The Nanjemoy Formation is a

geologic formation A geological formation, or simply formation, is a body of rock having a consistent set of physical characteristics ( lithology) that distinguishes it from adjacent bodies of rock, and which occupies a particular position in the layers of rock exp ...

pertaining to both the

Wilcox Group The Wilcox Group is an important geologic group in the Gulf of Mexico Basin and surrounding onshore areas from Mexico and Texas to Louisiana and Alabama. The group ranges in age from Paleocene to Eocene and is in Texas subdivided into the Calver ...

and the

Pamunkey Group The Pamunkey Group is a geologic group in Virginia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period. See also * List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Virginia * Paleontology in Virginia Paleontology in Virginia refers to pale ...

of the eastern United States, stretching across the states of

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth ar ...

Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to ...

, and

District of Columbia ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...

. The formation crops out east of the

Appalachians The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, (french: Appalaches), are a system of mountains in eastern to northeastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period. They ...

and dates back to the Paleogene

period Period may refer to: Common uses * Era, a length or span of time * Full stop (or period), a punctuation mark Arts, entertainment, and media * Period (music), a concept in musical composition * Periodic sentence (or rhetorical period), a concept ...

. Specifically to the

Ypresian In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between , is preceded by the Thanetian Age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by the Eocene Lutetian Age. The Ypresian ...

stage of the Eocene epoch, about 55 to 50 Ma or

Wasatchian The Wasatchian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 55,400,000 to 50,300,000 years BP lasting . It is usually c ...

in the NALMA classification, defined by the contemporaneous

Wasatch Formation The Wasatch Formation (Tw)Shroba & Scott, 2001, p.3 is an extensive highly fossiliferous geologic formation stretching across several basins in Idaho, Montana Wyoming, Utah and western Colorado.marl, than the upper Woodstock Member, probably characteristic of less storm influences in the shallow shelf sediments. The formation has provided a wealth of fossils of mainly fish, but also mammals, reptiles, birds and flora. The presence of the sharks ''

Otodus obliquus ''Otodus'' is an extinct genus of mackerel shark which lived from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch. The name ''Otodus'' comes from Ancient Greek (, meaning "ear") and (, meaning "tooth") – thus, "ear-shaped tooth". Anatomy This shark is k ...

'' and '' Carcharocles aksuaticus'', as well as various other shark and ray species are notable. Crocodylian, snake, turtle, mammal, and bird remains have all been found in the Nanjemoy Formation.Weems & Grimsley, 1999

Etymology

Algonquian language map with states and provinces

Nanjemoy is probably an

Ojibwe The Ojibwe, Ojibwa, Chippewa, or Saulteaux are an Anishinaabe people in what is currently southern Canada, the northern Midwestern United States, and Northern Plains. According to the U.S. census, in the United States Ojibwe people are one of ...

word, meaning "one goes downward",Joseph Norris, TheBayNet, 2016 representing the many rivers and creeks in the wet watershed of

Chesapeake Bay The Chesapeake Bay ( ) is the largest estuary in the United States. The Bay is located in the Mid-Atlantic region and is primarily separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Delmarva Peninsula (including the parts: the Eastern Shore of Maryland / ...

, an area originally inhabited by the

Algonquin Algonquin or Algonquian—and the variation Algonki(a)n—may refer to: Languages and peoples *Algonquian languages, a large subfamily of Native American languages in a wide swath of eastern North America from Canada to Virginia **Algonquin la ...

-speaking

Nanticoke Nanticoke may refer to: * Nanticoke people in Delaware, United States * Nanticoke language, an Algonquian language * Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape, a state-recognized tribe in New Jersey Place names Canada * Nanticoke, Ontario ** Nanticoke Generating S ...

and

Powhatan The Powhatan people (; also spelled Powatan) may refer to any of the indigenous Algonquian people that are traditionally from eastern Virginia. All of the Powhatan groups descend from the Powhatan Confederacy. In some instances, The Powhatan ...

