Czech
Czech may refer to:
* Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe
** Czech language
** Czechs, the people of the area
** Czech culture
** Czech cuisine
* One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus'
Places
* Czech, ...
and sk, Miškovec; german: Mischkolz; yi, script=Latn, Mishkoltz; ro, Mișcolț) is a city in northeastern Hungary, known for its
heavy industry
Heavy industry is an industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products; large and heavy equipment and facilities (such as heavy equipment, large machine tools, huge buildings and large-scale infrastructure); o ...
. With a population of 161,265 (1 Jan 2014) Miskolc is the fourth largest city in Hungary (behind
Budapest
Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...
,
Debrecen
Debrecen ( , is Hungary's second-largest city, after Budapest, the regional centre of the Northern Great Plain region and the seat of Hajdú-Bihar County. A city with county rights, it was the largest Hungarian city in the 18th century and ...
, and
Szeged
Szeged ( , ; see also other alternative names) is the third largest city of Hungary, the largest city and regional centre of the Southern Great Plain and the county seat of Csongrád-Csanád county. The University of Szeged is one of the m ...
regional
In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as zones, lands or territories, are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and t ...
centre of
Northern Hungary
Northern Hungary ( hu, Észak-Magyarország) is a region in Hungary. As a statistical region it includes the counties Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Heves and Nógrád, but in colloquial speech it usually also refers to Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county. ...
.
Etymology
The name derives from ''Miško'', Slavic form of Michael. ''Miškovec'' → ''Miskolc'' with the same development as ''Lipovec'' → ''Lipólc'', ''Lipóc''. The name is associated with the Miskolc clan (also Miskóc or Myscouch, Slovak Miškovec, plural Miškovci) named after the settlement or vice versa. Earliest mentions are ''que nunc vocatur Miscoucy'' (around 1200), ''de Myschouch'' (1225), ''Ponyt de genere Myscouch'' (1230), ''in Miscovcy'' (1245).
Geography
The city lies at the meeting point of different geographical regions – east from the
Bükk
The Bükk Mountains () are a section of the North Hungarian Mountains of the Inner Western Carpathians. Much of the area is included in the Bükk National Park.
Geography
Although Kékes, the highest point in Hungary, is not here but in the ...
mountains, in the valley of the river
Sajó
The Sajó ( , Hungarian) or Slaná ( Slovak) is a river in Slovakia and Hungary.
Its length is 229 km, of which 110 km is in Slovakia. Its source is in the Stolica Mountains range of the Slovak Ore Mountains. It flows through the ...
Szinva
Szinva is a stream in northern Hungary, a tributary to the river Sajó. It originates in the Bükk Mountains. It is long, of which can be found the city of Miskolc, through which the stream flows from west to east. More than 70 bridges were buil ...
. According to the 2001 Census the city has a total area of . The ground level slopes gradually; the difference between the highest and lowest area is about .
The lowest areas are the banks of the river Sajó, with an altitude of . The area belongs to the Great Plain region and is made up of sedimentary rocks. Between the
Avas
The Avas is a hill of volcanic origin in Miskolc, Hungary. Its top (234 m above sea level, 104 m above the city) is the highest point of Miskolc proper (although other parts, annexed to the city later, lie higher up in the Bükk mountains). On ...
hill and
Diósgyőr Diósgyőr (Hungarian: dioːʒɟøːr is a historical town in Hungary, today it is a part of Miskolc. The medieval castle in Diósgyőr was a favourite holiday residence of Hungarian kings and queens; today it is a popular tourist attraction. The ...
lies the hilly area of the ''Lower Bükk'' () consisting of sandstone, marl, clay, layers of coal, from the
tertiary period
Tertiary ( ) is a widely used but obsolete term for the geologic period from 66 million to 2.6 million years ago.
The period began with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the start ...
, and volcanic rocks from the
Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...
.
The ''Central Bükk'', a gently sloping mountainous area with an altitude between , is situated between Diósgyőr and
Lillafüred
Lillafüred (Miskolc-Lillafüred) is a town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary. Officially, it is a part of Miskolc, though it is almost 12 kilometres away from the city, in the Bükk Mountains. Lillafüred is a tourist resort.
Hist ...
; the area is made up of
limestone
Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...
dolomite Dolomite may refer to:
*Dolomite (mineral), a carbonate mineral
*Dolomite (rock), also known as dolostone, a sedimentary carbonate rock
*Dolomite, Alabama, United States, an unincorporated community
*Dolomite, California, United States, an unincor ...
and other rocks from the
Triassic
The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system (stratigraphy), system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Year#Abbreviations yr and ya, Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 ...
period. The surface was formed mostly by karstic erosions.
