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Neo-Chalcedonism
Neo-Chalcedonism (also neo-Chalcedonianism) was a sixth-century theological movement in the Byzantine empire.Karl-Heinz Uthemann, ''Christus, Kosmos, Diatribe: Themen der frühen Kirche als Beitrag zu einer historischen Theologie'', De Gruyter, 2005 The term however is quite recent, first appearing in a 1909 work by J. Lebon. Overview The main preoccupation of neo-Chalcedonians was specifying the nature of the hypostatic union of two natures in Christ, which was left vague in the definition of Chalcedon. The dyophysite neo-chaldeconians were chiefly opposed by the monophysites, who increasingly labelled them Nestorians, that is, deniers of the deity of Christ.Alexander Kazhdan, "Neo-chalcedonism", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'', ed. Alexander Kazhdan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Major neo-Chalcedonians include Nephalios, John of Caesarea and Leontios of Jerusalem. They sought a middle ground with the so-called "verbal" (moderate) monophysites. They emphasise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians prefer to differentiate the Byzantine Empire from Ancient Rome ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diocese Of Egypt (Late Antiquity)
The Diocese of Egypt ( la, Dioecesis Aegypti; el, Διοίκησις Αἰγύπτου) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire (from 395 the Eastern Roman Empire), incorporating the provinces of Egypt and Cyrenaica. Its capital was at Alexandria, and its governor had the unique title of ''praefectus augustalis'' ("Augustal Prefect", of the rank ''vir spectabilis''; previously the governor of the imperial 'crown domain' province Egypt) instead of the ordinary ''vicarius''. The diocese was initially part of the Diocese of the East, but in ca. 380, it became a separate entity, which lasted until its territories were overrun by the Muslim conquest of Egypt in the 640s. Administrative history Egypt was formed into a separate diocese in about 381. According to the '' Notitia Dignitatum'', which for the Eastern part of the Empire dates to ca. 401, the diocese came under a ''vicarius'' of the praetorian prefecture of the East, with the title of ''praefectus augustalis'', and included ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allen, Pauline
Pauline Allen, (born 23 February 1948) is an Australian scholar of early Christianity. She is Research Professor of Early Christian Studies and the Director of the Centre for Early Christian Studies at the Australian Catholic University. Honours In 1996 Allen was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, while in July 2016, she was elected a corresponding Fellow of the British Academy Fellowship of the British Academy (FBA) is an award granted by the British Academy to leading academics for their distinction in the humanities and social sciences. The categories are: # Fellows – scholars resident in the United Kingdom # C ... (FBA). Selected works * * * * * * * References 1948 births Living people Roman Catholic biblical scholars Australian Roman Catholics Australian Catholic University faculty Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities Historians of Christianity Australian h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schism Of The Three Chapters
The Schism of the Three Chapters was a schism that affected Chalcedonian Christianity in Northern Italy lasting from 553 to 698 AD, although the area out of communion with Rome contracted throughout that time. It was part of a larger Three-Chapter Controversy that affected the whole of Roman-Byzantine Christianity. Background to the Three-Chapter Controversy The Three-Chapter Controversy came out of an attempt to reconcile the Non-Chalcedonian (Miaphysite) Christians of the Middle East with the Chalcedonian Christianity, Chalcedonian Church. A major part of the attempted compromise was a condemnation of certain works of Eastern Christian writers such as Theodoret of Cyrus and Theodore of Mopsuestia which soon became known as the ''Three Chapters''. These were seen to be particularly objectionable by the opponents of the Council of Chalcedon and in an attempt to win them to the Council the condemnation was seen as a way of reassuring them. The condemnation took place as an Imperial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Council Of Constantinople
The Second Council of Constantinople is the fifth of the first seven ecumenical councils recognized by both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. It is also recognized by the Old Catholics and others. Protestant opinions and recognition of it are varied. Some Protestants, such as Calvinists, recognize the first four councils, whereas Lutherans and most Anglo-Catholics accept all seven. Constantinople II was convoked by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I under the presidency of Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople. It was held from 5 May to 2 June 553. Participants were overwhelmingly Eastern bishops—only sixteen Western bishops were present, including nine from Illyricum and seven from Africa, but none from Italy—out of the 152 total. * (3 names, 3 bishops and 145 other, plus 1 pope, total 152) The main work of the council was to confirm the condemnation issued by edict in 551 by the Emperor Justinian against the Three Chapters. These were the Christolog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Justinian I
Justinian I (; la, Iustinianus, ; grc-gre, Ἰουστινιανός ; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565. His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized ''renovatio imperii'', or "restoration of the Empire". This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire. His general, Belisarius, swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. Subsequently, Belisarius, Narses, and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italy, and Rome to the empire after more than half a century of rule by the Ostrogoths. The praetorian prefect Liberius reclaimed the south of the Iberian peninsula, establishing the province of Spania. These campaigns re-established Roman control over the western Mediterranean, increasing the Empire's annual revenue by over a million ''solidi''. During his reign, Justinian also subdued the ''Tz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gregory Of Antioch