.Library of Congress - National atlas. Indian tribes, cultures & languages: United States
/ref> The formation is named after

Nanjemoy Creek Nanjemoy Creek is a , Creek (tidal), tidal tributary of the Potomac River in Charles County, Maryland, Charles County, Maryland, United States, located between Cedar Point Neck and Tayloe Neck. Its watershed area (excluding water) is , with 2% imp ...

, a left tributary of the

Potomac River The Potomac River () drains the Mid-Atlantic United States, flowing from the Potomac Highlands into Chesapeake Bay. It is long,U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map. Retrieved Augu ...

. Wicomico is the name of two separate rivers, one on Maryland's Eastern Shore,

Wicomico River (Maryland eastern shore) The Wicomico River is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map, accessed April 1, 2011 tributary of the Chesapeake Bay on the eastern shore of Maryland. It drains an area of low marshla ...

, and another in Southern Maryland, Wicomico River (Potomac River tributary), and is the name of a small thoroughfare in southeastern

Charles County Charles County is a county in Southern Maryland. As of the 2020 census, the population was 166,617. The county seat is La Plata. The county was named for Charles Calvert (1637–1715), third Baron Baltimore. Charles County is part of the Wash ...

. The reason this term appears in three different places in the state simply means that the people living there when the English barged in were trying to tell them it was a nice place to live. ''Wigh'' or ''wik'', representing "pleasant" and ''accomico'' "dwelling, village" was the native's way of telling the Europeans they liked living there. Potapaco was an early name for

Port Tobacco Creek A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ha ...

,UoC, 1938, p.1713 that was named after the people, also known as the

Piscataway Piscataway may refer to: *Piscataway people, a Native American ethnic group native to the southern Mid-Atlantic States *Piscataway language *Piscataway, Maryland, an unincorporated community *Piscataway, New Jersey, a township *Piscataway Creek, Ma ...

. Nanjemoy, which may contain elements of Ojibwa, by contrast means "one goes downward." Mattawoman, found in Charles, Prince George's and on the Eastern Shore, has remnants of not only Algonquin, but

Fox Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull, upright, triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or ''brush''). Twelve sp ...

and Ojibwa as well, and translates to "where one goes pleasantly."

Definition

Maryland geological survey (1901) (14746338736)

The Nanjemoy Formation was defined by Clark and Martin in 1901, as part of the mapping by the Maryland Geological Survey. The Nanjemoy Formation was divided into two members, the lower or Potapaco, and the upper or Woodstock. The main lithologic distinction is that the lower part of the Nanjemoy is much clayey than the upper part. In the subsurface, the distinction between the members is less evident than in outcrops, especially in Maryland, so the formation has been left undivided. In the outcrops along the Potomac River near Popes Creek, the contact between the Woodstock and Potapaco at about above the water level.

Extent

The Nanjemoy Formation, represented as Tn on the geologic map of the Washington West 30' × 60' Quadrangle, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington D.C., restricted to the southeastern side of the Potomac Basin represented in the quadrangle.Geologic Map MD; VA; D.C., USGS, 2017 Scott (2005) in his thesis included a map showing the thin bands of outcrops of both the underlying

Marlboro Clay Marlboro (, ) is an American brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Philip Morris USA (a branch of Altria) within the United States and by Philip Morris International (now separate from Altria) outside the US. The largest Mar ...

and the Nanjemoy Formation, restricted to the many creeks feeding the Chesapeake Bay.Scott, 2005, p.67 The Nanjemoy Formation (Eocene), the Marlboro Clay (Paleocene), and the Aquia Formation (Paleocene) are present in the westernmost part of the Potomac channel.McCartan et al., 1995, p.7 The outcrop area of the formation is designated Nanjemoy Wildlife Management Area.

Geology

Geologically, the area of deposition of the Nanjemoy Formation is part of the Atlantic coastal plain province.

