove. There are several nature reserves in

Gloucestershire Gloucestershire ( abbreviated Glos) is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn and the entire Forest of Dean. The county town is the city of ...

supporting large populations of the species near

Dymock Woods SSSI Dymock Woods (, , ) is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, SSSI notification, notified in 1990. The site is listed in the 'Forest of Dean Local Plan Review' as a Key Wildlife Site (KWS). The site is divided ...

. There is a Daffodil Walk Trail around several reserves in the spring.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

The history of ''N. pseudonarcissus'' has generated a large number of synonyms, including:

Subspecies

There are a number of

subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics ( morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all specie ...

of the wild

daffodil ''Narcissus'' is a genus of predominantly spring flowering perennial plants of the amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae. Various common names including daffodil,The word "daffodil" is also applied to related genera such as '' Sternbergia'', ''Is ...

but the exact number varies according to different authors. The large number of

s adds to the difficulty of classification. Among the subspecies is the Tenby daffodil (''N. pseudonarcissus'' ssp. ''obvallaris'', sometimes classed as a separate species), which probably originated in cultivation but now grows wild in southwest

. Many of the subspecies listed below are currently considered as species by the

Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nor ...

, the International Cultivar Registration Authority for daffodils. Those marked are recipients of the RHS

Award of Garden Merit The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions. History The Award of Garden Merit ...

. * ssp. ''pseudonarcissus'' ''Narcissus pseudonarcissus'' subsp. ''pseudonarcissus'' - Lent lily, wild daffodil - England and Wales * ssp. ''bicolor'' (syn. ''N. bicolor'' L.) * ssp. ''calcicarpetanus'' Fernández Casas * ssp. ''eugeniae'' - Central Spain (syn. ''N. eugeniae'' Fernández Casas) * ssp. ''major'' - Spanish daffodil, great daffodil - Iberia (syn. ''N. hispanicus'' Gouan.) * ssp. ''moschatus'' (L.) Baker - swan's-neck daffodil (syn. ssp. ''candidissimus'' Desf.; syn. ''N. moschatus'' L., ''N. alpestris'' Pugsley.) * ssp. ''munozii-garmendiae'' Fernández Casas * ssp. ''nevadensis'' - Iberia (syn. ''N. nevadensis'' Pugsley) * ssp. ''nobilis'' - (syn. ''N. nobilis'' (Haw.) Schult. & Schult.f.) large flower daffodil - Iberia. The largest floral diameter of ''Narcissus'', at over 12.5 cm * ssp. ''obvallaris'' - Tenby daffodil - southern Wales (syn. ''N. obvallaris'', Salisb., sometimes considered to be derived from

relict A relict is a surviving remnant of a natural phenomenon. Biology A relict (or relic) is an organism that at an earlier time was abundant in a large area but now occurs at only one or a few small areas. Geology and geomorphology In geology, a r ...

cultivation of ssp. ''major'

[1
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/nowiki> *_ssp._''pallidiflorus''_-_pale_flower_daffodil_-_Spain_and_France *_ssp._''portensis''_-_Iberia_(syn._''N._portensis''_Pugsley) *_ssp._''pugsleyanus''_Barra_&_López_-_Spain_ *_ssp._''radinganorum''__(syn._''N._radinganorum''_Fernández_Casas)__-_southeast_Spain

_Varieties

''Narcissus_pseudonarcissus''_ssp._''pseudonarcissus''_itself_has_many_

_Varieties

''Narcissus_pseudonarcissus''_ssp._''pseudonarcissus''_itself_has_many_Variety_(botany)">varieties_ Variety_may_refer_to: __Arts_and_entertainment___Entertainment_formats_ *_Variety_(radio) *_Variety_show,_in_theater_and_television __Films_ *__''Variety''_(1925_film),_a_German_silent_film_directed_by_Ewald_Andre_Dupont *__''Variety''_(1935_film),_...

_(described_by_H.W._Pugsley_in_an_article_in_the_''

_Varieties

_(described_by_H.W._Pugsley_in_an_article_in_the_''The_Garden_(journal)">Journal_of_the_Royal_Horticultural_Society_ ''The_Garden''_is_the_monthly__magazine_of_the_British__Royal_Horticultural_Society_(RHS),_circulated_to_all_the_society's_members_as_a_benefit_of_membership;_it_is_also_sold_to_the_public. _History ''The_Garden''_magazine_has_gone_under_this_tit_...

''_of_1933),_including_var._''festinus'',_var._''humilis'',_var._''insignis'',_var._''minoriformis'',_var._''montinus'',_var._''platylobus''_and_var._''porrigens''._The_eighth_variety_described_by_Pugsley,_var._''pisanus'',_was_further_defined_by_A._Fernandes_in_the_''Daffodil_and_Tulip_Year_Book''_of_1968.

_Double-flowered_cultivars

Recent_research_in_Wales,_southwest_England_and_northern_France_by_keen_horticulturists_has_discovered_a_small_number_of_remarkably_distinct,_double-flowered_specimens_of_''N._pseudonarcissus''_growing_among_wild_or_naturalised_populations_of_normal_''N._pseudonarcissus''._Such_rare_forms_were_known_to_exist_as_long_ago_as_the_late_16th_and_early_17th_century_by_botanists_and_Herbalism#Practitioners.html" "title="The_Garden_(journal).html" "title="Variety_(botany).html" "title="
/nowiki>.html" ;"title="">[1
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/nowiki> * ssp. ''pallidiflorus'' - pale flower daffodil - Spain and France * ssp. ''portensis'' - Iberia (syn. ''N. portensis'' Pugsley) * ssp. ''pugsleyanus'' Barra & López - Spain * ssp. ''radinganorum'' (syn. ''N. radinganorum'' Fernández Casas) - southeast Spain

Varieties

''Narcissus pseudonarcissus'' ssp. ''pseudonarcissus'' itself has many Variety (botany)">varieties Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...

Distribution

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Subspecies

_Varieties

_Varieties

_Varieties

_Double-flowered_cultivars

Varieties

Double-flowered cultivars

Emblem

Health risks

See also

References

Further reading

External links