Lukman Njoto or Njoto (17 January 1927 – 13 December 1965) was a senior national leader of the
Communist Party of Indonesia
The Communist Party of Indonesia (Indonesian: ''Partai Komunis Indonesia'', PKI) was a communist party in Indonesia during the mid-20th century. It was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world before its violent disbandment in 1965. ...
(PKI), who joined the party shortly after the country's
declaration of independence
A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood or proclamation of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the ...
, and was killed following the 1965
coup attempt.
Biography
Early life
Njoto was born on 17 January 1927 in the house of his grandfather, Marjono, in
Jember
Jember Regency is a Regencies of Indonesia, regency of East Java province, Indonesia. The population was 2,332,726 at the 2010 census and 2,536,729 at the 2020 Census. Its administrative capital is the urban area of Jember (city), Jember, which ...
. Njoto's parents were Raden Sosro Hartono, a descendant of the
Surakarta
Surakarta ( jv, ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ), known colloquially as Solo ( jv, ꦱꦭ; ), is a city in Central Java, Indonesia. The 44 km2 (16.2 sq mi) city adjoins Karanganyar Regency and Boyolali Regency to the north, Karanganyar Regency and Sukoh ...
royal family, and Masalmah. He had two younger sisters, Sri Windarti and Iramani. He and Windarti attended the
Hollands Inlandsche School (HIS) in Jember and lived with their maternal grandparents in Kampung Tempean, Jember. Their father wanted them to enroll there because Dutch schools were better organized than native schools. After regular school, Njoto had private lessons in the evening with Meneer Darmo.
After graduating from school, Njoto enrolled at the ''
Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs
Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (Dutch, "more advanced primary education") was during part of the twentieth century a level of education in the Netherlands (and the Dutch East Indies), comparable with the junior high school level in the US educatio ...
'' (MULO) school in Jember. Eventually during the
Japanese occupation, the school was disbanded. Njoto's father sent him to another MULO in Solo. In the second grade of MULO, according his classmate Sabar Anantaguna, Njoto said that he had to go home to Jember, but, in fact, he was going to Surabaya, where he was involved in the disarmament of the
Japanese imperial army
The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor o ...
. During this time, Njoto met future
PKI PKI may refer to:
* Partai Komunis Indonesia, the Communist Party of Indonesia
* Peter Kiewit Institute
The Peter Kiewit Institute is a facility in Omaha, Nebraska, United States which houses academic programs from the University of Nebraska ...
leaders
D.N. Aidit and
M.H. Lukman. Njoto was also involved in the
Battle of Surabaya
The Battle of Surabaya was fought between regular infantry and militia of the Indonesian nationalist movement and British and British Indian troops as a part of the Indonesian National Revolution against the re-imposition of Dutch colonial r ...
against the British.
PKI leader
During the
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postw ...
, as a representative of the PKI Banyuwangi branch, Njoto became a member of the
Central Indonesian National Committee
The Central Indonesian National Committee, ( id, Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat) or KNIP, was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia. Originally purely advisory, it later gained assumed legislative functions. ...
(KNIP), a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia. At the time, Njoto was living in Hotel Merdeka,
Malioboro
''Jalan Malioboro'' ( jv, ꦢꦭꦤ꧀ꦩꦭꦶꦪꦧꦫ, Dalan Maliyabara; en, Malioboro Street) is a major shopping street in Yogyakarta (city), Yogyakarta, Indonesia; the name is also used more generally for the neighborhood around the stre ...
,
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, ...
. In March 1947, after KNIP held a meeting in
Malang
Malang (; ) is a landlocked List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, city in the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of Singhasari, Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most popul ...
, Aidit was elected as chairman of the PKI fraction, while Njoto was elected as chairman of Badan Pekerja KNIP. In early 1948, Njoto, Aidit, and Lukman were ordered by the party to translate
The Communist Manifesto
''The Communist Manifesto'', originally the ''Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (german: Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei), is a political pamphlet written by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Commissioned by the Comm ...
. In August 1948, the PKI Central Committee comprised Aidit in land affairs, Lukman in agitation and propaganda, and Njoto in relation with other organizations. Around this time, mid-1948, Njoto was also a member of the Politbiro. On 17 August 1950, Njoto along with Aidit, M.S. Ashar, and A.S. Dharta founded
Institute for the People's Culture (Lekra), a literary and social movement, while according to ''Tempo'' Zulkifli and Hidayat, the four founded Lekra in 1951.