Potomac Basin

The Potomac Basin represents the central part of the Atlantic coastal plain that stretches along the Atlantic coast of Canada and the United States. The basin stretches across parts of four states (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia), as well as the District of Columbia. This area is also called the Potomac watershed. It includes all of the land area where water drains towards the mouth of the Potomac – the point where the river spills into the

. The Potomac River basin is the 2nd largest watershed in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.Nardolilli et al., 2020 ;Land The drainage area of the Potomac includes 14,670 square miles in four states: Virginia (5,723 sq. mi.), Maryland (3,818 sq. mi.), West Virginia (3,490 sq. mi.), Pennsylvania (1,570 sq. mi.), and the District of Columbia (69 sq. mi.). The basin’s total area varies depending on map projection used. The basin lies in five geological provinces: the Appalachian Plateau, the Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont Plateau, and Coastal Plain. The Potomac meanders over 383 miles from Fairfax Stone, West Virginia to Point Lookout, Maryland. The river’s distance will vary with map projection and location of measuring tool in the river (ie. middle of the river, Maryland shoreline, Virginia shoreline). Based on information from the NLCD 2011 database, the majority of the basin’s land area is covered by forests at 54.6 percent of the land area. Developed land makes up 14.1 percent of the basin’s land area, while agriculture covers 26.0 percent. Water and wetlands make up 5.9 percent of the basin’s land area. The Potomac's major tributaries include: the Anacostia River, Antietam Creek, the Cacapon River, Catoctin Creek, Conococheague Creek, the Monocacy River, the North Branch, the South Branch, the Occoquan River, the Savage River, the Seneca Creek, and the Shenandoah River. ;People The population of the basin is approximately 6.11 million (2010 estimated census). The population has increased by about five percent since 2005. The following information is based on 2010 estimated census data.

Stratigraphy

The Nanjemoy Formation belongs to two geologic groups; the

of the

Gulf of Mexico Basin The formation of the Gulf of Mexico, an oceanic rift basin located between North America and the Yucatan Block, was preceded by the breakup of the Supercontinent Pangaea in the Late-Triassic, weakening the lithosphere. Rifting between the North ...

in the southernmost surface expression of the formation and the

in the northern and central portions from

in the north through

and

the Carolinas The Carolinas are the U.S. states of North Carolina and South Carolina, considered collectively. They are bordered by Virginia to the north, Tennessee to the west, and Georgia to the southwest. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east. Combining Nor ...

. Both geologic groups have been dated to the early Paleogene; the

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''pal ...

and

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

periods, or in the commonly used NALMA classification;

, defined by the age-equivalent

Wasatch Formation The Wasatch Formation (Tw)Shroba & Scott, 2001, p.3 is an extensive highly fossiliferous geologic formation stretching across several basins in Idaho, Montana Wyoming, Utah and western Colorado.Marlboro Clay Marlboro (, ) is an American brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Philip Morris USA (a branch of Altria) within the United States and by Philip Morris International (now separate from Altria) outside the US. The largest Mar ...

and is partly overlain by the Piney Point Formation and in many areas covered by the

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

Calvert Formation The Calvert Formation is a geologic formation in Maryland, Virginia, and Delaware. It preserves fossils dating back to the early to middle Miocene epoch of the Neogene period. The formation is a destination for amateur fossil hunters as well as ...

, separated by an unconformity representing about 34 Ma. The upper surface reaches an elevation of about and is overlain in most places by the

(Tc). The unit is present only in the southeastern part of the map area of Washington D.C., and it reaches a maximum thickness of about .

Petrology

The formation comprises

glauconitic Glauconite is an iron potassium phyllosilicate (mica group) mineral of characteristic green color which is very friable and has very low weathering resistance. It crystallizes with a monoclinic geometry. Its name is derived from the Greek () me ...

quartz Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica ( silicon dioxide). The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical ...

sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class o ...