The highest area, the high ''Higher Bükk'' bore ''Bükk Highlands'' begin at Lillafüred. This mostly consists of sea sediments (limestone, slate, dolomite) from the
Paleozoic
The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon.
The name ''Paleozoic'' ( ;) was coined by the British geologist Adam Sedgwick in 1838
by combining the Greek words ''palaiós'' (, "old") and ' ...
and
Mesozoic
The Mesozoic Era ( ), also called the Age of Reptiles, the Age of Conifers, and colloquially as the Age of the Dinosaurs is the second-to-last era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about , comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretace ...
, and volcanic rocks like diabase and porphyry. Several caves can be found in the area. The city is also known for lowest measured temperature ever in Hungary with .
Climate
Summers are fresh but sometimes warm and humid in Miskolc. Daytime temperatures of or higher are commonplace. Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Miskolc receives about 120 centimetres of snowfall annually. Days below freezing and nights below both occur in the winter.
History
The area has been inhabited since ancient times – archaeological findings date back to the Paleolithic, proving human presence for over 70,000 years . Its first known dwellers were the
Cotini The Gotini (in Tacitus), who are generally equated to the Cotini in other sources, were a Gaulish tribe living during Roman times in the mountains approximately near the modern borders of the Czech Republic, Poland,
and Slovakia.
The spelling "Got ...
, one of the Celt tribes. The area has been occupied by Hungarians since the "Conquest" in the late 9th century. It was first mentioned by this name around 1210 AD. The Miskóc clan lost their power when King
Charles I Charles I may refer to:
Kings and emperors
* Charlemagne (742–814), numbered Charles I in the lists of Holy Roman Emperors and French kings
* Charles I of Anjou (1226–1285), also king of Albania, Jerusalem, Naples and Sicily
* Charles I of ...
centralized his power by curbing the power of the oligarchs.
Miskolc was elevated to the rank of
oppidum
An ''oppidum'' (plural ''oppida'') is a large fortified Iron Age settlement or town. ''Oppida'' are primarily associated with the Celtic late La Tène culture, emerging during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, spread across Europe, stretchi ...
(market town) in 1365 by King
Louis I Louis I may refer to:
* Louis the Pious, Louis I of France, "the Pious" (778–840), king of France and Holy Roman Emperor
* Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia (ruled 1123–1140)
* Ludwig I, Count of Württemberg (c. 1098–1158)
* Louis I of Blois ...
Diósgyőr Diósgyőr (Hungarian: dioːʒɟøːr is a historical town in Hungary, today it is a part of Miskolc. The medieval castle in Diósgyőr was a favourite holiday residence of Hungarian kings and queens; today it is a popular tourist attraction. The ...
(now a district of Miskolc) transformed into a Gothicfortress. The city developed in a dynamic way, but during the Ottoman occupation of most of Hungary the development of Miskolc was brought to a standstill. The Turks took Miskolc in 1544 and the city prospered further until 1687. It was also ruled by Ottomans after Battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596 as part of
Eyalet of Egir
Eyalets ( Ottoman Turkish: ایالت, , English: State), also known as beylerbeyliks or pashaliks, were a primary administrative division of the Ottoman Empire.
From 1453 to the beginning of the nineteenth century the Ottoman local governmen ...
until 1687. It was during these years that Miskolc became an important centre of wine-growing. By the end of the 17th century the population of the city was as large as that of Kassa/Košice, and 13 guilds had been founded.
During the war of independence against Habsburg rule in the early 18th century, Prince
Francis II Rákóczi
Francis II Rákóczi ( hu, II. Rákóczi Ferenc, ; 27 March 1676 – 8 April 1735) was a Hungarian nobleman and leader of Rákóczi's War of Independence against the Habsburgs in 1703–11 as the prince ( hu, fejedelem) of the Estates Confeder ...
, the leader of the Hungarians put his headquarters in Miskolc. The imperial forces sacked and burnt the city in 1707. Four years later half of the population fell victim of a cholera epidemic. Miskolc recovered quickly, and another age of prosperity began again. In 1724, Miskolc was chosen to be the city where the county hall of Borsod county would be built. Many other significant buildings were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the city hall, schools such as
Lévay József Református Gimnázium és Diákotthon
Lévay József Református Gimnázium és Diákotthon, located in Miskolc, Hungary, is a high school run by the Tiszáninnen Refromátus Egyházkerület.
History
The magistracy of the city of Miskolc and the reformed church, believers in Calv ...
theatre
Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The perform ...
. The theatre is commonly regarded as the first stone-built theatre of Hungary, although the first one was actually built in Kolozsvár (then a part of Hungary, now Cluj-Napoca,
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...
). According to the first nationally held census (1786) the city had a population of 14,719, and 2,414 houses.
