Neo-Chalcedonism (also neo-Chalcedonianism) was a sixth-century theological movement in the
Byzantine empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
.
[Karl-Heinz Uthemann, ''Christus, Kosmos, Diatribe: Themen der frühen Kirche als Beitrag zu einer historischen Theologie'', De Gruyter, 2005] The term however is quite recent, first appearing in a 1909 work by
J. Lebon.
Overview
The main preoccupation of neo-Chalcedonians was specifying the nature of the
hypostatic union
''Hypostatic union'' (from the Greek: ''hypóstasis'', "sediment, foundation, substance, subsistence") is a technical term in Christian theology employed in mainstream Christology to describe the union of Christ's humanity and divinity in one h ...
of two natures in Christ, which was left vague in the
definition of Chalcedon. The dyophysite neo-chaldeconians were chiefly opposed by the
monophysites
Monophysitism ( or ) or monophysism () is a Christological term derived from the Greek (, "alone, solitary") and (, a word that has many meanings but in this context means "nature"). It is defined as "a doctrine that in the person of the incarn ...
, who increasingly labelled them
Nestorians
Nestorianism is a term used in Christian theology and Church history to refer to several mutually related but doctrinarily distinct sets of teachings. The first meaning of the term is related to the original teachings of Christian theologian N ...
, that is, deniers of the deity of Christ.
Alexander Kazhdan Alexander Petrovich Kazhdan (russian: Алекса́ндр Петро́вич Кажда́н; 3 September 1922 – 29 May 1997) was a Soviet-American Byzantinist. Among his publications was the three-volume ''Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'', a comp ...
, "Neo-chalcedonism", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'', ed. Alexander Kazhdan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Major neo-Chalcedonians include Nephalios,
John of Caesarea
John (died 1238–41) was the Lord of Caesarea from 1229 and an important figure in the kingdoms of Cyprus and Jerusalem. He was the only son of Walter III of Caesarea and Marguerite d'Ibelin, daughter of Balian of Ibelin. He was often called "th ...
and
Leontios of Jerusalem. They sought a middle ground with the so-called "verbal" (moderate) monophysites. They emphasised the synthesis of natures in Christ, employing a word favoured by the verbal monophysites, and the hypostatic as opposed to natural union of the natures. They continued to accept the proposition that only "one of the Trinity has suffered" and the twelve anathemas of
Cyril of Alexandria
Cyril of Alexandria ( grc, Κύριλλος Ἀλεξανδρείας; cop, Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ Ⲕⲩⲣⲓⲗⲗⲟⲩ ⲁ̅ also ⲡⲓ̀ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲕⲓⲣⲓⲗⲗⲟⲥ; 376 – 444) was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444 ...
.
[
The movement achieved supremacy in ]Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...
during the pontificates of Anastasius I (559–69, 593–99) and Gregory (569–93) of Antioch. Emperor Justinian I
Justinian I (; la, Iustinianus, ; grc-gre, Ἰουστινιανός ; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565.
His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized ''renovat ...
accepted the neo-Chalcedonian interpretation, and it was approved officially at the Second Council of Constantinople
The Second Council of Constantinople is the fifth of the first seven ecumenical councils recognized by both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. It is also recognized by the Old Catholics and others. Protestant opinions and rec ...
in 553. This provoked the Schism of the Three Chapters The Schism of the Three Chapters was a schism that affected Chalcedonian Christianity in Northern Italy lasting from 553 to 698 AD, although the area out of communion with Rome contracted throughout that time. It was part of a larger Three-Chapter C ...
, which lasted over a century.[
]
References
Further reading
* Allen, Pauline. "Neo-Chalcedonism and the Patriarchs of the Late Sixth Century". ''Byzantion'' 50 (1980): 5–17.
*Gray, P. "Neo-Chalcedonianism and the Tradition: From Patristic to Byzantine Theology". ''Byzantinische Forschungen'' 8 (1982): 61–70.
*Helmer, S. ''Der Neuchalkedonismus''. Bonn, 1962.
*Lebon, J. "Le monophysisme sevérien". Louvain, 1909.
*Moeller, C. "Un représentant de la christologie néochalcédonienne au début du VIe siècle en Orient: Nephalius d'Alexandrie". ''Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique'' 40 (1944–45): 73–140.
*Moeller, C. "Le chalcédonisme et le néo-chalcédonisme en Orient de 451 à la fin du VIe siècle". ''Das Konzil von Chalkedon'', vol. 1 (Würzburg, 1951): 666–96.
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Neo-chalcedonism
Christianity in the Byzantine Empire
Nature of Jesus Christ