, dark-grayish-green to olive-black (tan to orange where weathered), fine to medium-grained; and dark-greenish-gray

silt Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay and composed mostly of broken grains of quartz. Silt may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension with water. Silt usually has a floury feel ...

clay Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4). Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay par ...

. In places, the sand is very muddy or contains many small quartz pebbles, and the clay is silty or sandy. Both lithologies contain richly fossiliferous beds including abundant mollusk shells. Robert E. Weems and Gary J. Grimsley (1999) described the geology of the Fisher/Sullivan site in Virginia as:Weems & Grimsley, 1999, p.5

Paleogeography

Climate

The climate of the Early Eocene and Late Paleocene was very hot and rich in CO₂. Based on the fossils of the terrifyingly large '' Titanoboa cerrejonensis'', dating to the latest Paleocene, a body mass of for the snake was estimated. This enormous size could only have been possible under the most ideal conditions for such large species, around 6 to 8 Ma after the extinction of the previous megafauna; the

dinosaur Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is t ...

s. The climate of the Neotropical biome was estimated at average yearly temperatures and 2000 ppm atmospheric CO₂.Head et al., 2009

Depositional environment

The

depositional environment In geology, depositional environment or sedimentary environment describes the combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment and, therefore, the rock types that will be ...

of the Nanjemoy Formation is mostly shallow shelf. The more clayey beds suggest an area or time of quiet water, not affected by waves, tides, or current activity; intercalated sandier zones may reflect the higher energy of waves or currents during episodic storms. Its regional dip is eastward at 15–20 ft per mile (3-3.5 m/km).McCartan et al., 1995, p.17

Paleontology

The floral and faunal assemblage of the Nanjemoy Formation is very varied and provides an insight into the paleobiological and paleoclimatological environment of the early

. Fossils of bivalves, sharks, rays, actinopterygian fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals, and of fruits and seeds are common in the Potapaco Member. More than 2000 vertebrate

coprolite A coprolite (also known as a coprolith) is fossilized feces. Coprolites are classified as trace fossils as opposed to body fossils, as they give evidence for the animal's behaviour (in this case, diet) rather than morphology. The name is de ...

s from the Potapaco Member at the Fisher/Sullivan Site in Virginia were analyzed by Dentzien Dias et al. (2019). The chemical composition (phosphatic), inclusions and morphology suggest that only carnivorous scats were preserved.Dentzien Dias et al., 2019 All Nanjemoy coprolites were produced by fishes;

chondrichthyan Chondrichthyes (; ) is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or ''bony fishes'', which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. ...

Carcharhiniformes Carcharhiniformes , the ground sharks, are the largest order of sharks, with over 270 species. They include a number of common types, such as catsharks, swellsharks, and the sandbar shark. Members of this order are characterized by the presen ...

, and lamniform sharks, probably the genus '' Carcharias''. Other morphotypes were produced by

actinopterygian Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or ho ...

fishes. The surface marks and the lack of flatness on most coprolites suggests early lithification of the Potapaco Member. Main fossil sites of the Nanjemoy Formation are * Nanjemoy Creek; Charles County, MDNanjemoy Creek
at Fossilworks.org * Woodstock; King George County, VAWoodstock
at Fossilworks.orgWoodstock 2
at Fossilworks.orgWoodstock 3
at Fossilworks.org * Fisher/Sullivan; Stafford County, VAFisher/Sullivan 1
at Fossilworks.orgFisher/Sullivan 2
at Fossilworks.org * Evergreen Plantation; Prince Charles County, VAEvergreen Plantation 1
at Fossilworks.org *

Fisher/Sullivan site, VA

In October 1990, Mr. Richard Brezina of the

Maryland Geological Society Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to it ...

discovered an important fossil site east of Fredericksburg, in eastern

Stafford County, Virginia Stafford County is located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is a suburb outside of Washington D.C. It is approximately south of D.C. It is part of the Northern Virginia region, and the D.C area. It is one of the fastest growing, and highest- ...

