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Caipira is a musical style of the Caipira culture, which originated in
São Paulo São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...
, during the period of
Portuguese colonization Portuguese maritime explorations resulted in numerous territories and maritime routes recorded by the Portuguese on journeys during the 15th and 16th centuries. Portuguese sailors were at the vanguard of European exploration, chronicling and mapp ...
. The theme of the Caipira style, performed mainly to the accompaniment of a Caipira guitar, is especially based on life in the countryside or ''sertão'', where Caipira culture first developed. The first Caipira music group emerged in 1924, the ''Turma Caipira'', created by the folklorist Cornélio Pires, being composed in its first phase by Arlindo Santana, Sebastião Ortiz de Camargo, Zico Dias, Ferrinho, Mariano da Silva, Caçula and Olegário José de Godoy, all from
Piracicaba Piracicaba ( ) is a Municipalities of Brazil, Brazilian municipality located in the Interior of São Paulo, interior of São Paulo (state), São Paulo state, in the Southeast Region, Brazil, Southeast Region of Brazil. It serves as the main city ...
.


Etymology

The name is a reference to the Caipiras, a people. The term "Caipira" comes from the Paulista language, originating from
Tupi language Old Tupi, Ancient Tupi or Classical Tupi () is a classical Tupian language which was spoken by the indigenous Tupi people of Brazil, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil. In the words of Brazilian tupinol ...
. There are several theories about the true origin of the term. * ''Kai'' (burnt) + ''pira'' (skin) = originally describing sun-darkened skin, a reference to Caipiras
Caboclo A caboclo () is a person of mixed Indigenous Brazilian and European ancestry, or, less commonly, a culturally assimilated or detribalized person of full Amerindian descent. In Brazil, a ''caboclo'' generally refers to this specific type of ' ...
s. * ''Kaa'' (jungle) + ''pora'' (inhabitant) = inhabitant of the jungle.


History

At the end of the 1920s, the Caipira music was recorded for the first time. At the end of the 1920s, caipira music was recorded for the first time, based on recordings made by the journalist and writer Cornélio Pires of “tales” and fragments of traditional songs from the interior of the state of São Paulo. At the time of these pioneering recordings, whose lyrics evoke the lifestyle of the country man (often in opposition to man's life in the city) and the bucolic beauty of the landscape and romantic countryside, with emphasized words in daily life and manner of singing). Beyond Cornelio Pires and his "Caipira Gang" stood out in this trend, recording at a later time, the duo Mandi & Sorocabinha, Alvarenga & Ranchinho, and Florencio Torres, Tonico & Tinoco, Vieira & Vieirinha, among others, and popular songs like "Sergio Forero", by Cornelio Pires, "Bonde Camarão" by Cornelio Pires and Mariano, "Sertão do Laranjinha" by Pires and Ariovaldo and "Cabocla Teresa", by João Pires and Ariovaldo Pacifico. The introduction of the electric guitar and pop music influences by duo Leo Canhoto e Robertinho in the late 1960s marked the start of
Sertanejo music Sertanejo music (pronunced seʁtaˈneʒu in Brazilian Portuguese, Brazilian portuguese, or seɹtaˈneʒɵ in Caipira dialect), is a term used to refer to a musical style of Brazil. For some, it is the folk music of São Paulo (state), São Paul ...
, giving rise to a new subgenre, separating itself from Caipira music and graduating as one of the most popular musical styles in
Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
. During the 1980s, there was a mass commercial exploitation of sertanejo, coupled in some cases, to a rereading of international hits and even the
Jovem Guarda Jovem GuardaJovem Guarda translates literally as "young guard". It could be interpreted as "vanguard". was primarily a Brazilian musical television show first aired by Rede Record in 1965, although the term soon expanded to designate the entir ...
's. Against this trend, names like the duo Pena Branca e Xavantinho reappeared, adapting to the language of MPB success of guitars, and new artists emerged like Almir Sater, a sophisticated guitar player, who moved among the styles of guitar and the blues. In the following decade, a new generation of Caipira artists, including Roberto Correa,
Ivan Vilela Ivan Vilela (born August 28, 1962 in Itajubá, Minas Gerais) is a Brazilian composer, arranger, researcher, teacher and Viola caipira, ''viola caipira'' player. Ivan Vilela is currently a professor at the ECA - School of Communication and Arts of ...
, Pereira da Viola, and Chico Lobo e Miltinho Edilberto, emerged who were willing to reunite the Caipira traditions.