These years brought prosperity, but the cholera epidemic of 1873 and the flood of 1878 took many lives. Several buildings were destroyed by the flood, but bigger and grander buildings were built in their places.
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
did not affect the city directly, but many people died, either from warfare or from the cholera epidemic. It was occupied by
Czechoslovak
Czechoslovak may refer to:
*A demonym or adjective pertaining to Czechoslovakia (1918–93)
**First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–38)
**Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–39)
**Third Czechoslovak Republic (1948–60)
**Fourth Czechoslovak Repub ...
troops between 1918 and 1919 after the
First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
.
After the
Treaty of Trianon
The Treaty of Trianon (french: Traité de Trianon, hu, Trianoni békeszerződés, it, Trattato del Trianon) was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference and was signed in the Grand Trianon château in Versailles on 4 June 1920. It forma ...
, Hungary lost Kassa (today Košice, Slovakia) and Miskolc became the sole regional center of northern Hungary. This was one of the reasons for the enormous growth of the city during the 1930s and 1940s.
Early in World War II Hungary became an ally of Nazi Germany. Unhappy with the Hungarian government, German troops occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944 and put the anti-semitic
Arrow Cross Party
The Arrow Cross Party ( hu, Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, , abbreviated NYKP) was a far-right Hungarian ultranationalist party led by Ferenc Szálasi, which formed a government in Hungary they named the Government of National ...
in charge of the government. Jews in Miskolc and elsewhere were ordered to wear yellow stars on their clothing. Under the supervision of
Nazi
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...
Obersturmbannführer
__NOTOC__
''Obersturmbannführer'' (Senior Assault-unit Leader; ; short: ''Ostubaf'') was a paramilitary rank in the German Nazi Party (NSDAP) which was used by the SA ('' Sturmabteilung'') and the SS (''Schutzstaffel''). The rank of ''Oberstu ...
'' Adolf Eichmann'','' "deportations" from Miskolc began on June 11 or 12th, 1944. Over 14,000 Jewish adults and children were sent by cattle car to Auschwitz, where most were gassed on arrival. After the war Jews who survived the holocaust returned to Miskolc hoping to reclaim their land and possessions. Over 130 were rounded up by members of the local Arrow Cross Party and summarily murdered. The Jewish cemetery on a hill overlooking Miskolc has a memorial for them. It includes the 10 commandments, carved in stone, all written in Hebrew except ''Thou shall not kill,'' which is written in Hungarian.
The preparation for
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
established Miskolc as the national centre of heavy industry, a position the city maintained until the 1990s. Although Miskolc suffered a lot during the last year of the war, it recovered quickly, and by absorbing the surrounding villages, it became the second-largest city of Hungary with more than 200,000 inhabitants.
On July 30 and August 1, 1946, the Miskolc pogrom led to death of one accused
Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
black marketeer, the wounding of another, and subsequently the death of a Jewish policeman. Economic hardship and
anti-Semitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
motivated the riots.
In 1949, the
University of Miskolc
The University of Miskolc (before 1990: ''Technical University of Heavy Industry'') is the largest university of Northern Hungary.
Location
Most of the buildings can be found in Egyetemváros ("University Town"), a part of the city of Miskolc. I ...
was founded (as a successor of the ''Academy of Mining'', formerly in Selmecbánya, which is now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia).
During its long history Miskolc survived fires, floods, plagues and foreign invasions, but maintained its position as the centre of northeastern Hungary. The 1990s brought a crisis in the iron industry with a decline in the population.
Miskolc is now trying to become known as a cultural – instead of merely an industrial – city. Among the various cultural events, one of the most important festivities is the International Opera Festival, held every summer.
Tourist destinations in Miskolc include Tapolca,
Lillafüred
Lillafüred (Miskolc-Lillafüred) is a town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary. Officially, it is a part of Miskolc, though it is almost 12 kilometres away from the city, in the Bükk Mountains. Lillafüred is a tourist resort.
Hist ...
and Felsőhámor. Tapolca has a park with a boating pond and the unique
Cave Bath The Cave Bath ( hu, Barlangfürdő []<( hu, barlang [] ‘cave’+( hu, fürdő [] ‘bath’) is a hot spring, thermal bath in a natural cave in Miskolctapolca.
Miskolc is generally thought of as an industrial city, and the largest boost to its economy was indeed provided by the industrialization during the Socialist era; in fact industry (including metallurgy) has a long history in the city.
Miskolc was already an important market town in the Middle Ages, mostly due to its proximity to the main trade routes of the region. In regards of the economy, real development started only after the Ottoman occupation. In the 18th century, the town already had a lumber mill, a paper manufacture, a brewery, a gunpowder factory and fifteen mills on the Szinva stream. The
glass works
Glass production involves two main methods – the float glass process that produces sheet glass, and glassblowing that produces bottles and other containers. It has been done in a variety of ways during the history of glass.