. This locality, along an unnamed tributary of Muddy Creek, became known as the Fisher/Sullivan site in recognition of its principle landowners.Weems & Grimsley, 1999, p.3 Mr. Brezina immediately realized that the site was exceptional, because it yielded numerous shark teeth and other vertebrate remains from the sands and gravels in the unnamed tributary. Mr. Brezina notified other members of the Maryland Geological Society, and together members of the MGS began to screen stream sediments at the site for more shark teeth and other remains. It soon became apparent, from the types of teeth that were being found and from the color and texture of the sediments in the banks of the creek, that the fossils were being reworked from glauconitic ("greensand") horizons of the Lower Tertiary (Paleocene-Eocene) Pamunkey Group. Because the Pamunkey Group previously had yielded only sparse vertebrate remains, it seemed reasonable to suspect that this locality was scientifically important.

Fossil content

Among many invertebrates (gastropods, bivalves, corals, bryozoans), the following fossils have been reported from the Nanjemoy Formation:

Contemporaneous fossiliferous units

Ypresian, Wasatchian and Casamayoran formations:Fossilworks
org ;North America *

Manasquan Formation The Manasquan Formation is a geologic formation in New Jersey. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period Period may refer to: Common uses * Era, a length or span of time * Full stop (or period), a punctuation mark Arts, enter ...

, New Jersey * Bashi Formation, Alabama * Hatchetigbee Bluff and

Sabinetown Bluff Formation The Sabinetown Bluff Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and ...

s, Southeastern United States * Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic & Curlew Basin, Washington State * Crescent Formation, Washington * Allenby and Coldwater Beds Formations and

Ootsa Lake The Nechako Reservoir, sometimes called the Ootsa Lake Reservoir, is a hydroelectric reservoir in British Columbia, Canada that was formed by the Kenney Dam making a diversion of the Nechako River through a 16-km intake tunnel in the Kitimat Ranges ...

and

Kamloops Group Kamloops ( ) is a city in south-central British Columbia, Canada, at the confluence of the South flowing North Thompson River and the West flowing Thompson River, east of Kamloops Lake. It is located in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District, w ...

, British Columbia * Lookingglass and Umpqua Formations, Oregon *

Wasatch Formation The Wasatch Formation (Tw)Shroba & Scott, 2001, p.3 is an extensive highly fossiliferous geologic formation stretching across several basins in Idaho, Montana Wyoming, Utah and western Colorado.Tatman, Willwood, Wind River, Pass Peak and Indian Meadows Formations, Wyoming * Challis Volcanics Formation, Idaho * Golden Valley Formation, North Dakota * Claron Formation, Utah *

Green River Formation The Green River Formation is an Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes in three basins along the present-day Green River in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. The sediments are deposited in very fine ...

, western United States * Coalmont, Cuchara and

DeBeque Formation The DeBeque Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado's Piceance Basin,Bown & Kihm, 1981 preserving fossils which date back to the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene period (Clarkforkian to Wasatchian in the NALMA classification.

s, Colorado * Sheep Pass Formation, Nevada * San Jose and

Galisteo Formation The Galisteo Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico. It contains fossils characteristic of the Bartonian stage of the Eocene epoch, Duchesnean in the NALMA classification.Capay, Juncal, Llajas, Maniobra, Matilija, Meganos & Santa Susana Formations, California * Margaret Formation, Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada * Mokka Fiord Formation, Remus Basin, Northern Territories * Bateque and Las Tetas de Cabra Formations, Baja California * Hannold Hill and Pendleton Ferry Formations, Gulf of Mexico *

Adjuntas Adjuntas (, ) is a small mountainside town and municipality in Puerto Rico located central midwestern portion of the island on the Cordillera Central, north of Yauco, Guayanilla, and Peñuelas; southeast of Utuado; east of Lares and Yauco; a ...