Traditional styles


Moda de viola

"''Cantar é meu destino''," song recorded in 2021 by Zequinha da Viola The ''moda de viola'', is an expression of Caipira music that stands out as its greatest example, among other rhythms and styles formed from toadas, cantigas, viras, canas-verdes, valsinhas and modinhas, a union of
Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...
an and Indigenous influences. Viola modas are usually sung in two voices, like a recitative, where the singer has to tell a story. The melody is loose, as if it were spoken poetry with musical accompaniment. The first modas de viola were recorded in the early 1930s, following the pioneering work of Cornélio Pires.


Catira/Cateretê

Catira, also known as cateretê, is one of the most popular representations of São Paulo folklore, traditionally performed by men and boys, organized in two opposing rows. The beginning is given by the Caipira guitar player who plays the ''rasqueado'', specific rhythmic touches, for the dancers to do the ''escova'', a movement in which there is a rapid beating of the hands and feet accompanied by jumps. Despite the traditional male presence, some groups, such as the Du Catira Family, from Itapevi, in
Greater São Paulo Greater São Paulo () is a nonspecific term for one of the multiple definitions of the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. Metropolitan Area A legally defined specific term, ''Região Metropolitana de São Paulo' ...
, have made room for girls and women.


Caipira pagode

Caipira pagode, also like ''pagode de viola'' and ''batidão'', is a variant of Caipira music originating in the state of Paraná, South of Brazil. This style, created by
Tião Carreiro Tiao may refer to: People * Diao or Tiao, a Chinese surname * Xie Tiao (464-499), Chinese poet * Tião (basketball) (1925-unknown), full name Sebastião Amorim Gimenez, Brazilian basketball player * Tião Macalé (1926-1993), Brazilian comedian * ...
in
Maringá Maringá () is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in southern Brazil founded on 10 May 1947 as a planned urban area. It is the third largest city in the state of Paraná (state), Paraná, with 385,753 inhabitants in the city proper, and 76 ...
in 1959, is an offshoot of the catira rhythm, the former played with the
guitar The guitar is a stringed musical instrument that is usually fretted (with Fretless guitar, some exceptions) and typically has six or Twelve-string guitar, twelve strings. It is usually held flat against the player's body and played by strumming ...
and the latter with the Caipira guitar, and is commonly accompanied by the cipó preto rhythm, which can be played on the viola caipira itself or, in most cases, on the guitar. It has no connection with
pagode Pagode () is a Brazilian style of music that originated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a subgenre of Samba. Pagode originally meant a celebration with food, music, dance, and party. In 1978, singer Beth Carvalho was introduced to this music, like ...
, a subgenre of
samba Samba () is a broad term for many of the rhythms that compose the better known Brazilian music genres that originated in the Afro-Brazilians, Afro Brazilian communities of Bahia in the late 19th century and early 20th century, It is a name or ...
, from
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
.


Caipira samba

This subgenre emerged in São Paulo, originating from the fusion of the old customs of the black communities with caipira culture, and was mainly performed at Catholic religious events. Like Caipira pagode, the Caipira samba also has no cultural connections with Brazilian
samba Samba () is a broad term for many of the rhythms that compose the better known Brazilian music genres that originated in the Afro-Brazilians, Afro Brazilian communities of Bahia in the late 19th century and early 20th century, It is a name or ...
, which is a developed genre in
Bahia Bahia () is one of the 26 Federative units of Brazil, states of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast Region of the country. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population (after São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Mina ...
and Rio de Janeiro and quite popular during
Brazilian Carnival The Carnival of Brazil (, ) is an annual festival held the Friday afternoon before Ash Wednesday at noon, which marks the beginning of Lent, the forty-day period before Easter. During Lent, Roman Catholics and some other Christians traditionally ...
.


Cururu

It was born in São Paulo, in religious singing, and could be sung in verses and challenges by Caipira guitar players. Cururu only became nationally known when it was brought to the public by Cornélio Pires in 1910. At religious festivals, it is sung and danced only by boys and men.


References

{{Reflist Brazilian styles of music Caipira culture