On 7 January 1951, Njoto, along with Aidit,
Sudisman
Sudisman (1920 – October 1968) was a general secretary of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and the only PKI leader to be put on trial following the 30 September Movement in 1965. He was sentenced to death and executed.
He was the f ...
, Alimin, and Lukman were elected to the Politbiro by the Central Committee. Also in January 1951, Njoto, Pardede, Lukman, and Aidit were appointed to the editorial staff of
Bintang Merah
Bintang Merah (Indonesian: Red Star) was a magazine of the Communist Party of Indonesia which published in Jakarta from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1950 to 1965. It described itself as a ''magazine of Marxist-Leninist politics and theory.''
H ...
(''Red Star''), a paper that was first published on 15 August 1950. In July 1951, the PKI appointed Njoto to supervise the content of the PKI newspaper ''
Harian Rakjat
(EYD: , 'People's Daily') was an Indonesian newspaper published by the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) from 1951-1965. The motto was ('For the people there is only one daily, Harian Rakjat!'). Harian Rakyat was managed by Njoto as a member ...
'' (''People's Daily''). In August 1951, the government conducted searches and arrested PKI leaders because of fears of a repeat of the 1948
Madiun affair
The Madiun Affair ( id, Peristiwa Madiun), known locally as the Communist Party of Indonesia rebellion of 1948 ( id, Pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia 1948), was an armed conflict between the government of the self-proclaimed Republic of ...
. However, Njoto, Lukman, and Aidit managed to evade arrest and hid, not appearing in public for several months. After the meeting of Central Committee in October 1953, the three became leaders of the party: Aidit as the secretary general, with Lukman and Njoto as Aidit's first and second deputies respectively. Njoto was made responsible for agitation and propaganda. In 1953, Njoto took over the leadership of ''Harian Rakjat'', replacing the founder
Siauw Giok Tjhan
Siauw Giok Tjhan (; March 23, 1914 – November 20, 1981) was a Chinese Indonesian activist and politician. Born in Kapasan, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, he was a cabinet minister under Indonesia president Sukarno and was imprisoned for 12 year ...
. In ''Harian Rakjat'' he wrote under the pen name Iramani, and used a softer and more poetic than his sharper writing in ''Bintang Merah''. Njoto was also appointed to the
Provisional People's Representative Council
The Provisional People's Representative Council ( id, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Sementara) was the first Indonesian legislature under the Provisional Constitution of 1950. The council was formed after the transition of Indonesia to a unitary state ...
in 1954, replacing Aidit’s resigning father
Abdullah Aidit
Abdullah Aidit (23 October 1900 – 14 February 1969) was an Indonesian politician and civil servant who served as a member of the Provisional People's Representative Council. He was the father of D. N. Aidit, chairman of the Indonesian Communist ...
.
On 1 August 1956, Njoto spoke to Central Committee members, telling them that the party had to educate its cadres about its ideology since the increase in party membership was significant. In October 1958, Njoto claimed that the most important thing was the unity between the bourgeois and proletariate, but
Oloan Hutapea Oloan Hutapea, also known as B. O. Hutapea (born 1920s?, died in Blitar area in 1968), was a high-ranking member of the Indonesian Communist Party and one of its major theoreticians during the height of its power, and was leader of a clandestine win ...
in an article in August 1959 rejected the view that this alliance was important to the party. After heavy PKI criticism of government performance in July 1960, Njoto and Aidit were questioned by Colonel Achmad Sukendro from Army intelligence. In August 1960, along with Aidit, Njoto was appointed as PKI representative in National Front.
In March 1962, Njoto and Aidit were appointed ministers without specific responsibilities, only coordinating or advisory roles. According to a PKI report published on 14 April 1964, Njoto was at a large meeting of farmers in Klaten. He stated that the land reform law could only be reached by people's actions and a patriotic and democratic government. After
Sukarno
Sukarno). (; born Koesno Sosrodihardjo, ; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Sukarno was the leader of ...
was appointed as the president for life by the
Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS), in September 1964, Njoto was appointed as state minister in the
Dwikora Cabinet
The Dwikora Cabinet, ( id, Kabinet Dwikora), was the 21st Indonesian cabinet. President Sukarno reshuffled the previous cabinet on 27 August 1964 to produce a cabinet better able to implement the government policy he had announced in his Independe ...
responsible for supervision of land reform.