Glass container ...
manufactures and iron furnaces appeared in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The first iron furnace, built by Henrik Fazola around 1770, did not survive, but the second one, built in 1813, can still be visited. Several new settlements were formed in the Bükk mountains to provide dwellings for the workers of glass works manufactures and furnaces. Many of them – including Alsóhámor, Felsőhámor, Ómassa and Bükkszentlászló – are now parts of Miskolc.
Development quickened from the second half of the 19th century, partly because of the political situation (after the Ausgleich) and partly because of the newly constructed railway line. A large furnace (second largest in the country) was built in Diósgyőr, and several other factories were built. The mining industry became more and more important, too. Within forty years the population doubled. The industrialization led to the forming of ''Greater Miskolc'' with the unification of Miskolc and Diósgyőr (1945) and several nearby towns and villages (between 1950 and 1981). The unification was only the first step in Miskolc being developed into an industrial centre. Development reached its highest point in the 1980s, when the metal factory had more than 18,000 workers and production was over one million tons per year. The population hit all-time record (over 200,000 inhabitants), ⅔ of the working people worked in heavy industry.
The economic recession after the end of the Socialist era hit the industrial cities of Northern Hungary the hardest. The
unemployment
Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the refere ...
rate rose until it became one of the highest in the country, the population of Miskolc dramatically decreased (not only because of unemployment though, but also due to
suburbanization
Suburbanization is a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of (sub)urban sprawl. As a consequence of the movement of households and businesses out of the city centers, low-density, peripheral urba ...
which became prevalent nationwide). The economic situation of the city went through a change, smaller enterprises appeared in place of the large state-owned companies.
By the early 2000s the decade of changes was over, and the city went through the recession successfully. International companies and supermarkets appeared in the area. The local government is trying to strengthen the city's role in culture and tourism. By the end of 2004, the
highway
A highway is any public or private road or other public way on land. It is used for major roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks. In some areas of the United States, it is used as an equivalent term to controlled-acces ...
M3 had reached the city.
Sports
The most popular sport in Miskolc is football. The leading club of the city is
Diósgyőri VTK
Diósgyőr-Vasgyári Testgyakorlók Köre, more commonly Diósgyőri VTK () is a Hungarian sports club from Diósgyőr district of Miskolc best known for its football team. Founded in 1910 by the local working class youth, the team plays in the ...
(short name: DVTK). They have won the
Hungarian Cup
The Hungarian Cup ( hu, Magyar Kupa) is the Hungarian cup competition for football clubs. It was started by the Hungarian Football Association, the ''Magyar Labdarúgó Szövetség,'' in 1909, eight years after the commencement of the Hungarian ...
several times and represented Hungary many times in Europe. The capacity of the stadium, DVTK Stadion, is 26,000 (15,000 of which are in use), but it is now in poor condition due to decay, except for the new grandstand. The new board plans to build a new 15,000-seater stadium with under-soil heating and fully covered stands.
The other team,
Miskolci VSC
Miskolci Vasutas Sport Club is a Hungarian football club from the town of Miskolc.
History
Miskolci VSC debuted in the 1958–59 season of the Hungarian League Hungarian may refer to:
* Hungary, a country in Central Europe
* Kingdom of Hungar ...
, plays in the county division. Miskolc has got other former first division representatives, namely Miskolci Attila (seven seasons at the highest level), and Perecesi TK (one).
Football teams
*
Diósgyőri VTK
Diósgyőr-Vasgyári Testgyakorlók Köre, more commonly Diósgyőri VTK () is a Hungarian sports club from Diósgyőr district of Miskolc best known for its football team. Founded in 1910 by the local working class youth, the team plays in the ...
*
Miskolci VSC
Miskolci Vasutas Sport Club is a Hungarian football club from the town of Miskolc.
History
Miskolci VSC debuted in the 1958–59 season of the Hungarian League Hungarian may refer to:
* Hungary, a country in Central Europe
* Kingdom of Hungar ...
*
Miskolci AK
Miskolci Atléta Kör or Miskolci Attila Futball Club was a Hungarian football club from the town of Miskolc.
History
Miskolci AK debuted in the 1931–32 season of the Hungarian League and finished eighth.
Name Changes
*1926: Miskolci Atlé ...
* Perecesi TK
Miskolc's most successful women's basketball team, DKSK Miskolc MISI, has won the National Cup twice.
The DVTK Jegesmedvék ice hockey team plays in the Slovak-based Tipsport Liga. The team's home rink,
Miskolc Ice Hall
Miskolc Ice Hall ( hu, Miskolci Jégcsarnok) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Miskolc, Hungary. It is primarily used for ice sports and is the home arena of Hungarian top division ice hockey club Miskolci JJSE.