and

Indio Formation The Indio Formation is a geologic formation of the Wilcox Group in Mexico. The sandstones, shales, conglomerates and claystones preserve fossils dating back to the Ypresian age (Wasatchian to Bridgerian in the NALMA classification) of the Eoce ...

s and

Lechería Limestone The Lechería Limestone is a geologic formation in Chiapas, Mexico. The shallow reefal biomicrite and mud-supported oolitic and pelletoidal biosparite limestones preserve fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.Descartes Formation, Costa Rica *

Stettin Formation Szczecin (, , german: Stettin ; sv, Stettin ; Latin: ''Sedinum'' or ''Stetinum'') is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major se ...

, Jamaica * Scotland Formation, Barbados *

Lizard Springs Formation The Lizard Springs Formation is a geologic formation in Trinidad and Tobago. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleocene to Early Eocene period. Fossil content * '' Alicantina''Soldan et al., 2018 See also * List of fossiliferous stra ...

, Trinidad and Tobago ;South America *

Bogotá Formation The Bogotá Formation ( es, Formación Bogotá, E1-2b, Tpb, Pgb) is a geological formation of the Eastern Hills and Bogotá savanna on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly shale and siltstone form ...

Altiplano Cundiboyacense The Altiplano Cundiboyacense () is a high plateau located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes covering parts of the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. The Alt ...

, Colombia *

Cerrejón Formation The Cerrejón Formation is a geologic formation in Colombia dating back to the Middle-Late Paleocene. It is found in the El Cerrejón sub-basin of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin of La Guajira and Cesar. The formation consists of bituminous coal fie ...

Cesar-Ranchería Basin The Cesar-Ranchería Basin ( es, Cuenca Cesar-Ranchería) is a sedimentary basin in northeastern Colombia. It is located in the southern part of the department of La Guajira and northeastern portion of Cesar. The basin is bound by the Oca Faul ...

, Colombia * Los Cuervos Formation, Catatumbo, Cesar-Ranchería and

Llanos Basin The Llanos Basin ( es, Cuenca Llanos) or Eastern Llanos Basin ( es, Cuenca de los Llanos Orientales) is a major sedimentary basin of in northeastern Colombia. The wikt:onshore, onshore foreland basin, foreland on Mesozoic rift basin covers the dep ...

s, Colombia * Caballas Formation,

Pisco Basin Pisco Basin ( es, Cuenca de Pisco) is a sedimentary basin extending over in southwestern Peru.Solís Mundaca, 2018, p.1 The basin has a thick sedimentary fill, which is about half the thickness of more northern foreland basins in Peru. The old ...

, Peru * Chacras and Negritos Formations, Peru * Fonseca Formation, Brazil *

Itaboraí Formation The Itaboraí Formation ( pt, Formação Itaboraí) is a highly fossiliferous geologic formation and LagerstätteKellner & Campos, 1999, p.399 of the Itaboraí Basin in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. The formation reaching a thickness of i ...

Itaboraí Basin Itaboraí (, ) is a city in the state of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, that belongs to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area. It was founded in 1672. In 2020, it had a population of 242,543. Location Culturally, its closest municipalities are São ...

, Brazil * Lumbrera Formation,

Salta Basin Salta Basin or Salta Rift Basin is a sedimentary basin located in the Argentine Northwest. The basin started to accumulate sediments in the Early Cretaceous ( Neocomian) and at present it has sedimentary deposits reaching thicknesses of . The bas ...

, Argentina * Laguna del Hunco Formation,

Cañadón Asfalto Basin The Cañadón Asfalto Basin ( es, Cuenca de Cañadón Asfalto) is an irregularly shaped sedimentary basin located in north-central Patagonia, Argentina. The basin stretches from and partly covers the North Patagonian Massif in the north, a high for ...

, Argentina *

Huitrera Formation The Huitrera Formation is a geological formation in the Neuquén Basin in northern Patagonian Argentina whose strata date back to the Early Eocene of the Paleogene, or Casamayoran in the South American land mammal age classification. Descriptio ...