Between 1963 and 1964, Njoto travelled to the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
several times to establish links between PKI and the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
"Hymn of the Bolshevik Party"
, headquarters = 4 Staraya Square, Moscow
, general_secretary = Vladimir Lenin (first) Mikhail Gorbachev (last)
, founded =
, banned =
, founder = Vladimir Lenin
, newspaper ...
. He was accompanied by Rita, an Indonesian literature student in
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
. According to Soetarni, Njoto's wife, Rita was the translator between
Indonesian
Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to:
* Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia
** Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago
** Indonesian ...
and
Russian
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...
. At the end of 1964, Soetarni was depressed about the rumour that Njoto would marry Rita. Soetarni was pregnant with her the sixth child when the rumour started. She said she would divorce Njoto if the rumour proved to be true. According to Joesoef Isak, Njoto had fallen in love with Rita. Isak claimed that Soetarni was more beautiful, but Njoto claimed that Rita was more intellectual. According to a source from ''
Tempo
In musical terminology, tempo (Italian, 'time'; plural ''tempos'', or ''tempi'' from the Italian plural) is the speed or pace of a given piece. In classical music, tempo is typically indicated with an instruction at the start of a piece (often ...
'', Rita was a KGB agent. The source claimed that anyone visiting the Soviet Union would be accompanied by a
KGB
The KGB (russian: links=no, lit=Committee for State Security, Комитет государственной безопасности (КГБ), a=ru-KGB.ogg, p=kəmʲɪˈtʲet ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)əj bʲɪzɐˈpasnəsʲtʲɪ, Komitet gosud ...
agent. After the affair between Njoto and Rita became known to the party, Njoto was dismissed from all functional positions in the party. However, Njoto still attended party meetings except those held by Politbiro.
In April 1964, Njoto used the term "Sukarnoisme" in a speech in
Palembang
Palembang () is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra. The city proper covers on both banks of the Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra. It had a population of 1,668,848 at the 2020 Census. Palembang ...
. The PKI, especially Aidit, considered that Njoto betrayed communism by using this term. Njoto was later replaced as Chairman of Agitation and Propaganda by
Oloan Hutapea Oloan Hutapea, also known as B. O. Hutapea (born 1920s?, died in Blitar area in 1968), was a high-ranking member of the Indonesian Communist Party and one of its major theoreticians during the height of its power, and was leader of a clandestine win ...
, though the real reason was the affair between Njoto and Rita.
According to a ''Tempo'' magazine source, after the removal, Sukarno wanted Njoto to form a new party called the Indonesian People's Party (''Partai Rakyat Indonesia'') with Sukarnoism as the principle, but the idea was never realised.
Early June 1965, Njoto and
Subandrio
Subandrio (15 September 1914 – 3 July 2004) was an Indonesian politician and Foreign Minister and First Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia under President Sukarno. Removed from office following the failed 1965 coup, he spent 29 years in pri ...
discussed the implementation of the Sino-Indonesian Agreement with
Chou En Lai in
Canton
Canton may refer to:
Administrative division terminology
* Canton (administrative division), territorial/administrative division in some countries, notably Switzerland
* Township (Canada), known as ''canton'' in Canadian French
Arts and ent ...
. Njoto wrote the speech given by Sukarno on the Celebration of Independence Day 17 August 1965, which was about corruption and counter-revolutionaries.
30 September Movement and aftermath
About one week before 17 August 1965, Njoto was in
Amsterdam
Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the Capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population ...
negotiating a contract with
Fokker
Fokker was a Dutch aircraft manufacturer named after its founder, Anthony Fokker. The company operated under several different names. It was founded in 1912 in Berlin, Germany, and became famous for its fighter aircraft in World War I. In 1919 ...
between the two countries. He then went to Moscow along with Aidit to attend the Communist Party Summit Conference. After being informed by Foreign Minister
Subandrio
Subandrio (15 September 1914 – 3 July 2004) was an Indonesian politician and Foreign Minister and First Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia under President Sukarno. Removed from office following the failed 1965 coup, he spent 29 years in pri ...
on 31 July that Sukarno was looking for him, Njoto returned to Indonesia on 9 August. Aidit talked to Chinese doctors and Njoto about the health of the President on 8 and 10 August respectively. He claimed Sukarno would die or would be out of action soon.