Construction
The Municipality of ...
, is in the People's Garden downtown. It has 1 304 seats, a total capacity of 2 200, and opened in 2006.
The women's volleyball team of MVSC also plays at the highest Hungarian level.
Speedway Miskolc
Speedway may refer to:
Racing Race tracks
*Edmonton International Speedway, also known as Speedway Park, a former motor raceway in Edmonton, Alberta
* Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a motor raceway in Speedway, Indiana
Types of races and race cour ...
joined the
Polish Second League
II liga (Druga Liga, ), currently named eWinner II liga due to sponsorship reasons by eWinner, is a Polish football league that sits at the third tier of the Polish football league system. Until the end of the 2007–08 season ''II Liga'' referr ...
in 2005 and achieved serious results. They won the
2007 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup
The 2007 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup.
Calendar
Semi-Finals
Final
References
* ''Świat Żużla - Sezon 2007'', No 4 (42) /2007, page 62,
uem-online.org- Result
See also
{{European Speedway Club Champions' Cup season ...
with World champion
Jason Crump
Jason Philip Crump (born 6 August 1975) is an Australian international motorcycle speedway rider. He is a three-time Speedway World Champion, a World Cup winner and a former World Under-21 Champion.
In a 21-year career in Speedway, Jason ...
.
City parts of Miskolc
Avas
The
Avas
The Avas is a hill of volcanic origin in Miskolc, Hungary. Its top (234 m above sea level, 104 m above the city) is the highest point of Miskolc proper (although other parts, annexed to the city later, lie higher up in the Bükk mountains). On ...
is a hill () in the heart of Miskolc. On the hilltop stands the Avas lookout tower, the symbol of the city. On the northern part of the hill, close to downtown Erzsébet Square, is the
Gothic Protestant Church of Avas
The Gothic Protestant Church of Avas is the oldest building in the centre of the city of Miskolc in Northern Hungary. It was built in the 13th century as a small, Romanesque style church, and later it was expanded to a larger Gothic style church. ...
, one of the two oldest buildings of Miskolc (the other is the
Castle of Diósgyőr
The Castle of Diósgyőr is a medieval castle in the historical town of Diósgyőr which is now part of the Northern Hungarian city Miskolc.
The first Castle of Diósgyőr was built probably in the 12th century and was destroyed during the M ...
.) The limestone caves of Avas are used as wine cellars; the narrow, winding streets give a Mediterranean atmosphere to this part of Avas Hill. The southern part of Avas, also called Avas-South, is where the largest housing estate of the city stands, with 10-story Socialist-style concrete buildings providing homes for about one-third of the city's population.
Belváros (City centre)
Miskolc's city centre is not as rich in monuments as that of other cities; only the Main Street (Széchenyi St.), ''Városház tér'' (City Hall Square) and ''Erzsébet tér'' (Elizabeth Square) have preserved the 19th-century style of the town. There are not only historical buildings but also modern shopping malls and offices in the city centre.
Diósgyőr
The other town forming today's Greater Miskolc is mostly famous for its medieval castle. Miskolc's football team also got its name from Diósgyőr, since their stadium stands there. Historical Diósgyőr is connected to Historical Miskolc by a district called ''Új(diós)győr'' (Újgyőr); its main square is an important traffic hub. Also in Új(diós)győr ''(Diósgyőr-Vasgyár)'' stands the steel factory that made Miskolc the most important heavy industrial city of Hungary (and earned it the nickname "Steel City"). Diósgyőri Gimnázium also stands in this district.
Egyetemváros (University Town)
The
University of Miskolc
The University of Miskolc (before 1990: ''Technical University of Heavy Industry'') is the largest university of Northern Hungary.
Location
Most of the buildings can be found in Egyetemváros ("University Town"), a part of the city of Miskolc. I ...
is among the newer ones. It was founded in the 1950s, so its buildings are not old, historical ones.
University Town
A college town or university town is a community (often a separate town or city, but in some cases a town/city neighborhood or a district) that is dominated by its university population. The university may be large, or there may be several sma ...
is one of the newer parts of the city and can be found between Miskolc and the holiday resort Miskolctapolca. The university, the campus, and the sport facilities are surrounded by a large park.
Hejőcsaba and Görömböly
Two former villages that were annexed to the city in 1945 and 1950. Görömböly still looks like a small town of its own.
Lillafüred
Another holiday resort, Miskolc-Lillafüred, is a village surrounded by the Bükk mountains. Its most notable building is the Palace Hotel (Palotaszálló).
Martin-Kertváros
Martin-Kertváros (in Slovak: Martinská osada) is a suburban area.