Gregory of Antioch was the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 571 to 593. Gregory began as a monk in the monastery of the Byzantines in Jerusalem, or so we learn from Evagrius Scholasticus. He was transferred by the emperor Justin II (565-578 ) to Sinai. He was abbot there when the monastery was attacked by Arabs. John Moschus mentions he was also abbot of Pharan in Palestine. In 569-70 he became Patriarch of Antioch after Justin II deposed the Patriarch Anastasius I of Antioch. In 578, Anatolius accused Gregory of being a crypto-pagan involved in the sacrifice of a boy, but recanted "on being subjected to extreme of torture" Evagrius Scholasticus (1846), Book 5, Chapter 18 (XVIII) In another account, but by John, Bishop of Ephesus a contemporary of Gregory, we are informed that the latter was a pagan and had attended the sacrifice of a boy held by night at Daphne. In learning this the populace were after Gregory who was besieged in his palace and was unable to c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anastasius I Of Antioch
Anastasius I of Antioch was the Patriarch of Antioch twice (561–571 and 593–599). Alban Butler calls him "a man of singular learning and piety". He was a friend of Pope Gregory I, and aroused the enmity of the Emperor Justinian by opposing certain imperial doctrines about the Body of Christ (Justinian favoured the Aphthartodocetae). He was to be deposed from his see and exiled when Justinian died; but Justin II carried out his uncle's purpose five years later in 570, and another bishop, Gregory of Antioch, was put in his place. But when Gregory died in 593, Anastasius was restored to his see. This was chiefly due to Pope Gregory the Great, who interceded with the Emperor Maurice and his son Theodosius, asking that Anastasius be sent to Rome, if not reinstated at Antioch.Campbell, Thomas. "St. Ana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyril Of Alexandria
Cyril of Alexandria ( grc, Κύριλλος Ἀλεξανδρείας; cop, Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ Ⲕⲩⲣⲓⲗⲗⲟⲩ ⲁ̅ also ⲡⲓ̀ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲕⲓⲣⲓⲗⲗⲟⲥ; 376 – 444) was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444. He was enthroned when the city was at the height of its influence and power within the Roman Empire. Cyril wrote extensively and was a major player in the Christological controversies of the late-4th and 5th centuries. He was a central figure in the Council of Ephesus in 431, which led to the deposition of Nestorius as Patriarch of Constantinople. Cyril is counted among the Church Fathers and also as a Doctor of the Church, and his reputation within the Christian world has resulted in his titles ''Pillar of Faith'' and ''Seal of all the Fathers''. The Nestorian bishops at their synod at the Council of Ephesus declared him a heretic, labelling him as a "monster, born and educated for the destruction of the church." Cyril is well known fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypostatic Union
''Hypostatic union'' (from the Greek: ''hypóstasis'', "sediment, foundation, substance, subsistence") is a technical term in Christian theology employed in mainstream Christology to describe the union of Christ's humanity and divinity in one hypostasis, or individual existence. The most basic explanation for the hypostatic union is Jesus Christ being both fully God and fully man. He is both perfectly divine and perfectly human, having two complete and distinct natures at once. The Athanasian Creed recognized this doctrine and affirmed its importance, stating that "He is God from the essence of the Father, begotten before time; and he is human from the essence of his mother, born in time; completely God, completely human, with a rational soul and human flesh; equal to the Father as regards divinity, less than the Father as regards humanity. Although he is God and human, yet Christ is not two, but one. He is one, however, not by his divinity being turned into flesh, but by God' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leontios Of Jerusalem
Leontius of Jerusalem was a Byzantine Christian theologian of the sixth century (and perhaps seventh century), long conflated with the more notable author of the same name, Leontius of Byzantium. Historically, there has been a problem of misidentification between Leontius of Byzantium and Leontius of Jerusalem. The first scholar to identify and challenge the ambiguity of the writings that come down to us under the name of "Leontius" was Friedrich Loofs in 1887, arguing for a single author of the ''corpus leontianum''. That hypothesis influenced scholarship until the publication of Marcel Richard's 1944 article ''Léonce de Jérusalem et Léonce de Byzance,'' which aimed to distinguish two figures among the works which had formerly been attributed to a single person. Since the publication of that article, Richard's conclusions have been accepted by all scholars writing about Leontius. It is therefore Richard who is responsible for establishing the identity of Leontius as an author in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Of Caesarea (theologian)
John of Caesarea, also called John the Grammarian, was a sixth-century Byzantine priest and theologian. His biography is unknown, nor is the origin of his name, either Caesarea Palaestina or Caesarea Mazaca. He is usually considered the first Neo-Chalcedonian writer. He may be the same person as John the Orthodox, author of ''Dialogue with a Manichaean''.Kazhdan, "John of Caesarea". Between 514 and 518 John wrote his ''Apologia Concilii Chalcedonensis'', an apologetic for the Council of Chalcedon, in which he tried to reconcile its ideas with those of Cyril of Alexandria and criticised the position of Severus of Antioch. Against monophysitism, John put forward the " characteristic hypostasis" of Christ, whereby the human and divine natures were uniquely united in one person. Severus responded with a ''Refutation'', which survives only in Syriac. John's other works include tracts and sermons against the doctrines of the Akephaloi, the Aphthartodocetae and the Manichaeans, and an exe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