On 28 September 1965, Njoto traveled to
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
with Subandrio. When the
30 September Movement
The Thirtieth of September Movement ( id, Gerakan 30 September, abbreviated as G30S, also known by the acronym Gestapu for ''Gerakan September Tiga Puluh'', Thirtieth of September Movement) was a self-proclaimed organization of Indonesian Na ...
began, they were still in
Medan
Medan (; English: ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra, as well as a regional hub and financial centre of Sumatra. According to the National Development Planning Agency, Medan is one of the four main ...
to set up a local Revolutionary Council chapter. On 2 October 1965, Njoto, after returning from Medan, left his home in Menteng along with Soetarni and his children. He hid his family at the house of a colleague in
Kebayoran. M.H. Lukman claimed that on the night of 5 October several PKI leaders including Njoto and Lukman himself, but excluding Aidit, held a meeting at Isak's house to coordinate before the special cabinet meeting in
Bogor
Bogor ( su, , nl, Buitenzorg) is a city in the West Java province, Indonesia. Located around south of the national capital of Jakarta, Bogor is the 6th largest city in the Jakarta metropolitan area and the 14th overall nationwide.[Bandung
Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...]
, but if the meeting went well, they would stay in Jakarta. According to ''Tempo'', on the cabinet special meeting held on 6 October 1965 in
Istana Bogor
The Bogor Palace (; ) is one of six Presidential palace, presidential palaces of Indonesia, it is located in the city of Bogor, West Java. The palace is noted for its distinctive architectural and historical features, as well as the adjoining Bogo ...
, Njoto was asked by Sukarno about the 30 September Movement. Njoto denied the party was involved, saying, "the PKI was not responsible for the event." It was an internal problem in the Army."
Njoto was interviewed by ''
Asahi Shimbun
is one of the four largest newspapers in Japan. Founded in 1879, it is also one of the oldest newspapers in Japan and Asia, and is considered a newspaper of record for Japan. Its circulation, which was 4.57 million for its morning edition and ...
'' in Jakarta on 2 December 1965 and stated that he did not know about the killing of six generals. According to John Roosa, a historian of
University of British Columbia
The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a public university, public research university with campuses near Vancouver and in Kelowna, British Columbia. Established in 1908, it is British Columbia's oldest university. The university ranks a ...
, in ''Pretext for Mass Murder'', Njoto had not been invited by Aidit to Politbiro meetings. According to Iskandar Subekti, quoted by Roosa, Aidit considered that Njoto was more a Sukarnoist than a communist. Meanwhile, other notes stated that Njoto was closer to the Soviet Union than to
Red [China, which was Aidit's patron.
According to Sarbi Moehadi, former chairman of Lekra Pekalongan, several months after the movement, Njoto led a meeting in Slawi, but Amarzan rejected the claim because Jakarta was safer than other places and Njoto never moved out of Jakarta.
There are several version of Njoto's arrest. According to Amarzan, Njoto was arrested in
Tosari
Tosari is a village in the Tengger Mountains of East Java, Indonesia. It is near Pasuruan and is on a route to nearby Mount Bromo. The Tosari Sanitorium was advertised in a 1919 brochure.Menteng
Menteng is the south-central district of Central Jakarta, one of the administrative municipalities in the capital city Jakarta, Indonesia.
The nexus of its heritage is the Menteng neighbourhood (Project), a new urban design developed mainly in t ...
. According to Irina Dayasih, Njoto was arrested on the way from Ministry of State office around December 1965. According to Iramani, Njoto was shot dead in either
Tanjung Priok
Tanjung Priok is a district of North Jakarta, Indonesia. It hosts the western part of the city's main harbor, the Port of Tanjung Priok (located in Tanjung Priok District and Koja District). The district of Tanjung Priok is bounded by Laksamana ...
, or
Bekasi
Bekasi (, su, ) is a city in West Java, Indonesia, located on the eastern border of Jakarta.the city of planet Bekasi is his nickname.It serves as a commuter city within the Jakarta metropolitan area. According to the 2020 Census by Statistics ...
on 13 December 1965 after being held in the Budi Utomo Military Detention Centre. According to historian Bonnie Triana, Njoto was killed in Jakarta and the corpse was thrown into the
Ciliwung River
Ci Liwung (often written as Ciliwung; also as Tjiliwoeng in Dutch, Sundanese: ᮎᮤᮜᮤᮝᮥᮀ) is a 119 km long river in the northwestern region of Java where it flows through two provinces, West Java and the special region of Jakarta. ...