Neuquén Basin Neuquén Basin ( es, Cuenca Neuquina) is a sedimentary basin covering most of Neuquén Province in Argentina. The basin originated in the Jurassic and developed through alternating continental and marine conditions well into the Tertiary. The bas ...

, Argentina *

Sarmiento Sarmiento may refer to: Places Argentina *Sarmiento Department, San Juan, a subdivision of the San Juan Province *Sarmiento Department, Santiago del Estero, a subdivision of the Santiago del Estero Province *Sarmiento Department, Chubut, a subdivi ...

and

Ventana Formation Ventana (Spanish for "window") can refer to: * Club Hotel de la Ventana, a hotel resort opened in 1911 in Argentina * Sierra de La Ventana, a small town in Tornquist Partido in Argentina * Ventana Cave, a National Historic Landmark in Arizona, U. ...

Golfo San Jorge Basin The Golfo San Jorge Basin ( es, Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge) is a hydrocarbon-rich sedimentary basin located in eastern Patagonia, Argentina. The basin covers the entire San Jorge Gulf and an inland area west of it, having one half located in San ...

, Argentina * Las Flores Formation, Austral Basin, Argentina ;Antarctica * lower

La Meseta Formation The La Meseta Formation is a sedimentary sequence deposited during the Eocene. The formation is found on Seymour Island, Antarctica. Description La Meseta Formation lies unconformably on the Cretaceous Lopez de Bertodano Formation. It is an a ...

;Europe *

Kortrijk Clay The Kortrijk Formation ( nl, Formatie van Kortrijk; french: Formation de Courtrai; abbreviation: Ko; named after the West Flemish city of Kortrijk) is a geologic formation in the Belgian subsurface. This formation crops out in northern Hainaut, ...

, Bruxellian Formation and Dormaal Member of Tienen Formation, Belgium *

Sables de Pierrefonds A sable is a mammal in the mustelid (weasel) family. Sable may also refer to: Animals * American Sable, an ARBA-recognised rabbit breed * Sable, a dog coat pattern * Sable, a ferret coat coloring * Sable antelope, an antelope which inhabits ...

, Calcares marins à alvéolines, Lignites de Soissonais, Marnes de Foncouverte, Argiles d'lignite du Soissonnais,

Marnes de Gan The Marnes de Gan is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period. See also * List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France See also * Lists of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Europe ...

and Carcassonne Group, France * Moler, Ølst and

Fur Formation The Fur Formation is a marine geological formation of Ypresian ( Lower Eocene Epoch, c. 56.0-54.5 Ma) age which crops out in the Limfjord region of Denmark from Silstrup via Mors and Fur to Ertebølle, and can be seen in many cliffs and quarries ...

s, southeastern

North Sea Graben North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating Direction (geometry), direction or geography. Etymology T ...

, Denmark * Balder Formation, Faroe-Shetland Basin, North Sea *

London Clay The London Clay Formation is a marine geological formation of Ypresian (early Eocene Epoch, c. 56–49 million years ago) age which crops out in the southeast of England. The London Clay is well known for its fossil content. The fossils from t ...

Bagshot Formation In geology, the Bagshot Beds are a series of sands and clays of shallow-water origin, some being fresh-water, some marine. They belong to the upper Eocene formation of the London and Hampshire basins, in England and derive their name from Bagsh ...

London Basin The London Basin is an elongated, roughly triangular sedimentary basin approximately long which underlies London and a large area of south east England, south eastern East Anglia and the adjacent North Sea. The basin formed as a result of compre ...