Miskolctapolca
One of the most well-known holiday resorts in the country, Tapolca (officially Miskolctapolca or Miskolc-Tapolca to avoid confusion with the Transdanubian town of the same name) is the home of the unique
Cave Bath The Cave Bath ( hu, Barlangfürdő []<( hu, barlang [] ‘cave’+( hu, fürdő [] ‘bath’) is a hot spring, thermal bath in a natural cave in Miskolctapolca.
Bükkszentlászló in 1981) and are still separated villages, connected to the city only by its
public transport system
Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, mass transit, or simply transit) is a system of transport for passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public unlike private transport, typica ...
Greek Orthodox Church
The term Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία, ''Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía'', ) has two meanings. The broader meaning designates "the entire body of Orthodox (Chalcedonian) Christianity, sometimes also cal ...
Károly Kós
Károly Kós (, born Károly Kosch; 16 December 1883 – 25 August 1977) was a Hungarian architect, writer, illustrator, ethnologist and politician of Austria-Hungary and Romania.
Biography
Born as Károly Kosch in Temesvár, Austria-Hung ...
Miskolc-Avas TV Tower
Miskolc-Avas TV Tower (in colloquial speech ''Avasi kilátó,'' Avas Lookout Tower) is a tall television tower with an observation deck on the Avas hill in Miskolc, Hungary. The Avas TV Tower was designed by Miklós Hófer and György Vörös ...
*
National Theatre of Miskolc
The National Theatre of Miskolc is the main theatre of Miskolc, and the oldest theatre company of Hungary. Its current Classicist and Neo-baroque building built between 1847 and 1857, is in the city centre, in Széchenyi street and is home to not ...
Ottó Herman Museum
The Ottó Herman Museum is the largest museum in Miskolc, Hungary. It holds more than 600,000 artifacts. Its main focus is on archaeology, mineralogy, arts, history, and ethnography.
History
The museum was founded in 1899 under the name Borsod- ...
Castle of Diósgyőr
The Castle of Diósgyőr is a medieval castle in the historical town of Diósgyőr which is now part of the Northern Hungarian city Miskolc.
The first Castle of Diósgyőr was built probably in the 12th century and was destroyed during the M ...
(built in the 13th century, had its prime during the reign of
Louis the Great
Louis I, also Louis the Great ( hu, Nagy Lajos; hr, Ludovik Veliki; sk, Ľudovít Veľký) or Louis the Hungarian ( pl, Ludwik Węgierski; 5 March 132610 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370. ...
Anna Cave
The Anna Cave (also called ''Petőfi Cave'') is a natural limestone cave in Miskolc- Lillafüred, Hungary, near the waterfall.
The cave was discovered in 1833, when opening a shaft in the limestone in order to provide the iron furnace at Hámor w ...
,
István Cave
The István Cave ('' St. Stephen's Cave'') is a limestone cave in Miskolc-Lillafüred, Northern Hungary.
The cave was formed in the Triassic period and is about 710 m long. It was discovered in 1913. According to local legend, a dog fell into a 1 ...
, Szeleta Cave
* Hotel Palace
* Lake Hámori
* Trout Farm
* Waterfalls (the highest one in Hungary)
There is a narrow-gauge railway that connects Lillafüred to Miskolc known as the Lillafüredi Állami Erdei Vasút ( Lillafüred Forest State Railway). It winds through scenic forests, and takes between a half hour and 45 minutes for the train to go between the two major stops. The Miskolc stop is located in Diósgyőr.
Bükk
The Bükk Mountains () are a section of the North Hungarian Mountains of the Inner Western Carpathians. Much of the area is included in the Bükk National Park.
Geography
Although Kékes, the highest point in Hungary, is not here but in the ...
Mountains
*
Miskolc Zoo Miskolc Zoo is a zoo in Miskolc, Hungary. Although its official name is ''Miskolc Városi Vadaspark'' – "Wildlife Park of Miskolc" – it is actually a zoo because the animals are kept in cages.
Its first predecessor was the royal game park found ...
Public transport in Miskolc is provided by the company ''MVK Zrt.'', owned by the local government. There are 36
bus
A bus (contracted from omnibus, with variants multibus, motorbus, autobus, etc.) is a road vehicle that carries significantly more passengers than an average car or van. It is most commonly used in public transport, but is also in use for cha ...
lines and 2
tram
A tram (called a streetcar or trolley in North America) is a rail vehicle that travels on tramway tracks on public urban streets; some include segments on segregated right-of-way. The tramlines or networks operated as public transport are ...
lines. The first tram entered service on July 10, 1897 (making Miskolc the third city in Hungary to have a tram line), the first scheduled bus line started on June 8, 1903 (first in the country as well.) Today the public transport of Miskolc is one of the best ones in Hungary. There are several taxi companies too.