.
Politics and ideology
During his time in MULO, Njoto read communist books by
Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...
,
Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretar ...
, and
Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
. According to
Joesoef Isak
Joesoef Isak (15 July 1928 – 15 August 2009) was an Indonesian publisher, translator, and left-wing intellectual. He was an advocate of free speech during President Suharto's authoritarian New Order administration, and was imprisoned from 1 ...
, Njoto was the only PKI leader who was "liberal", pragmatical, and not dogmatic. Because of this, Sukarno liked him, even called him the more affection ''dik'' instead the more formal ''Bung''. Sukarno also had called Njoto a "true Marhaenist". Njoto invented the term "Sukarnoism", according to ''Tempo'', because most of the farmers in Indonesia didn't know the term Marxism.
Iwan Simatupang stated that Njoto was "an intellectual and philosophical snob." Simatupang stated that Njoto had more influence than Lukman and Aidit. Some artists, he claimed, such as Rivai Apin,
Basuki Resobowo
Basoeki Resobowo (Perfected Spelling: Basuki Resobowo; 18 February 1916 – 5 January 1999) was an Indonesian painter. Born to a transmigrant father in Sumatra, from a young age he showed interest in the visual arts but was taught to be a teacher. ...
, and
Henk Ngantunk were close to communism because of Njoto.
Personal life
Njoto's father taught his son to play the violin, and he could also play the saxophone. According to Windarti, Njoto also could play guitar and drums and composed several songs. He enjoyed classical music and jazz. During the Japanese occupation, Njoto, Windarti, and three other girls formed a band, Suara Putri, with four women as vocalists and Njoto as guitarist. They performed ''Wanita Asia'', a song that praised the Japanese who had come and immediately expelled the Dutch. After the independence, the song was banned. One of his friends in music was Jack Lesmana.
In literature, Njoto read works by Russians such as
Nikolai Gogol
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol; uk, link=no, Мико́ла Васи́льович Го́голь, translit=Mykola Vasyliovych Hohol; (russian: Яновский; uk, Яновський, translit=Yanovskyi) ( – ) was a Russian novelist, ...
and
Dostoevsky
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (, ; rus, Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский, Fyódor Mikháylovich Dostoyévskiy, p=ˈfʲɵdər mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ dəstɐˈjefskʲɪj, a=ru-Dostoevsky.ogg, links=yes; 11 November 18219 ...
. For Indonesians, Njoto liked
H.B. Jassin's works. He also praised Hamka's works. Njoto wrote several poems published in ''Harian Rakjat'', titled "Tahun Baru", "Catatan Peking", Jangtoe", "Shanghai", Merah Kesumba", "Variasi Haiku", "Variasi Cak", and "Pertemuan di Paris". These poems were published in September 2008 titled ''Gugur Merah: Sehimpunan Puisi Lekra, Harian Rakyat: 1950-1965''. According to Asahan, in literature, Njoto was more democratic, more aesthetic, and more universal. In the accusing of ''Tenggelamnya Kapal van der Wijk'' by Hamka, Njoto advised Lekra not to "destroy" him. Njoto also wrote "Merah Kesumba" as a reaction of solidarity to Congo after the death of
Patrice Lumumba
Patrice Émery Lumumba (; 2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese politician and independence leader who served as the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as the Republic of the Congo) from June u ...
.
Njoto married Soetarni in May 1955. The couple had seven children. The sixth child, named Fidelia Dayatun, was born before the 30 September Movement. The seventh, called Butet was born when Soetarni was in hiding. The seventh was adopted by Soetarni's younger sister. The other children were Ilham Dayawan, Svetlana Dayani, Timur, Irina Dayasih, and Risalina Dayana. All of Njoto's children have the word ''daya'' in their names, taken from Njoto's alias Kusumo Digdoyo. Digdoyo means ''daya'' in Indonesian, or "power" in English.
Notes
References
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{{Authority control
Communist Party of Indonesia politicians
Executed communists
Executed politicians
Executed Indonesian people
People executed by Indonesia by firearm
Members of the Lembaga Kebudajaan Rakjat
1965 deaths
1925 births
Indonesian newspaper editors