, England * Oldhaven Formation, England * Roterzschicht Formation, Austria * Lefkara Formation, Cyprus * Silveirinha Formation, Portugal * Armàncies, Corca and Roda Formations, Spain * Pesciara Formation, Italy * , Monte Bolca, Italy ;Asia * Çeltek, Kirkkavak and Yoncali Formations, Turkey * Umm al-Rua’us Formation, Saudi Arabia * Alai Beds, Kyrgyzstan * Ghazij, Mami Khel and Shekhan Formations, Pakistan * Cambay Shale, Naredi and Subathu Formations, Sylhet Limestone and

Upper Ranikot Group Upper may refer to: * Shoe upper or ''vamp'', the part of a shoe on the top of the foot * Stimulant, drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both * ''Upper'', the original film title for the 2013 found fo ...

, India * Dabu, Qimugen Formation and Ulunguhe Formations,

Xinjiang Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest ...

, China * Arshanto Formation,

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...

, China *

Yangxi Formation Yangxi may refer to: *Yangxi County (阳西县), a county in Guangdong, China Towns * Yangxi, Anhui (扬溪), in Jixi County, Anhui, China * Yangxi, Fujian (洋溪), in Meilie District, Sanming, Fujian, China *Yangxi, Daozhen County (阳溪), in D ...

Hubei Hubei (; ; alternately Hupeh) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The ...

, China * Lingcha Formation,

Hunan Hunan (, ; ) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi ...

, China *

Wutu Formation :''Common names'': yarará grande, urutu,Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. ''The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere''. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. . wutu,Brown JH. 1973. ''Toxicology and Pharmacolog ...

, Shandong, China * Tadushi Formation,

Primorsky Krai Primorsky Krai (russian: Приморский край, r=Primorsky kray, p=prʲɪˈmorskʲɪj kraj), informally known as Primorye (, ), is a federal subject (a krai) of Russia, located in the Far East region of the country and is a part of t ...

, Russia * Takaradayskaya Formation,

Sakhalin Sakhalin ( rus, Сахали́н, r=Sakhalín, p=səxɐˈlʲin; ja, 樺太 ''Karafuto''; zh, c=, p=Kùyèdǎo, s=库页岛, t=庫頁島; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ, ''Sahaliyan''; Orok: Бугата на̄, ''Bugata nā''; Nivkh ...

, Russia * Ommai Formation,

Kamchatka The Kamchatka Peninsula (russian: полуостров Камчатка, Poluostrov Kamchatka, ) is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about . The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and west ...

, Russia * Akasaki Formation, Japan ;Africa *

Esna Esna ( ar, إسنا , egy, jwny.t or ; cop, or ''Snē'' from ''tꜣ-snt''; grc-koi, Λατόπολις ''Latópolis'' or (''Pólis Látōn'') or (''Lattōn''); Latin: ''Lato''), is a city of Egypt. It is located on the west bank of ...

, El Rufuf Formation and Thebes Formations, Egypt * Al Jir and Jdeir Formations, Libya * Gafsa Phosphates Formation, Tunisia * Ait Ouarhitane Formation, Morocco * Tamaguélelt Formation, Mali * Thies Formation, Senegal * Auradu Formation, Somalia * Landana Formation,

Cabinda, Angola Cabinda, also known as Chioua, is a city and a municipality located in the Cabinda Province, an exclave of Angola. Angolan sovereignty over Cabinda is disputed by the secessionist Republic of Cabinda. The city of Cabinda had a population of 550, ...

;Oceania * Red Bluff Tuff Formation, Tutuiri Greensand and Tumaio and Te Whanga Limestones, New Zealand * Macquarie Harbor Formation, Tasmania, Australia * Dilwyn Formation, Victoria *

Redbank Plains Formation Redbank may refer to: Places ;In Australia *Redbank, Queensland, a suburb in Ipswich *Redbank, Victoria *Redbanks, South Australia ;In the United States *Redbank Township, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania *Redbank Township, Clarion County, Pennsylv ...

, Queensland * Jubilee Member of Cardabia Formation, Western Australia

References

Bibliography

;Nanjemoy * * ;Potomac Basin *

Geology publications

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Paleontology publications

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