The Lillafüred Forest Train connects Diósgyőr to Lillafüred. It is mainly a tourist attraction.
The city has two railway stations ( Tiszai and Gömöri) and a small unpaved airport, which is not open to the public, used mainly as a sports facility and has no role in public transport since 1963.
Politics
The current mayor of Miskolc is Pál Veres (Independent).
The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 28 members (1 Mayor, 19 Individual constituencies MEPs and 8 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:
List of mayors
List of City Mayors from 1990:
Notable individuals
Including people born in Miskolc as well as in Diósgyőr and other city parts that were independent towns at the time of their birth.
* Bela Borsody Bevilaqua (1885–1962) Cultural historian
*
Péter Biros
Péter Biros (born 5 April 1976) is a Hungarian former water polo player, who played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics, which makes him one of six male athletes who won three ...
Sándor Ferenczi
Sándor Ferenczi (7 July 1873 – 22 May 1933) was a Hungarian psychoanalyst, a key theorist of the psychoanalytic school and a close associate of Sigmund Freud.
Biography
Born Sándor Fränkel to Baruch Fränkel and Rosa Eibenschütz, bo ...
(1873–1933) psychoanalyst
* Dezső Földes (1880–1950) 2x Olympic champion saber fencer
* Endre Granat (born 1937) violinist
*
Alexander Grossmann
Professor Alexander Grossmann started out as a researcher and lecturer, working variously at the University of Tübingen, thJülich Research Centre and the Max Planck Institute in Munich.
In 2001, Prof. Grossmann took a career shift and moved i ...
(1909–2003) Swiss writer, journalist
* Károly Grósz (1930–1996) politician, president
*
Dezső Gyarmati
Dezső Gyarmati (23 October 1927 – 18 August 2013) was a Hungarian water polo player and three-time Olympic champion; he later became the coach of the Hungarian national water polo team. Widely regarded as a "legendary player", Gyarmati was t ...
(1927–2013) water polo player
*
Szabolcs Huszti
Szabolcs Huszti (; born 18 April 1983) is a Hungarian professional football coach and a former player. He was well known for his dribbling, pace, passing and goal scoring ability from midfield.
Huszti began his professional career at the Hunga ...
Emeric Pressburger
Emeric Pressburger (born Imre József Pressburger; 5 December 19025 February 1988) was a Hungarian-British screenwriter, film director, and producer. He is best known for his series of film collaborations with Michael Powell, in a collaborat ...
(1902–1988)
Academy Award
The Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit for the American and international film industry. The awards are regarded by many as the most prestigious, significant awards in the entertainment ind ...
–winning movie director/writer/producer
*
Sándor Puhl
Sándor Puhl (14 July 1955 – 20 May 2021) was a Hungarian football referee, mostly known for supervising four matches in the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States, including the final between Brazil and Italy. He also refereed UEFA Champio ...
(1955–2021) football referee
* Ladislau Raffinsky (1905–1981), Romanian football player
*
Ede Reményi
Ede Reményi or Eduard Reményi (January 17, 1828 Miskolc, Austria-Hungary May 15, 1898 San Francisco) was a Hungarian violinist and composer. His birth date is disputed, and variously given from 1828-1830.
Biography
Reményi was born in Miskolc ...
(1828–1898) violinist
* Attila Repka (born 1968) wrestler, Olympic champion
* Sándor Rónai (1892–1965) politician, president
* Anna Rudolf (born 1987) chess player, international master, evangelist and reporter, a.k.a. Miss Strategy
*
Andrei Șaguna
Andrei Șaguna (; 20 January 1808, Miskolc, Hungary – 28 June 1873, Nagyszeben, Hungary) was a Metropolitan bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Transylvania, and one of the Romanian community political leaders in the Habsburg monarchy, ...
(1809–1873) Romanian political leader, Orthodox Metropolitan bishop of
Transylvania
Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
Bálint Vécsei
Bálint Máté Vécsei (born 13 July 1993) is a Hungarian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ferencváros.
Club career
He started playing football at the Kazinczy Ferenc elementary school in Kazincbarcika. Since his father is a geography ...
, (born 1993) footballer
Lived in Miskolc
*
Ferenc Bessenyei
Ferenc Bessenyei (10 February 1919 – 27 December 2004) was a Hungarian actor and singer. He began his career in the choir at National Theatre of Szeged in 1940 and became one of Hungary's most respected stage performers. As singer he appe ...
Lajosmizse
Lajosmizse is a town in Bács-Kiskun county, Hungary. It is located at the end of a railway line from Budapest.
History
Lajosmizse is situated at the meeting point of north-south and east-west routes. Once the area was covered with groves, then ...
, 2004) actor
*
Béni Egressy
Béni Egressy (; born Galambos Benjámin; 21 April 1814 – 17 July 1851 in Sajókazinc) was a Hungarian composer, librettist, translator and actor. He created a number of popular melodic compositions, including the one to Mihály Vörösmart ...
Ottó Herman
Ottó Herman (26 June 1835 – 27 December 1914) was a Hungarian zoologist, ethnographer, archaeologist, and politician; a polymath recognized as a pioneer of Hungarian natural history research. He made numerous studies on Hungarian spiders, bir ...
Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav
Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav (2 February 1849 - 8 November 1921) was a Slovak poet, dramatist, translator, and for a short time, member of the Czechoslovak parliament. Originally, he wrote in a traditional style, but later became influenced by pa ...
Margit Kaffka
Margit Kaffka (10 June 1880 – 1 December 1918) was a Hungarian writer and poet.
Called a "great, great writer" by Endre Ady, she was one of the most important female Hungarian authors, and an important member of the Nyugat generation. Her writ ...
Budapest
Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...
, 1808 – Békés, 1892) pioneer in women's education
* Béla Kondor ( Pestlőrinc, 1931 – Budapest, 1972) graphic artist
* Leo Lánczy ( Pest, 1852 – Budapest, 1921) deputy
* Ferenc Pulszky ( Eperjes, 1814 – Budapest, 1897) politician, archaeologist, writer
*
Bertalan Szemere
Bertalan Szemere (27 August 1812 – 18 January 1869) was a Hungarian poet and nationalist who became the third Prime Minister of Hungary during the short period of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 when Hungary was independent of rule by the Aus ...
(
Vatta
Vatta is a village in , Hungary. It lies in the south of the county, from Miskolc and from Mezőkövesd.
Etymology
According to local tradition, the name of Vatta from the name of an 11th-century pagan tribal chief called "Vata".
History
The ...
, 1818 – Budapest, 1869) politician
Gallery
File:Miskolc walking street1.jpg, Downtown
File:Tiszai trainstation miskolc front.jpg, Tiszai Railway Station
File:DarkGate Gallery 01.jpg, Dark Gate and Gallery of Miskolc
File:AlmassyMansion Miskolc 01.jpg, Almássy Mansion
File:Forestry Headquarters Miskolc.jpg, Forestry Headquarters
File:Miskolc foldes 2.jpg, Ferenc Földes Secondary School
File:OldPost03.jpg, Former Post Office
File:MusicPalaceMiskolc01.JPG, Palace of Music
File:Miskolc ReformedChurch 02.jpg, Reformed Church
File:Minorite Church Miskolc01.jpg, Minorite Church
File:Miskolc avas jezsuita gimi templom.jpg, Avas
Asan
Asan () is a city in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea. It borders the Seoul Capital Area to the north. Asan has a population of approximately 300,000.
Asan is known for its many hot springs and is a city of spas.
Asan has grown into th ...
, South Korea
*
Aschaffenburg
Aschaffenburg (; South Franconian German, South Franconian: ''Aschebersch'') is a town in northwest Bavaria, Germany. The town of Aschaffenburg is not part of the Aschaffenburg (district), district of Aschaffenburg, but is its administrative sea ...
, Germany
*
Burgas
Burgas ( bg, Бургас, ), sometimes transliterated as ''Bourgas'', is the second largest city on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in the region of Northern Thrace and the fourth-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia, Plovdiv, and Varna, with a pop ...
, Bulgaria
*
Cleveland
Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...
Ostrava
Ostrava (; pl, Ostrawa; german: Ostrau ) is a city in the north-east of the Czech Republic, and the capital of the Moravian-Silesian Region. It has about 280,000 inhabitants. It lies from the border with Poland, at the confluences of four riv ...
, Czech Republic
*
Tampere
Tampere ( , , ; sv, Tammerfors, ) is a city in the Pirkanmaa region, located in the western part of Finland. Tampere is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries. It has a population of 244,029; the urban area has a population o ...
, Finland
*
Yantai
Yantai, formerly known as Chefoo, is a coastal prefecture-level city on the Shandong Peninsula in northeastern Shandong province of People's Republic of China. Lying on the southern coast of the Bohai Strait, Yantai borders Qingdao on the ...
Avasi Grammar School
Avasi Grammar School is a school in Miskolc in the north east of Hungary. It is mostly a Bilingual education, bilingual high school which is attended by about 800 pupils and more than 60 teaching staff. The name comes from the Avas Hill where the ...
Miskolc
Miskolc ( , , ; Czech language, Czech and sk, Miškovec; german: Mischkolz; yi, script=Latn, Mishkoltz; ro, Mișcolț) is a city in northeastern Hungary, known for its heavy industry. With a population of 161,265 (1 Jan 2014) Miskolc is the ...